Brachial plexus birth injury

American College of Obstetricians and Gynnecologists. Neonatal brachial plexus injury. 2014 [internet publication].Full text

Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Shoulder dystocia: green-top guideline no 42. March 2012 [internet publication].Full text

Smith BW, Daunter AK, Yang LJ, et al. An update on the management of neonatal brachial plexus palsy-replacing old paradigms: a review. JAMA Pediatr. 2018 Jun 1;172(6):585-91. Abstract

Vuillermin C, Bauer AS. Boston Children's Hospital approach to brachial plexus birth palsy. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2016 Jul;25(4):296-304. Abstract

Pondaag W, Malessy MJA. Evidence that nerve surgery improves functional outcome for obstetric brachial plexus injury. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2021 Mar;46(3):229-36.Full text  Abstract

1. American College of Obstetricians and Gynnecologists. Neonatal brachial plexus injury. 2014 [internet publication].Full text

2. Abzug JM, Mehlman CT, Ying J. Assessment of current epidemiology and risk factors surrounding brachial plexus birth palsy. J Hand Surg Am. 2019 Jun;44(6):515.e1-515.e10. Abstract

3. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Shoulder dystocia: green-top guideline no 42. March 2012 [internet publication].Full text

4. Phua PD, Al-Samkari HT, Borschel GH. Is the term "obstetrical brachial plexus palsy" obsolete? An international survey to assess consensus among peripheral nerve surgeons. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2012;65(9):1227-32. Abstract

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7. Heise CO, Zaccariotto M, Martins RS, et al. Self-biting behavior in patients with neonatal brachial plexus palsy. Childs Nerv Syst. 2022 Sep;38(9):1773-6. Abstract

8. Abid A. Brachial plexus birth palsy: Management during the first year of life. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2016 Feb;102(1 suppl):S125-32.Full text  Abstract

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13. Narakas AO. The treatment of brachial plexus injuries. Int Orthop. 1985;9(1):29-36. Abstract

14. Al-Qattan MM, El-Sayed AA, Al-Zahrani AY, et al. Narakas classification of obstetric brachial plexus palsy revisited. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2009 Dec;34(6):788-91. Abstract

15. Van der Looven R, Le Roy L, Tanghe E, et al. Risk factors for neonatal brachial plexus palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2020 Jun;62(6):673-83.Full text  Abstract

16. DeFrancesco CJ, Shah DK, Rogers BH, et al. The epidemiology of brachial plexus birth palsy in the United States: declining incidence and evolving risk factors. J Pediatr Orthop. 2019 Feb;39(2):e134-40. Abstract

17. Chen HY, Blackwell SC, Yang LJ, et al. Neonatal brachial plexus palsy: associated birth injury outcomes, hospital length of stay and costs. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2022;35(25):5736-44. Abstract

18. O'Berry P, Brown M, Phillips L, et al. Obstetrical brachial plexus palsy. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2017 Jul;47(7):151-5. Abstract

19. Vakhshori V, Bouz GJ, Alluri RK, et al. Risk factors associated with neonatal brachial plexus palsy in the United States. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2020 Jul;29(4):392-8. Abstract

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22. Smith BW, Daunter AK, Yang LJ, et al. An update on the management of neonatal brachial plexus palsy-replacing old paradigms: a review. JAMA Pediatr. 2018 Jun 1;172(6):585-91. Abstract

23. Mehta SH, Blackwell SC, Chadha R, et al. Shoulder dystocia and the next delivery: outcomes and management. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2007 Oct;20(10):729-33. Abstract

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26. Mollberg M, Hagberg H, Bager B, et al. High birthweight and shoulder dystocia: the strongest risk factors for obstetrical brachial plexus palsy in a Swedish population-based study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2005 Jul;84(7):654-9. Abstract

27. Avram CM, Garg B, Skeith AE, et al. Maternal body-mass-index and neonatal brachial plexus palsy in a California cohort. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2022 Dec;35(25):6953-60. Abstract

28. Al-Qattan MM. Obstetric brachial plexus palsy associated with breech delivery. Ann Plast Surg. 2003 Sep;51(3):257-64. Abstract

29. Geutjens G, Gilbert A, Helsen K. Obstetric brachial plexus palsy associated with breech delivery: a different pattern of injury. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1996 Mar;78(2):303-6. Abstract

