References
Key articles
Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, et al. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021 Jul 23;70(4):1-187.Full text Abstract
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Vaginitis in nonpregnant patients: ACOG practice bulletin, number 215. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Jan;135(1):e1-e17. Abstract
Reference articles
1. Ness RB, Hillier SL, Richter HE, et al. Douching in relation to bacterial vaginosis, lactobacilli, and facultative bacteria in the vagina. Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Oct;100(4):765-72.Full text Abstract
2. Egan ME, Lipsky MS. Diagnosis of vaginitis. Am Fam Physician. 2000 Sep 1;62(5):1095-104. Abstract
3. Kent HL. Epidemiology of vaginitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991 Oct;165(4 Pt 2):1168-76. Abstract
4. Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, et al. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021 Jul 23;70(4):1-187.Full text Abstract
5. World Health Organization. Global incidence and prevalence of selected curable sexually transmitted infections - 2008. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012.Full text
6. Denning DW, Kneale M, Sobel JD, et al. Global burden of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018 Nov;18(11):e339-47. Abstract
7. Foxman B, Barlow R, D'Arcy H, et al. Candida vaginitis: self-reported incidence and associated costs. Sex Transm Dis. 2000 Apr;27(4):230-5. Abstract
8. Pandit L, Ouslander JG. Postmenopausal vaginal atrophy and atrophic vaginitis. Am J Med Sci. 1997 Oct;314(4):228-31. Abstract
9. Bachmann GA, Nevadunsky NS. Diagnosis and treatment of atrophic vaginitis. Am Fam Physician. 2000 May 15;61(10):3090-6. Abstract
10. Hobbs MM, Lapple DM, Lawing LF, et al. Methods for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in the male partners of infected women: implications for control of trichomoniasis. J Clin Microbiol. 2006 Nov;44(11):3994-9.Full text Abstract
11. Sena AC, Miller WC, Hobbs MM, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis infection in male sexual partners: implications for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Jan 1;44(1):13-22. Abstract
12. Taha TE, Hoover DR, Dallabetta GA, et al. Bacterial vaginosis and disturbances of vaginal flora: association with increased acquisition of HIV. AIDS. 1998 Sep 10;12(13):1699-706. Abstract
13. Committee on Health Care for Underserved Women, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee opinion No. 547: health care for women in the military and women veterans. Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Dec;120(6):1538-42. Abstract
14. Wilton L, Kollarova M, Heeley E, et al. Relative risk of vaginal candidiasis after use of antibiotics compared with antidepressants in women: postmarketing surveillance data in England. Drug Saf. 2003;26(8):589-97. Abstract
15. Duerr A, Heilig CM, Meikle SF, et al. Incident and persistent vulvovaginal candidiasis among human immunodeficiency virus-infected women: risk factors and severity. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Mar;101(3):548-56.Full text Abstract
16. De Leon EM, Jacober SJ, Sobel JD, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for vaginal Candida colonization in women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. BMC Infect Dis. 2002;2:1. Abstract
17. Joesoef MR, Karundeng A, Runtupalit C, et al. High rate of bacterial vaginosis among women with intrauterine devices in Manado, Indonesia. Contraception. 2001 Sep;64(3):169-72. Abstract
18. Smart S, Singal A, Mindel A. Social and sexual risk factors for bacterial vaginosis. Sex Transm Infect. 2004 Feb;80(1):58-62.Full text Abstract
19. Otero L, Palacio V, Carreno F, et al. Vulvovaginal candidiasis in female sex workers. Int J STD AIDS. 1998 Sep;9(9):526-30. Abstract
20. Tolosa JE, Chaithongwongwatthana S, Daly S, et al. The International Infections in Pregnancy (IIP) study: variations in the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and distribution of morphotypes in vaginal smears among pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Nov;195(5):1198-204. Abstract
21. Van Kessel K, Assefi N, Marrazzo J, et al. Common complementary and alternative therapies for yeast vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2003 May;58(5):351-8. Abstract
22. Bilardi J, Walker S, McNair R, et al. Women's management of recurrent bacterial vaginosis and experiences of clinical care: a qualitative study. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 24;11(3):e0151794.Full text Abstract
23. World Health Organization. WHO guideline on self-care interventions for health and well-being, 2022 revision. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022.Full text Abstract
24. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Reducing sexually transmitted infections. June 2022 [internet publication].Full text
25. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vaginal candidiasis. Oct 2021 [internet publication].Full text
26. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Vaginitis in nonpregnant patients: ACOG practice bulletin, number 215. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Jan;135(1):e1-e17. Abstract
27. British Association for Sexual Health and HIV. UK national guideline for the management of bacterial vaginosis. 2012 [internet publication].Full text
28. Sturdee DW, Panay N; International Menopause Society Writing Group. Recommendations for the management of postmenopausal vaginal atrophy. Climacteric. 2010 Dec;13(6):509-22.Full text Abstract
29. Hainer BL, Gibson MV. Vaginitis: diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2011 Apr 1;83(7):807-15.Full text Abstract
30. ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins - Gynecology. ACOG Practice Bulletin. Clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists, Number 72, May 2006: vaginitis. Obstet Gynecol. 2006 May (reaffirmed 2017);107(5):1195-206. Abstract
31. Amsel R, Totten PA, Spiegel CA, et al. Nonspecific vaginitis: diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations. Am J Med. 1983 Jan;74(1):14-22. Abstract
32. Nugent RP, Krohn MA, Hillier SL. Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of Gram stain interpretation. J Clin Microbiol. 1991 Feb;29(2):297-301.Full text Abstract
33. Madico G, Quinn TC, Rompalo A, et al. Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection by PCR using vaginal swab samples. J Clin Microbiol. 1998 Nov;36(11):3205-10.Full text Abstract
34. Sharma P, Malla N, Gupta I, et al. A comparison of wet mount, culture and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of trichomoniasis in women. Trop Geogr Med. 1991 Jul;43(3):257-60. Abstract
35. van Schalkwyk J, Yudin MH; Infectious Diseases Committee, Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Vulvovaginitis: screening for and management of trichomoniasis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and bacterial vaginosis. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2015 Mar;37(3):266-74.Full text Abstract
36. US Preventive Services Task Force, Owens DK, Davidson KW, et al. Screening for bacterial vaginosis in pregnant persons to prevent preterm delivery: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2020 Apr 7;323(13):1286-92.Full text Abstract
37. Yudin MH, Money DM. No. 211-screening and management of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2017 Aug;39(8):e184-91. Abstract
38. Fethers K, Marks C, Mindel A, et al. Sexually transmitted infections and risk behaviours in women who have sex with women. Sex Transm Infect. 2000 Oct;76(5):345-9.Full text Abstract
39. Evans AL, Scally AJ, Wellard SJ, et al. Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in lesbians and heterosexual women in a community setting. Sex Transm Infect. 2007 Oct;83(6):470-5.Full text Abstract
40. Sherrard J, Wilson J, Donders G, et al. 2018 European (IUSTI/WHO) International Union against sexually transmitted infections (IUSTI) World Health Organisation (WHO) guideline on the management of vaginal discharge. Int J STD AIDS. 2018 Nov;29(13):1258-72. Abstract
41. Sherrard J, Pitt R, Hobbs KR, et al. British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) United Kingdom national guideline on the management of Trichomonas vaginalis 2021. Int J STD AIDS. 2022 Jul;33(8):740-50. Abstract
42. Saxon Lead Author GDGC, Edwards A, Rautemaa-Richardson R, et al. British Association for Sexual Health and HIV national guideline for the management of vulvovaginal candidiasis (2019). Int J STD AIDS. 2020 Oct;31(12):1124-44. Abstract
43. Brandt M, Abels C, May T, et al. Intravaginally applied metronidazole is as effective as orally applied in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis, but exhibits significantly less side effects. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2008 Dec;141(2):158-62. Abstract
44. Oduyebo OO, Anorlu RI, Ogunsola FT, et al. The effects of antimicrobial therapy on bacterial vaginosis in non-pregnant women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jul 8;(3):CD006055.Full text Abstract
45. Menard JP. Antibacterial treatment of bacterial vaginosis: current and emerging therapies. Int J Womens Health. 2011;3:295-305.Full text Abstract
46. Sobel JD, Ferris D, Schwebke J, et al. Suppressive antibacterial therapy with 0.75% metronidazole vaginal gel to prevent recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006 May;194(5):1283-9. Abstract
