Hospital-acquired pneumonia (non COVID-19)

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National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. Jul 2022 [internet publication].Full text

Torres A, Niederman MS, Chastre J, et al. International ERS/ESICM/ESCMID/ALAT guidelines for the management of hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia: guidelines for the management of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)/ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) of the European Respiratory Society (ERS), European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM), European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) and Asociación Latinoamericana del Tórax (ALAT). Eur Respir J. 2017 Sep;50(3):1700582.Full text  Abstract

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (hospital-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication].Full text

1. Kalil AC, Metersky ML, Klompas M, et al. Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63:e61-e111.Full text  Abstract

2. Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67.Full text  Abstract

3. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. Jul 2022 [internet publication].Full text

4. Martin-Loeches I, Torres A, Rinaudo M, et al. Resistance patterns and outcomes in intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired pneumonia. Validation of European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) classification of multidrug resistant organisms. J Infect. 2015 Mar;70(3):213-22. Abstract

5. Iregui M, Ward S, Sherman G, et al. Clinical importance of delays in the initiation of appropriate antibiotic treatment for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest. 2002;122:262-8. Abstract

6. Torres A, Niederman MS, Chastre J, et al. International ERS/ESICM/ESCMID/ALAT guidelines for the management of hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia: guidelines for the management of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)/ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) of the European Respiratory Society (ERS), European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM), European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) and Asociación Latinoamericana del Tórax (ALAT). Eur Respir J. 2017 Sep;50(3):1700582.Full text  Abstract

7. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (hospital-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication].Full text

8. Seligman R, Ramos-Lima LF, Oliveira Vdo A, et al. Risk factors for infection with multidrug-resistant bacteria in non-ventilated patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia. J Bras Pneumol. 2013 May-Jun;39(3):339-48.Full text  Abstract

9. el-Ebiary M, Sarmiento X, Torres A, et al. Prognostic factors of severe Legionella pneumonia requiring admission to ICU. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Nov;156(5):1467-72.Full text  Abstract

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11. Sarubbi FA Jr, Kopf HB, Wilson MB, et al. Increased recovery of Aspergillus flavus from respiratory specimens during hospital construction. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982;125:33-8. Abstract

12. Cook D, De Jonghe B, Brochard L, et al. Influence of airway management on ventilator-associated pneumonia: evidence from randomized trials. JAMA. 1998;279:781-7. Abstract

13. Bergmans DC, Bonten MJ, van Tiel FH, et al. Cross-colonisation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa of patients in an intensive care unit. Thorax. 1998;53:1053-8.Full text  Abstract

14. Craven DE, Steger KA. Nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated adult patients: epidemiology and prevention in 1996. Semin Respir Infect. 1996;11:32-53. Abstract

15. Pittet D, Hugonnet S, Harbarth S, et al. Effectiveness of a hospital-wide programme to improve compliance with hand hygiene. Lancet. 2000;356:1307-12. Abstract

16. Kollef MH. The prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:627-34. Abstract

17. Cook D, Guyatt G, Marshall J, et al. A comparison of sucralfate and ranitidine for the prevention of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:791-797.Full text  Abstract

18. Donowitz GR, Mandell GL. Acute pneumonia. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone; 2005:819-845.

19. Celis R, Torres A, Gatell JM, et al. Nosocomial pneumonia. A multivariate analysis of risk and prognosis. Chest. 1988 Feb;93(2):318-24. Abstract

20. Sopena N, Heras E, Casas I, et al. Risk factors for hospital-acquired pneumonia outside the intensive care unit: a case-control study. Am J Infect Control. 2014 Jan;42(1):38-42.Full text  Abstract

21. Herzig SJ, Howell MD, Ngo LH, et al. Acid-suppressive medication use and the risk for hospital-acquired pneumonia. JAMA. 2009 May 27;301(20):2120-8.Full text  Abstract

22. Schleder B, Stott K, Lloyd RC. The effect of a comprehensive oral care protocol on patients at risk for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Nurse Clinic N Am. 2002;4:27-30.

23. Allegranzi B, Pittet D. Preventing infections acquired during health-care delivery. Lancet. 2008;372:1719-1720. Abstract

24. Boyce JM, Pittet D. Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings: recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2002;51:1-44.Full text  Abstract

25. Tablan OC, Anderson LJ, Besser R, et al. Guidelines for preventing health-care-associated pneumonia, 2003: recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2004;53:1-36.Full text  Abstract

26. Padhani ZA, Moazzam Z, Ashraf A, et al. Vitamin C supplementation for prevention and treatment of pneumonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Nov 18;(11):CD013134.Full text  Abstract

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28. NHS England. Sepsis guidance implementation advice for adults. September 2017 [internet publication].Full text

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30. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Sepsis: recognition, diagnosis and early management. September 2017 [internet publication].Full text

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34. Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55.Full text  Abstract

35. Müller NL, Franquet T, Lee KS. In: McAllister L, editor. Imaging of pulmonary infections. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer/Lipponcott Williams ＆ Wilkins; 2007.

36. Masterton RG, Galloway A, French G, et al. Guidelines for the management of hospital-acquired pneumonia in the UK: report of the working party on hospital-acquired pneumonia of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;62:5-34.Full text  Abstract

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41. Evans LE, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock: 2021. Crit Care Med. 2021 Nov 1;49(11):e1063-143.Full text  Abstract

42. Royal College of Speech and Language Therapy. Guidance on the management of dysphagia in care homes. 2018 [internet publication].Full text

43. Cilloniz C, Torres A, Polverino E, et al. Community-acquired lung respiratory infections in HIV-infected patients: microbial aetiology and outcome. Eur Respir J. 2014 Jun;43(6):1698-708.Full text  Abstract

44. Rubinstein E, Stryjewski ME, Barriere SL. Clinical utility of telavancin for treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia: focus on non-ventilator-associated pneumonia. Infect Drug Resist. 2014;7:129-35. Abstract

45. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing COVID-19. Mar 2024 [internet publication].Full text

46. Lam SW, Bauer SR, Fowler R, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of procalcitonin-guidance versus usual care for antimicrobial management in critically ill patients: focus on subgroups based on antibiotic initiation, cessation, or mixed strategies. Crit Care Med. 2018 May;46(5):684-90. Abstract

47. Akagi T, Nagata N, Wakamatsu K, et al. Procalcitonin-guided antibiotic discontinuation might shorten the duration of antibiotic treatment without increasing pneumonia recurrence. Am J Med Sci. 2019 Jul;358(1):33-44. Abstract

48. Christ-Crain M, Stolz D, Bingisser R, et al. Procalcitonin guidance significantly reduces antibiotic duration in community-acquired pneumonia: the 'ProCAP' study. Crit Care. 2005;9(1 suppl):166.Full text

49. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Procalcitonin testing for diagnosing and monitoring sepsis (ADVIA Centaur BRAHMS PCT assay, BRAHMS PCT Sensitive Kryptor assay, Elecsys BRAHMS PCT assay, LIAISON BRAHMS PCT assay and VIDAS BRAHMS PCT assay). Oct 2015 [internet publication].Full text

50. Menéndez R, Sahuquillo-Arce JM, Reyes S, et al. Cytokine activation patterns and biomarkers are influenced by microorganisms in community-acquired pneumonia. Chest. 2012 Jun;141(6):1537-45.Full text  Abstract

51. Ugajin M, Yamaki K, Hirasawa N, et al. Predictive values of semi-quantitative procalcitonin test and common biomarkers for the clinical outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia. Respir Care. 2014 Apr;59(4):564-73. Abstract

52. Du Rand IA, Blaikley J, Booton R, et al. British Thoracic Society guideline for diagnostic flexible bronchoscopy in adults: accredited by NICE. Thorax. 2013 Aug;68(suppl 1):i1-i44.Full text  Abstract

53. O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72(suppl 1):ii1-ii90.Full text  Abstract

54. Levy MM, Evans LE, Rhodes A. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign bundle: 2018 update. Intensive Care Med. 2018 Jun;44(6):925-8.Full text  Abstract

55. Kim JW, Chung J, Choi SH, et al. Early use of imipenem/cilastatin and vancomycin followed by de-escalation versus conventional antimicrobials without de-escalation for patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia in a medical ICU: a randomized clinical trial. Crit Care. 2012;16:R28.Full text  Abstract

56. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antimicrobial stewardship: systems and processes for effective antimicrobial medicine use. August 2015 [internet publication].Full text

57. Schmitt DV, Leitner E, Welte T, et al. Piperacillin/tazobactam vs imipenem/cilastatin in the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia - a double blind prospective multicentre study. Infection. 2006 Jun;34(3):127-34. Abstract

58. Freire AT, Melnyk V, Kim MJ, et al. Comparison of tigecycline with imipenem/cilastatin for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010;68:140-51. Abstract

59. Ramirez J, Dartois N, Gandjini H, et al. Randomized phase 2 trial to evaluate the clinical efficacy of two high-dosage tigecycline regimens versus imipenem-cilastatin for treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 Apr;57(4):1756-62.Full text  Abstract

60. Höffken G, Barth J, Rubinstein E, et al. A randomized study of sequential intravenous/oral moxifloxacin in comparison to sequential intravenous ceftriaxone/oral cefuroxime axetil in patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia. Infection. 2007 Dec;35(6):414-20. Abstract

61. Awad SS, Rodriguez AH, Chuang YC, et al. A phase 3 randomized double-blind comparison of ceftobiprole medocaril versus ceftazidime plus linezolid for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 1;59(1):51-61.Full text  Abstract

62. Torres A, Zhong N, Pachl J, et al. Ceftazidime-avibactam versus meropenem in nosocomial pneumonia, including ventilator-associated pneumonia (REPROVE): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018 Mar;18(3):285-95. Abstract

63. European Medicines Agency. Quinolone- and fluoroquinolone-containing medicinal products. Mar 2019 [internet publication].Full text

64. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics: new restrictions and precautions for use due to very rare reports of disabling and potentially long-lasting or irreversible side effects. Mar 2019 [internet publication].Full text

65. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sept 2019 [internet publication].Full text

66. Attridge RT, Frei CR, Pugh MJ, et al. Health care-associated pneumonia in the intensive care unit: guideline-concordant antibiotics and outcomes. J Crit Care. 2016 Dec;36:265-71. Abstract

67. Jones BE, Jones MM, Huttner B, et al. Trends in antibiotic use and nosocomial pathogens in hospitalized veterans with pneumonia at 128 medical centers, 2006-2010. Clin Infect Dis. 2015 Nov 1;61(9):1403-10.Full text  Abstract

68. Chalmers JD, Rother C, Salih W, et al. Healthcare-associated pneumonia does not accurately identify potentially resistant pathogens: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Feb;58(3):330-9.Full text  Abstract

69. Rothberg MB, Zilberberg MD, Pekow PS, et al. Association of guideline-based antimicrobial therapy and outcomes in healthcare-associated pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015 May;70(5):1573-9.Full text  Abstract

70. Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 28;391(10131):1693-705. Abstract

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73. Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169.Full text  Abstract

74. British Thoracic Society. BTS guideline for oxygen in healthcare and emergency settings. December 2019 update. December 2019 [internet publication].Full text

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