30. Mattuizzi A. Breech presentation: CNGOF guidelines for clinical practice - epidemiology, risk factors and complications [in French]. Gynecol Obstet Fertil Senol. 2020 Jan;48(1):70-80.Full text  Abstract

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32. Weizsaecker K, Deaver JE, Cohen WR. Labour characteristics and neonatal Erb's palsy. BJOG. 2007 Aug;114(8):1003-9. Abstract

33. Backe B, Magnussen EB, Johansen OJ, et al. Obstetric brachial plexus palsy: a birth injury not explained by the known risk factors. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2008;87(10):1027-32. Abstract

34. El-Sayed AA. Obstetric brachial plexus palsy following routine versus difficult deliveries. J Child Neurol. 2014 Jul;29(7):920-3. Abstract

35. Lindqvist PG, Ajne G, Cooray C, et al. Identification of pregnancies at increased risk of brachial plexus birth palsy - the construction of a weighted risk score. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2014 Feb;27(3):252-6. Abstract

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37. Grobman WA1, Miller D, Burke C, et al. Outcomes associated with introduction of a shoulder dystocia protocol. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Dec;205(6):513-7.Full text  Abstract

38. Johnson GJ, Denning S, Clark SL, et al. Pathophysiologic origins of brachial plexus injury. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Oct;136(4):725-30. Abstract

39. Wagner SM, Bell CS, Gupta M, et al. Interventions to decrease complications after shoulder dystocia: a systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2021 Nov;225(5):484.e1-484.e33.Full text  Abstract

40. Zaami S, Busardò FP, Signore F, et al. Obstetric brachial plexus palsy: a population-based retrospective case-control study and medicolegal considerations. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017 May 14:1-6. Abstract

41. Magro-Malosso ER, Saccone G, Chen M, et al. Induction of labour for suspected macrosomia at term in non-diabetic women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BJOG. 2017 Feb;124(3):414-21. Abstract

42. Yoshida K, Kawabata H. The prognostic value of concurrent Horner syndrome in surgical decision making at 3 months in total-type neonatal brachial plexus palsy. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2018 Jul;43(6):609-12. Abstract

43. Bowerson M, Nelson VS, Yang LJ. Diaphragmatic paralysis associated with neonatal brachial plexus palsy. Pediatr Neurol. 2010 Mar;42(3):234-6. Abstract

44. Rizeq YK, Many BT, Vacek JC, et al. Diaphragmatic paralysis after phrenic nerve injury in newborns. J Pediatr Surg. 2020 Feb;55(2):240-4. Abstract

45. Shenaq SM, Bullocks JM, Dhillon G, et al. Management of infant brachial plexus injuries. Clin Plast Surg. 2005 Jan;32(1):79-98, ix. Abstract

46. Waters PM. Update on management of pediatric brachial plexus palsy. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2005 Jul;14(4):233-44. Abstract

47. Clarke HM, Curtis CG. An approach to obstetrical brachial plexus injuries. Hand Clin. 1995 Nov;11(4):563-80. Abstract

48. Zafeiriou DI, Psychogiou K. Obstetrical brachial plexus palsy. Pediatr Neurol. 2008 Apr;38(4):235-42. Abstract

49. Casellas-García G, Cavanilles-Walker JM, Albertí-Fitó G. Clavicular fracture in the newborn: Is fracture location a risk factor for obstetric brachial palsy? J Neonatal Perinatal Med. 2018;11(1):61-4. Abstract

50. Asena M, Akelma H, Ziyadanoğulları MO. The relationship between the location of neonatal clavicular fractures and predisposing factors. J Neonatal Perinatal Med. 2020;13(4):507-11. Abstract

51. Moukoko D, Ezaki M, Wilkes D, et al. Posterior shoulder dislocation in infants with neonatal brachial plexus palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004 Apr;86-A(4):787-93. Abstract

52. Michelow BJ, Clarke HM, Curtis CG, et al. The natural history of obstetrical brachial plexus palsy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1994 Apr;93(4):675-80, Abstract

53. Curtis C, Stephens D, Clarke HM, et al. The active movement scale: an evaluative tool for infants with obstetrical brachial plexus palsy. J Hand Surg Am. 2002 May;27(3):470-8. Abstract

54. Mallet J. Obstetrical paralysis of the brachial plexus. II. Therapeutics. Treatment of sequelae. Priority for the treatment of the shoulder. Method for the expression of results [in French]. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot. 1972;58:Suppl 1:166-8. Abstract

55. Abzug JM, Chafetz RS, Gaughan JP, et al. Shoulder function after medial approach and derotational humeral osteotomy in patients with brachial plexus birth palsy. J Pediatr Orthop. 2010 Jul-Aug;30(5):469-74. Abstract

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57. Bae DS, Waters PM, Zurakowski D. Reliability of three classification systems measuring active motion in brachial plexus birth palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003 Sep;85-A(9):1733-8. Abstract

58. Smith BW, Chang KWC, Yang LJS, et al. Comparative accuracies of electrodiagnostic and imaging studies in neonatal brachial plexus palsy. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2018 Oct 5;23(1):119-24.Full text  Abstract

59. van der Looven R, Le Roy L, Tanghe E, et al. Early electrodiagnosis in the management of neonatal brachial plexus palsy: a systematic review. Muscle Nerve. 2020 May;61(5):557-66. Abstract

60. Epelman M, Navarro OM, Daneman A, et al. M-mode sonography of diaphragmatic motion: description of technique and experience in 278 pediatric patients. Pediatr Radiol. 2005 Jul;35(7):661-7. Abstract

61. Bauer AS, Lucas JF, Heyrani N, et al. Ultrasound screening for posterior shoulder dislocation in infants with persistent brachial plexus birth palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017 May 3;99(9):778-83. Abstract

62. Gunes A, Gumeler E, Akgoz A, et al. Value of shoulder US compared to MRI in infants with obstetric brachial plexus paralysis. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2021 May;27(3):450-7.Full text  Abstract

63. Waters PM. Comparison of the natural history, the outcome of microsurgical repair, and the outcome of operative reconstruction in brachial plexus birth palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999 May;81(5):649-59. Abstract

64. Iorio ML, Menashe SJ, Iyer RS, et al. Glenohumeral dysplasia following neonatal brachial plexus palsy: presentation and predictive features during infancy. J Hand Surg Am. 2015 Dec;40(12):2345-51.e1. Abstract

65. Reading BD, Laor T, Salisbury SR, et al. Quantification of humeral head deformity following neonatal brachial plexus palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012 Sep 19;94(18):e136(1-8). Abstract

66. Pearl ML, Batech M, van de Bunt F. Humeral retroversion in children with shoulder internal rotation contractures secondary to upper-trunk neonatal brachial plexus palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2016 Dec 7;98(23):1988-95. Abstract

67. Shams A, AbdelRazek Ahmed A, Gamal O. Preoperative multislice computed tomography evaluation of shoulder deformities in brachial plexus birth palsy patients undergoing tendon transfer. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2019 Oct;10(suppl 1):S258-63.Full text  Abstract

68. Medina LS, Yaylali I, Zurakowski D, et al. Diagnostic performance of MRI and MR myelography in infants with a brachial plexus birth injury. Pediatr Radiol. 2006 Dec;36(12):1295-9. Abstract

69. Smith AB, Gupta N, Strober J, et al. Magnetic resonance neurography in children with birth-related brachial plexus injury. Pediatr Radiol. 2008 Feb;38(2):159-63. Abstract

70. Tse R, Nixon JN, Iyer RS, et al. The diagnostic value of CT myelography, MR myelography, and both in neonatal brachial plexus palsy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2014 Jul;35(7):1425-32.Full text  Abstract

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72. Lori S, Bertini G, Bastianelli M, et al. Peripheral nervous system maturation in preterm infants: longitudinal motor and sensory nerve conduction studies. Childs Nerv Syst. 2018 Jun;34(6):1145-52. Abstract

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75. Kao JT, Sharma S, Curtis CG, et al. The role of the brachioradialis H reflex in the management and prognosis of obstetrical brachial plexus palsy. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir. 2003 Mar;35(2):106-11. Abstract

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77. Talbert RJ, Michaud LJ, Mehlman CT, et al. EMG and MRI are independently related to shoulder external rotation function in neonatal brachial plexus palsy. J Pediatr Orthop. 2011 Mar;31(2):194-204. Abstract