47. Boselli F, Petrella E, Campedelli A, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of fitostimoline (vaginal cream, ovules, and vaginal washing) and of benzydamine hydrochloride (tantum rosa vaginal cream and vaginal washing) in the topical treatment of symptoms of bacterial vaginosis. ISRN Obstet Gynecol. 2012;2012:183403.Full text Abstract
48. Verstraelen H, Verhelst R, Roelens K, et al. Antiseptics and disinfectants for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis. 2012 Jun 28;12:148.Full text Abstract
49. Weissenbacher ER, Donders G, Unzeitig V, et al. A comparison of dequalinium chloride vaginal tablets (Fluomizin®) and clindamycin vaginal cream in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis: a single-blind, randomized clinical trial of efficacy and safety. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2012;73(1):8-15.Full text Abstract
50. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Expedited partner therapy. Jun 2018 [internet publication].Full text
51. Krychman ML. Vaginal estrogens for the treatment of dyspareunia. J Sex Med. 2011 Mar;8(3):666-74. Abstract
52. Chollet JA. Efficacy and safety of ultra-low-dose Vagifem (10 mcg). Patient Prefer Adherence. 2011;5:571-4.Full text Abstract
53. Gülmezoglu AM, Azhar M. Interventions for trichomoniasis in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 May 11;(5):CD000220.Full text Abstract
54. Castelo-Branco C, Cancelo MJ. Compounds for the treatment of atropic vaginitis. Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2008 Nov 18;18(12):1385-94.
55. Henriksson L, Stjernquist M, Boquist L, et al. A one-year multicenter study of efficacy and safety of a continuous, low-dose, estradiol-releasing vaginal ring (Estring) in postmenopausal women with symptoms and signs of urogenital aging. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996 Jan;174(1 Pt 1):85-92. Abstract
56. Lethaby A, Ayeleke RO, Roberts H. Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Aug 31;(8):CD001500.Full text Abstract
57. Wolner-Hanssen P, Krieger JN, Stevens CE, et al. Clinical manifestations of vaginal trichomoniasis. JAMA. 1989 Jan 27;261(4):571-6. Abstract
58. Petersen EE, Genet M, Caserini M, et al. Efficacy of vitamin C vaginal tablets in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled clinical trial. Arzneimittelforschung. 2011;61(4):260-5. Abstract
59. Portman DJ, Bachmann GA, Simon JA, et al. Ospemifene, a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator for treating dyspareunia associated with postmenopausal vulvar and vaginal atrophy. Menopause. 2013 Jun;20(6):623-30. Abstract
60. Schwebke JR, Sobel R, Gersten JK, et al. Ibrexafungerp versus placebo for vulvovaginal candidiasis treatment: a phase 3, randomized, controlled superiority trial (VANISH 303). Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Sep 1:ciab750.Full text Abstract
61. Sobel R, Nyirjesy P, Ghannoum MA, et al. Efficacy and safety of oral ibrexafungerp for the treatment of acute vulvovaginal candidiasis: a global phase 3, randomised, placebo-controlled superiority study (VANISH 306). BJOG. 2022 Feb;129(3):412-20.Full text Abstract
62. Martens MG, Maximos B, Degenhardt T, et al. Phase 3 study evaluating the safety and efficacy of oteseconazole in the treatment of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis and acute vulvovaginal candidiasis infections. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022 Dec;227(6):880.e1-880.e11.Full text Abstract
63. Sobel JD, Donders G, Degenhardt T, et al. Efficacy and safety of oteseconazole in recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. N Engl J Med. 2022 Jul 26;1(8):10.1056/EVIDoa2100055.Full text
64. Svare JA, Schmidt H, Hansen BB, et al. Bacterial vaginosis in a cohort of Danish pregnant women: prevalence and relationship with preterm delivery, low birthweight and perinatal infections. BJOG. 2006 Dec;113(12):1419-25. Abstract
65. McGregor JA, French JI, Parker R, et al. Prevention of premature birth by screening and treatment for common genital tract infections: results of a prospective controlled evaluation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995 Jul;173(1):157-67. Abstract
66. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy to prevent preterm delivery: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2008 Feb 5;148(3):214-9.Full text Abstract
67. Brocklehurst P, Gordon A, Heatley E, et al. Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jan 31;(1):CD000262.Full text Abstract
68. St John E, Mares D, Spear GT. Bacterial vaginosis and host immunity. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2007 Feb;4(1):22-8. Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer