Diphtheria

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Manual for the surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases. Chapter 1: diphtheria. Dec 2022 [internet publication].Full text

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Yellow Book 2024: health information for international travel. Section 5: travel-associated infections & diseases: diphtheria. May 2023 [internet publication].Full text

UK Health Security Agency. Public health control and management of diphtheria in England: 2023 guidelines. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Manual for the surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases. Chapter 1: diphtheria. Dec 2022 [internet publication].Full text

2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diphtheria: clinical features of diphtheria​. Feb 2024 [internet publication].Full text

3. Moore LSP, Leslie A, Meltzer M, et al. Corynebacterium ulcerans cutaneous diphtheria. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015 Sep;15(9):1100-07. Abstract

4. Padhye A, Fritz SA. Diphtheria. In: Kliegman R, St Geme JW, Blum NJ, et al., eds. Nelson textbook of pediatrics. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020​.

5. Belsey MA, LeBlanc DR. Skin infections and the epidemiology of diphtheria: acquisition and persistence of C diphtheriae infections. Am J Epidemiol. 1975 Aug;102(2):179-84. Abstract

6. Afghani B, Stutman HR. Bacterial arthritis caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1993 Oct;12(10):881-2. Abstract

7. Tiley SM, Kociuba KR, Heron LG, et al. Infective endocarditis due to nontoxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae: report of seven cases and review. Clin Infect Dis. 1993 Feb;16(2):271-5. Abstract

8. Clarke KEN, MacNeil A, Hadler S, et al. Global epidemiology of diphtheria, 2000-2017. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019 Oct;25(10):1834-42.Full text  Abstract

9. World Health Organization. Diphtheria reported cases and incidence [​internet publication].Full text

10. Fauzi IS, Nuraini N, Sari AM, et al. Assessing the impact of booster vaccination on diphtheria transmission: mathematical modeling and risk zone mapping. Infect Dis Model. 2024 Mar;9(1):245-62.Full text  Abstract

11. Salman M, Rana MS, Usman M, et al. Re-emergence of diphtheria after COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan: time to consider booster vaccination strategies. J Infect. 2024 May;88(5):106141.Full text  Abstract

12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Yellow Book 2024: health information for international travel. Section 5: travel-associated infections & diseases: diphtheria. May 2023 [internet publication].Full text

13. Sharma NC, Efstratiou A, Mokrousov I, et al. Diphtheria. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019 Dec 5;5(1):81.Full text  Abstract

14. World Health Organization. Diphtheria outbreaks: comprehensive guidance for the public health preparedness and response in the WHO African region, February 2024. Feb 2024 [internet publication].Full text

15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Morbidity and mortality weekly report (MMWR)​: notes from the field: increase in nontoxigenic corynebacterium diphtheriae - Washington, 2018-2023. May 2024 [internet publication].Full text

16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Morbidity and mortality weekly report (MMWR): ​notes from the field: toxigenic corynebacterium ulcerans in humans and household pets - Utah and Colorado, 2022 - 2023. Jun 2024 [internet publication].Full text

17. Galazka A. The changing epidemiology of diphtheria in the vaccine era. J Infect Dis. 2000 Feb;181 Suppl 1:S2-9.Full text  Abstract

18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Morbidity and mortality weekly report (MMWR): routine vaccination coverage - worldwide, 2022. Oct 2023 [internet publication].Full text

19. Besa NC, Coldiron ME, Bakri A, et al. Diphtheria outbreak with high mortality in northeastern Nigeria. Epidemiol Infect. 2014 Apr;142(4):797-802.Full text  Abstract

20. Mahomed S, Archary M, Mutevedzi P, et al. An isolated outbreak of diphtheria in South Africa, 2015. Epidemiol Infect. 2017 Jul;145(10):2100-08.Full text  Abstract

21. World Health Organization. Diphtheria - Cox's Bazar in Bangladesh. Disease outbreak news 13 December 2017. Dec 2017 [internet publication].Full text

22. Truelove SA, Keegan LT, Moss WJ, et al. Clinical and epidemiological aspects of diphtheria: a systematic review and pooled analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jun 24;71(1):89-97.Full text  Abstract

23. Polonsky JA, Ivey M, Mazhar MKA, et al. Epidemiological, clinical, and public health response characteristics of a large outbreak of diphtheria among the Rohingya population in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh, 2017 to 2019: A retrospective study. PLoS Med. 2021 Apr;18(4):e1003587.Full text  Abstract

24. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Increase of reported diphtheria cases among migrants in Europe due to Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 2022. Oct 2022 [internet publication].Full text

25. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Communicable disease threats report, 23-29 October 2022, week 4​3. Oct 2022 [internet publication].Full text

26. UK Health Security Agency. Research and analysis: diphtheria: cases among asylum seekers in England, monthly data tables. Feb 2024 [internet publication].Full text

27. Acosta AM, Pedro LM, Hariri S et al. Diphtheria. In: Hall E, Wodi AP, Hamborsky J, et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Epidemiology and vaccine-preventable diseases. 14th ed. Washington, DC. Public Health Foundation, 2021.Full text