78. Bauer AS, Shen PY, Nidecker AE, et al. Neonatal magnetic resonance imaging without sedation correlates with injury severity in brachial plexus birth palsy. J Hand Surg Am. 2017 May;42(5):335-43.Full text  Abstract

79. Shen PY, Nidecker AE, Neufeld EA, et al. Non-sedated rapid volumetric proton density MRI predicts neonatal brachial plexus birth palsy functional outcome. J Neuroimaging. 2017 Mar;27(2):248-54.Full text  Abstract

80. Somashekar DK, Di Pietro MA, Joseph JR, et al. Utility of ultrasound in noninvasive preoperative workup of neonatal brachial plexus palsy. Pediatr Radiol. 2016 May;46(5):695-703. Abstract

81. Gunes A, Bulut E, Uzumcugil A, et al. Brachial plexus ultrasound and MRI in children with brachial plexus birth injury. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2018 Sep;39(9):1745-50.Full text  Abstract

82. Wall LB, Mills JK, Leveno K, et al. Incidence and prognosis of neonatal brachial plexus palsy with and without clavicle fractures. Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Jun;123(6):1288-93. Abstract

83. Leshikar HB, Bauer AS, Lightdale-Miric N, et al. Clavicle fracture is not predictive of the need for microsurgery in brachial plexus birth palsy. J Pediatr Orthop. 2018 Feb;38(2):128-32. Abstract

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85. Vuillermin C, Bauer AS. Boston Children's Hospital approach to brachial plexus birth palsy. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2016 Jul;25(4):296-304. Abstract

86. Abzug JM, Kozin SH. Evaluation and management of brachial plexus birth palsy. Orthop Clin North Am. 2014 Apr;45(2):225-32. Abstract

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90. Hems TEJ, Savaridas T, Sherlock DA. The natural history of recovery of elbow flexion after obstetric brachial plexus injury managed without nerve repair. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2017 Sep;42(7):706-9. Abstract

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94. Malessy MJ, Pondaag W. Neonatal brachial plexus palsy with neurotmesis of C5 and avulsion of C6: supraclavicular reconstruction strategies and outcome. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014 Oct 15;96(20):e174. Abstract

95. Pondaag W, Malessy MJA. Evidence that nerve surgery improves functional outcome for obstetric brachial plexus injury. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2021 Mar;46(3):229-36.Full text  Abstract

96. Hale HB, Bae DS, Waters PM. Current concepts in the management of brachial plexus birth palsy. J Hand Surg Am. 2010 Feb;35(2):322-31. Abstract

97. Borschel GH, Clarke HM. Obstetrical brachial plexus palsy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009 Jul;124(1 Suppl):144e-155e. Abstract

98. Hems T. Commentary on: Evidence that nerve surgery improves functional outcome for obstetric brachial plexus injury. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2021 Mar;46(3):237-8. Abstract

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102. Haerle M, Gilbert A. Management of complete obstetric brachial plexus lesions. J Pediatr Orthop. 2004 Mar-Apr;24(2):194-200. Abstract

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104. Strombeck C, Krumlinde-Sundholm L, Forssberg H. Functional outcome at 5 years in children with obstetrical brachial plexus palsy with and without microsurgical reconstruction. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000 Mar;42(3):148-57.Full text  Abstract

105. Nath RK, Liu X. Nerve reconstruction in patients with obstetric brachial plexus injury results in worsening of glenohumeral deformity: a case-control study of 75 patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2009 May;91(5):649-54. Abstract

106. Daly MC, Bauer AS, Lynch H, et al. Outcomes of late microsurgical nerve reconstruction for brachial plexus birth injury. J Hand Surg Am. 2020 Jun;45(6):555.e1-555.e9. Abstract

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110. Thatte MR, Nayak NS, Hiremath AS. Management of birth brachial plexus injury including use of distal nerve transfers. J Hand Surg Asian Pac Vol. 2020 Sep;25(3):267-75. Abstract

111. Siqueira MG, Heise CO, Alencar GC, et al. Outcomes from primary surgical reconstruction of neonatal brachial plexus palsy in 104 children. Childs Nerv Syst. 2019 Feb;35(2):349-54. Abstract

