Vaginitis

References

Key articles

Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, et al. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021 Jul 23;70(4):1-187.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

1. Ness RB, Hillier SL, Richter HE, et al. Douching in relation to bacterial vaginosis, lactobacilli, and facultative bacteria in the vagina. Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Oct;100(4):765-72.Full text  Abstract

2. Egan ME, Lipsky MS. Diagnosis of vaginitis. Am Fam Physician. 2000 Sep 1;62(5):1095-104. Abstract

3. Kent HL. Epidemiology of vaginitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991 Oct;165(4 Pt 2):1168-76. Abstract

4. Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, et al. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021 Jul 23;70(4):1-187.Full text  Abstract

5. World Health Organization. Global incidence and prevalence of selected curable sexually transmitted infections - 2008. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012.Full text

6. Denning DW, Kneale M, Sobel JD, et al. Global burden of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018 Nov;18(11):e339-47. Abstract

7. Foxman B, Barlow R, D'Arcy H, et al. Candida vaginitis: self-reported incidence and associated costs. Sex Transm Dis. 2000 Apr;27(4):230-5. Abstract

8. Pandit L, Ouslander JG. Postmenopausal vaginal atrophy and atrophic vaginitis. Am J Med Sci. 1997 Oct;314(4):228-31. Abstract

9. Bachmann GA, Nevadunsky NS. Diagnosis and treatment of atrophic vaginitis. Am Fam Physician. 2000 May 15;61(10):3090-6. Abstract

10. Hobbs MM, Lapple DM, Lawing LF, et al. Methods for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in the male partners of infected women: implications for control of trichomoniasis. J Clin Microbiol. 2006 Nov;44(11):3994-9.Full text  Abstract

11. Sena AC, Miller WC, Hobbs MM, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis infection in male sexual partners: implications for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Jan 1;44(1):13-22. Abstract

12. Taha TE, Hoover DR, Dallabetta GA, et al. Bacterial vaginosis and disturbances of vaginal flora: association with increased acquisition of HIV. AIDS. 1998 Sep 10;12(13):1699-706. Abstract

13. Wilton L, Kollarova M, Heeley E, et al. Relative risk of vaginal candidiasis after use of antibiotics compared with antidepressants in women: postmarketing surveillance data in England. Drug Saf. 2003;26(8):589-97. Abstract

14. Duerr A, Heilig CM, Meikle SF, et al. Incident and persistent vulvovaginal candidiasis among human immunodeficiency virus-infected women: risk factors and severity. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Mar;101(3):548-56.Full text  Abstract

15. De Leon EM, Jacober SJ, Sobel JD, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for vaginal Candida colonization in women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. BMC Infect Dis. 2002;2:1. Abstract

16. Joesoef MR, Karundeng A, Runtupalit C, et al. High rate of bacterial vaginosis among women with intrauterine devices in Manado, Indonesia. Contraception. 2001 Sep;64(3):169-72. Abstract

17. Smart S, Singal A, Mindel A. Social and sexual risk factors for bacterial vaginosis. Sex Transm Infect. 2004 Feb;80(1):58-62.Full text  Abstract

18. Otero L, Palacio V, Carreno F, et al. Vulvovaginal candidiasis in female sex workers. Int J STD AIDS. 1998 Sep;9(9):526-30. Abstract

19. Tolosa JE, Chaithongwongwatthana S, Daly S, et al. The International Infections in Pregnancy (IIP) study: variations in the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and distribution of morphotypes in vaginal smears among pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Nov;195(5):1198-204. Abstract

20. Van Kessel K, Assefi N, Marrazzo J, et al. Common complementary and alternative therapies for yeast vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2003 May;58(5):351-8. Abstract

21. Bilardi J, Walker S, McNair R, et al. Women's management of recurrent bacterial vaginosis and experiences of clinical care: a qualitative study. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 24;11(3):e0151794.Full text  Abstract

22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vaginal candidiasis. Oct 2021 [internet publication].Full text

23. ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins - Gynecology. ACOG Practice Bulletin. Clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists, Number 72, May 2006: vaginitis. Obstet Gynecol. 2006 May (reaffirmed 2017);107(5):1195-206. Abstract

24. British Association for Sexual Health and HIV. UK national guideline for the management of bacterial vaginosis. 2012 [internet publication].Full text

25. Sturdee DW, Panay N; International Menopause Society Writing Group. Recommendations for the management of postmenopausal vaginal atrophy. Climacteric. 2010 Dec;13(6):509-22.Full text  Abstract

26. Hainer BL, Gibson MV. Vaginitis: diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2011 Apr 1;83(7):807-15.Full text  Abstract

27. Amsel R, Totten PA, Spiegel CA, et al. Nonspecific vaginitis: diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations. Am J Med. 1983 Jan;74(1):14-22. Abstract

28. Nugent RP, Krohn MA, Hillier SL. Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of Gram stain interpretation. J Clin Microbiol. 1991 Feb;29(2):297-301.Full text  Abstract

29. Madico G, Quinn TC, Rompalo A, et al. Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection by PCR using vaginal swab samples. J Clin Microbiol. 1998 Nov;36(11):3205-10.Full text  Abstract

30. Sharma P, Malla N, Gupta I, et al. A comparison of wet mount, culture and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of trichomoniasis in women. Trop Geogr Med. 1991 Jul;43(3):257-60. Abstract

31. van Schalkwyk J, Yudin MH; Infectious Diseases Committee, Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Vulvovaginitis: screening for and management of trichomoniasis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and bacterial vaginosis. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2015 Mar;37(3):266-74.Full text  Abstract

32. Amsel R, Totten PA, Spiegel CA, et al. Nonspecific vaginitis: diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations. Am J Med. 1983 Jan;74(1):14-22. Abstract

33. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy to prevent preterm delivery: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2008 Feb 5;148(3):214-9.Full text  Abstract

34. Yudin MH, Money DM. No. 211-Screening and management of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2017 Aug;39(8):e184-e191.Full text  Abstract

35. Fethers K, Marks C, Mindel A, et al. Sexually transmitted infections and risk behaviours in women who have sex with women. Sex Transm Infect. 2000 Oct;76(5):345-9.Full text  Abstract

36. Evans AL, Scally AJ, Wellard SJ, et al. Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in lesbians and heterosexual women in a community setting. Sex Transm Infect. 2007 Oct;83(6):470-5.Full text  Abstract

37. Sherrard J, Wilson J, Donders G, et al. 2018 European (IUSTI/WHO) International Union against sexually transmitted infections (IUSTI) World Health Organisation (WHO) guideline on the management of vaginal discharge. Int J STD AIDS. 2018 Nov;29(13):1258-72. Abstract

38. Sherrard J, Ison C, Moody J, et al; British Association for Sexual Health and HIV. United Kingdom national guideline on the management of Trichomonas vaginalis 2014. Int J STD AIDS. 2014 Jul;25(8):541-9.Full text  Abstract

39. Brandt M, Abels C, May T, et al. Intravaginally applied metronidazole is as effective as orally applied in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis, but exhibits significantly less side effects. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2008 Dec;141(2):158-62. Abstract

40. Oduyebo OO, Anorlu RI, Ogunsola FT, et al. The effects of antimicrobial therapy on bacterial vaginosis in non-pregnant women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jul 8;(3):CD006055.Full text  Abstract

41. Menard JP. Antibacterial treatment of bacterial vaginosis: current and emerging therapies. Int J Womens Health. 2011;3:295-305.Full text  Abstract

42. Sobel JD, Ferris D, Schwebke J, et al. Suppressive antibacterial therapy with 0.75% metronidazole vaginal gel to prevent recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006 May;194(5):1283-9. Abstract

43. Boselli F, Petrella E, Campedelli A, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of fitostimoline (vaginal cream, ovules, and vaginal washing) and of benzydamine hydrochloride (tantum rosa vaginal cream and vaginal washing) in the topical treatment of symptoms of bacterial vaginosis. ISRN Obstet Gynecol. 2012;2012:183403.Full text  Abstract

44. Verstraelen H, Verhelst R, Roelens K, et al. Antiseptics and disinfectants for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis. 2012 Jun 28;12:148.Full text  Abstract

45. Weissenbacher ER, Donders G, Unzeitig V, et al. A comparison of dequalinium chloride vaginal tablets (Fluomizin®) and clindamycin vaginal cream in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis: a single-blind, randomized clinical trial of efficacy and safety. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2012;73(1):8-15.Full text  Abstract

46. Krychman ML. Vaginal estrogens for the treatment of dyspareunia. J Sex Med. 2011 Mar;8(3):666-74. Abstract

47. Chollet JA. Efficacy and safety of ultra-low-dose Vagifem (10 mcg). Patient Prefer Adherence. 2011;5:571-4.Full text  Abstract

48. Gülmezoglu AM, Azhar M. Interventions for trichomoniasis in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 May 11;(5):CD000220.Full text  Abstract

49. Castelo-Branco C, Cancelo MJ. Compounds for the treatment of atropic vaginitis. Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2008 Nov 18;18(12):1385-94.

50. Henriksson L, Stjernquist M, Boquist L, et al. A one-year multicenter study of efficacy and safety of a continuous, low-dose, estradiol-releasing vaginal ring (Estring) in postmenopausal women with symptoms and signs of urogenital aging. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996 Jan;174(1 Pt 1):85-92. Abstract

51. Lethaby A, Ayeleke RO, Roberts H. Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Aug 31;(8):CD001500.Full text  Abstract

52. Wolner-Hanssen P, Krieger JN, Stevens CE, et al. Clinical manifestations of vaginal trichomoniasis. JAMA. 1989 Jan 27;261(4):571-6. Abstract

53. Petersen EE, Genet M, Caserini M, et al. Efficacy of vitamin C vaginal tablets in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled clinical trial. Arzneimittelforschung. 2011;61(4):260-5. Abstract

54. Schwebke JR, Morgan FG Jr, Koltun W, et al. A phase-3, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effectiveness and safety of single oral doses of secnidazole 2 g for the treatment of women with bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Dec;217(6):678;e1-678;e9. Abstract

55. Portman DJ, Bachmann GA, Simon JA, et al. Ospemifene, a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator for treating dyspareunia associated with postmenopausal vulvar and vaginal atrophy. Menopause. 2013 Jun;20(6):623-30. Abstract

56. Schwebke JR, Sobel R, Gersten JK, et al. Ibrexafungerp versus placebo for vulvovaginal candidiasis treatment: a phase 3, randomized, controlled superiority trial (VANISH 303). Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Sep 1:ciab750.Full text  Abstract

57. Sobel R, Nyirjesy P, Ghannoum MA, et al. Efficacy and safety of oral ibrexafungerp for the treatment of acute vulvovaginal candidiasis: a global phase 3, randomised, placebo-controlled superiority study (VANISH 306). BJOG. 2022 Feb;129(3):412-20.Full text  Abstract

58. Svare JA, Schmidt H, Hansen BB, et al. Bacterial vaginosis in a cohort of Danish pregnant women: prevalence and relationship with preterm delivery, low birthweight and perinatal infections. BJOG. 2006 Dec;113(12):1419-25. Abstract

59. McGregor JA, French JI, Parker R, et al. Prevention of premature birth by screening and treatment for common genital tract infections: results of a prospective controlled evaluation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995 Jul;173(1):157-67. Abstract

60. Brocklehurst P, Gordon A, Heatley E, et al. Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jan 31;(1):CD000262.Full text  Abstract

61. St John E, Mares D, Spear GT. Bacterial vaginosis and host immunity. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2007 Feb;4(1):22-8. Abstract

62. McClelland RS, Sangaré L, Hassan WM, et al. Infection with Trichomonas vaginalis increases the risk of HIV-1 acquisition. J Infect Dis. 2007 Mar 1;195(5):698-702.Full text  Abstract

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