28. World Health Organization. Diphtheria vaccines: WHO position paper - August 2017. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2017 Aug 4;92(31):417-35.Full text  Abstract

29. World Health Organization. Diphtheria - Yemen. Disease outbreak news 22 December 2017. Dec 2017 [internet publication].Full text

30. Vitek CR, Wharton M. Diphtheria in the former Soviet Union: reemergence of a pandemic disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998 Oct-Dec;4(4):539-50.Full text  Abstract

31. Griffith J, Bozio CH, Poel AJ, et al. Imported toxin-producing cutaneous diphtheria - Minnesota, Washington, and New Mexico, 2015-2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019 Mar 29;68(12):281-4.Full text  Abstract

32. Havers FP, Moro PL, Hunter P, et al. Use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccines: updated recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices - United States, 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Jan 24;69(3):77-83.Full text  Abstract

33. Guo B, Page A, Wang H, et al. Systematic review of reporting rates of adverse events following immunization: An international comparison of post-marketing surveillance programs with reference to China. Vaccine. 2013 Jan 11;31(4):603-17. Abstract

34. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vaccines and immunizations: child and adolescent immunization schedule by age: recommendations for ages 18 years or younger, United States, 2024. Jun 2024 [internet publication].Full text

35. Oliver SE, Moore KL. Licensure of a diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis, inactivated poliovirus, Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate, and hepatitis B vaccine, and guidance for use in infants. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Feb 7;69(5):136-9.Full text  Abstract

36. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vaccines and immunizations: adult immunization schedule by age: recommendations for ages 19 years or older, United States, 2024. Jun 2024 [internet publication].Full text

37. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG committee opinion no. 718: update on immunization and pregnancy: tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis vaccination. Sep 2017 [internet publication].Full text

38. Sukumaran L, McCarthy NL, Kharbanda EO, et al. Infant hospitalizations and mortality after maternal vaccination. Pediatrics. 2018 Mar;141(3):e20173310.Full text  Abstract

39. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Manual for the surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases: chapter 22: laboratory support for surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases. Mar 2024 [internet publication].Full text

40. UK Health Security Agency. Public health control and management of diphtheria in England: 2023 guidelines. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text

41. World Health Organization. WHO laboratory manual for the diagnosis of diphtheria and other related infections. 2021 [internet publication].Full text

42. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diphtheria: clinical guidance for diphtheria​. Feb 2024 [internet publication].Full text

43. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diphtheria: CDC's pertussis and diphtheria laboratory​. Apr 2024 [internet publication].Full text

44. World Health Organizaton. Clinical management of diphtheria: guideline, 2 February 2024. Feb 2024 [internet publication].Full text

45. Favorova LA. The risk of infection in droplet infections. The influence of overcrowding and prolonged contact on transmission of the diphtheria pathogen. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol. 1969;13(1):73-82. Abstract

46. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ​Group A streptococcal (GAS) disease. Jun 2022 [internet publication].Full text

47. Sobol SE, Zapata S. Epiglottitis and croup. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2008 Jun;41(3):551-66, ix. Abstract

48. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Epstein-Barr virus and infectious mononucleosis​. About infectious mononucleosis. Sep 2020 [internet publication].Full text

49. UK Health Security Agency. Diphtheria: the green book, chapter 15. Apr 2013 [internet publication].​Full text

50. UK Health Security Agency. Diphtheria anti-toxin (DAT): information for healthcare professionals. Sep 2022 [internet publication].Full text

51. Centers for Disease Controla and Prevention. Expanded access investigational new drug (IND) application protocol: use of diphtheria antitoxin (DAT) for possible diphtheria cases. Feb 2023 [internet publication].Full text

52. Wenzel EV, Bosnak M, Tierney R, et al. Human antibodies neutralizing diphtheria toxin in vitro and in vivo. Sci Rep. 2020 Jan 17;10(1):571.Full text  Abstract

53. UK Health Security Agency. Guidance on diphtheria anti-toxin: clinical guidance. Jul 2024 [internet publication].Full text

54. Eisenberg N, Panunzi I, Wolz A, et al. Diphtheria antitoxin administration, outcomes, and safety: response to a diphtheria outbreak in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Oct 5;73(7):e1713-18.Full text  Abstract

55. Médecins Sans Frontières. Clinical guidelines - diagnosis and treatment manual. Chapter 2: respiratory diseases: diphtheria. Oct 2022 [internet publication].Full text

56. World Health Organization. Diphtheria outbreaks/comprehensive guidance for the public health preparedness and response in the WHO African region. Feb 2024 [internet publication].Full text

57. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Infection control: ​infection control basics. Apr 2024 [internet publication].Full text

58. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Infection control: infection control in healthcare personnel: epidemiology and control of selected infections​. Apr 2024 [internet publication].Full text

59. Logina I, Donaghy M. Diphtheritic polyneuropathy: a clinical study and comparison with Guillain-Barre syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999 Oct;67(4):433-8. Abstract