112. Lin JC, Schwentker-Colizza A, Curtis CG, et al. Final results of grafting versus neurolysis in obstetrical brachial plexus palsy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009 Mar;123(3):939-48. Abstract

113. Lara AM, Bhatia A, Correa JC, et al. Intercostal nerve transfers to the musculocutaneous - a reliable nerve transfer for restoration of elbow flexion in birth-related brachial plexus injuries. Indian J Plast Surg. 2020 Aug;53(2):254-9.Full text  Abstract

114. Segal D, Cornwall R, Little KJ. Outcomes of spinal accessory-to-suprascapular nerve transfers for brachial plexus birth Injury. J Hand Surg Am. 2019 Jul;44(7):578-87. Abstract

115. Bae DS, Ferretti M, Waters PM. Upper extremity size differences in brachial plexus birth palsy. Hand (N Y). 2008 Dec;3(4):297-303. Abstract

116. McDaid PJ, Kozin SH, Thoder JJ, et al. Upper extremity limb-length discrepancy in brachial plexus palsy. J Pediatr Orthop. 2002 May-Jun;22(3):364-6. Abstract

117. Ho ES, Kim D, Klar K, et al. Prevalence and etiology of elbow flexion contractures in brachial plexus birth injury: a scoping review. J Pediatr Rehabil Med. 2019;12(1):75-86. Abstract

118. Nikolaou S, Peterson E, Kim A, et al. Impaired growth of denervated muscle contributes to contracture formation following neonatal brachial plexus injury. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011 Mar 2;93(5):461-70. Abstract

119. Weekley H, Nikolaou S, Hu L, et al. The effects of denervation, reinnervation, and muscle imbalance on functional muscle length and elbow flexion contracture following neonatal brachial plexus injury. J Orthop Res. 2012 Aug;30(8):1335-42.Full text  Abstract

120. Kozin SH. Correlation between external rotation of the glenohumeral joint and deformity after brachial plexus birth palsy. J Pediatr Orthop. 2004 Mar-Apr;24(2):189-93. Abstract

121. Buchanan PJ, Grossman JAI, Price AE, et al. The use of botulinum toxin injection for brachial plexus birth injuries: a systematic review of the literature. Hand (N Y). 2019 Mar;14(2):150-4. Abstract

122. Gobets D, Beckerman H, de Groot V, et al. Indications and effects of botulinum toxin A for obstetric brachial plexus injury: a systematic literature review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2010 Jun;52(6):517-28.Full text  Abstract

123. Greenhill DA, Wissinger K, Trionfo A, et al. External rotation predicts outcomes after closed glenohumeral joint reduction with botulinum toxin type A in brachial plexus birth palsy. J Pediatr Orthop. 2018 Jan;38(1):32-7. Abstract

124. Waters PM, Bae DS. The early effects of tendon transfers and open capsulorrhaphy on glenohumeral deformity in brachial plexus birth palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008 Oct;90(10):2171-9. Abstract

125. van Kooten EO, Fortuin S, Winters HA, et al. Results of latissimus dorsi transfer in obstetrical brachial plexus injury. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg. 2008 Sep;12(3):195-9. Abstract

126. Waters PM, Bae DS. Effect of tendon transfers and extra-articular soft-tissue balancing on glenohumeral development in brachial plexus birth palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005 Feb;87(2):320-5. Abstract

127. Pagnotta A, Haerle M, Gilbert A. Long-term results on abduction and external rotation of the shoulder after latissimus dorsi transfer for sequelae of obstetric palsy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004 Sep;(426):199-205. Abstract

128. Hoffer MM, Wickenden R, Roper B. Brachial plexus birth palsies: results of tendon transfers to the rotator cuff. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1978 Jul;60(5):691-5. Abstract

129. Alluri RK, Lightdale-Miric N, Meisel E, et al. Functional outcomes of tendon transfer for brachial plexus birth palsy using the Hoffer technique. Bone Joint J. 2020 Feb;102-B(2):246-53. Abstract

130. Pearl ML, Edgerton BW, Kazimiroff PA, et al. Arthroscopic release and latissimus dorsi transfer for shoulder internal rotation contractures and glenohumeral deformity secondary to brachial plexus birth palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006 Mar;88(3):564-74. Abstract

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