Toxic multinodular goiter

References

Key articles

Gharib H, Papini E, Garber JR, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Endocrinology, and Associazione Medici Endocrinologi medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules - 2016 update. Endocr Pract. 2016 May;22(5):622-39.Full text  Abstract

Zimmermann MB, Boelaert K. Iodine deficiency and thyroid disorders. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015 Apr;3(4):286-95. Abstract

Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, et al. 2016 American Thyroid Association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid. 2016;26:1343-1421.Full text  Abstract

Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: the American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2016;26:1-133.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

1. Gharib H, Papini E, Garber JR, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Endocrinology, and Associazione Medici Endocrinologi medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules - 2016 update. Endocr Pract. 2016 May;22(5):622-39.Full text  Abstract

2. Gabriel EM, Bergert ER, Grant CS, et al. Germline polymorphism of codon 727 of human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor is associated with toxic multinodular goiter. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:3328-35.Full text  Abstract

3. De Leo S, Lee SY, Braverman LE. Hyperthyroidism. Lancet. 2016 Aug 27;388(10047):906-18. Abstract

4. Taylor PN, Albrecht D, Scholz A, et al. Global epidemiology of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2018 May;14(5):301-16. Abstract

5. Thiruvengadam S, Luthra P. Thyroid disorders in elderly: A comprehensive review. Dis Mon. 2021 Nov;67(11):101223.Full text  Abstract

6. Guille JT, Opoku-Boateng A, Thibeault SL, et al. Evaluation and management of the pediatric thyroid nodule. Oncologist. 2015 Jan;20(1):19-27.Full text  Abstract

7. Zimmermann MB, Boelaert K. Iodine deficiency and thyroid disorders. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015 Apr;3(4):286-95. Abstract

8. Li M, Eastman CJ. The changing epidemiology of iodine deficiency. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2012 Apr 3;8(7):434-40.Full text  Abstract

9. Tonacchera M, Chiovato L, Pinchera A, et al. Hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules in toxic multinodular goiter share activating thyrotropin receptor mutations with solitary toxic adenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:492-8.Full text  Abstract

10. Tonacchera M, Agretti P, Chiovato L, et al. Activating thyrotropin receptor mutations are present in nonadenomatous hyperfunctioning nodules of toxic or autonomous multinodular goiter. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:2270-4.Full text  Abstract

11. Krohn K, Führer D, Bayer Y, et al. Molecular pathogenesis of euthyroid and toxic multinodular goiter. Endocr Rev. 2005;26:504-24.Full text  Abstract

12. Fiore E, Tonacchera M, Vitti P. Influence of iodization programmes on the epidemiology of nodular goitre. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Aug;28(4):577-88. Abstract

13. Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, et al. 2016 American Thyroid Association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid. 2016;26:1343-1421.Full text  Abstract

14. Derwahl M. TSH receptor and Gs-alpha gene mutations in the pathogenesis of toxic thyroid adenomas - a note of caution. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81:2783-2785. Abstract

15. Morris AJ, Malbon CC. Physiological regulation of G protein-linked signaling. Physiol Rev. 1999;79:1373-1430. Abstract

16. Poertl S, Kirner J, Saller B, et al. T3-release from autonomously functioning thyroid nodules in vitro. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 1998;106:489-493. Abstract

17. Polak M. Hyperfunctioning thyroid adenoma and activating mutations in the TSH receptor gene. Arch Med Res. 1999;30:510-513. Abstract

18. Krohn K, Führer D, Holzapfel HP, et al. Clonal origin of toxic thyroid nodules with constitutively activating thyrotropin receptor mutations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:130-134. Abstract

19. Derwahl M, Hamacher C, Russo D, et al. Constitutive activation of the Gs alpha protein-adenylate cyclase pathway may not be sufficient to generate toxic thyroid adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81:1898-1904. Abstract

20. Pearce EN, Pino S, He X, et al. Sources of dietary iodine: bread, cows' milk, and infant formula in the Boston area. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:3421-3424. Abstract

21. Maniakas A, Davies L, Zafereo ME. Thyroid disease around the world. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2018 Jun;51(3):631-42. Abstract

22. Pearce EN, Farwell AP, Braverman LE. Thyroiditis. N Engl J Med. 2003;26:348:2646-2655. [Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2003;349:620.] Abstract

23. De Filippis EA, Sabet A, Sun MR, et al. Pemberton's sign: explained nearly 70 years later. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:1949-1954. Abstract

24. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria®. Thyroid disease. 2018 [internet publication].Full text

25. Singh Ospina N, Iñiguez-Ariza NM, Castro MR. Thyroid nodules: diagnostic evaluation based on thyroid cancer risk assessment. BMJ. 2020 Jan 7;368:l6670.Full text  Abstract

26. Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: the American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2016;26:1-133.Full text  Abstract

27. Cibas ES, Ali SZ. The 2017 Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology. Thyroid. 2017 Nov;27(11):1341-6.Full text  Abstract

28. Scappaticcio L, Maiorino MI, Maio A, et al. Neutropenia in patients with hyperthyroidism: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2021 Mar;94(3):473-83.Full text  Abstract

29. Scappaticcio L, Longo M, Maiorino MI, et al. Abnormal liver blood tests in patients with hyperthyroidism: systematic review and meta-analysis. Thyroid. 2021 Jun;31(6):884-94.Full text  Abstract

30. Belfiore A, La Rosa GL, La Porta GA, et al. Cancer risk in patients with cold thyroid nodules: relevance of iodine intake, sex, age, and multinodularity. Am J Med. 1992;93:363-369. Abstract

31. Alexander EK, Pearce EN, Brent GA, et al. 2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and the postpartum. Thyroid. 2017;27:315-389.Full text  Abstract

32. LeFevre ML; US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for thyroid dysfunction: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162:641-650.Full text  Abstract

33. Garber JR, Papini E, Frasoldati A, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology And Associazione Medici Endocrinologi thyroid nodule algorithmic tool. Endocr Pract. 2021 Jul;27(7):649-60.Full text  Abstract

34. Nygaard B, Hegedus L, Ulriksen P, et al. Radioiodine therapy for multinodular toxic goiter. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:1364-1368. Abstract

35. Cooper DS. Antithyroid drugs. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:905-917. Abstract

36. Patel KN, Yip L, Lubitz CC, et al. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons guidelines for the definitive surgical management of thyroid disease in adults. Ann Surg. 2020 Mar;271(3):e21-e93.Full text  Abstract

37. Biondi B, Cooper DS. Subclinical hyperthyroidism. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jun 21;378(25):2411-9. Abstract

38. Delitala AP, Scuteri A, Doria C. Thyroid hormone diseases and osteoporosis. J Clin Med. 2020 Apr 6;9(4):1034.Full text  Abstract

39. Pearce EN. Diagnosis and management of thyrotoxicosis. BMJ. 2006 Jun 10;332(7554):1369-73. Abstract

40. Adam MA, Thomas S, Youngwirth L, et al. Is there a minimum number of thyroidectomies a surgeon should perform to optimize patient outcomes? Ann Surg. 2017;265:402-407. Abstract

41. Franklyn JA, Boelaert K. Thyrotoxicosis. Lancet. 2012;379:1155-1166. Abstract

42. American College of Radiology (ACR), the American College of Nuclear Medicine (ACNM), the American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO), the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (SNMMI), and the Society for Pediatric Radiology (SPR). ACR–ACNM–ASTRO–SNMMI–SPR pracrice parameter for treatment of benign and malignant thyroid disease with I-131 sodium iodide. 2019 [internet publication].Full text

43. Sisson JC, Freitas J, McDougall IR, et al; American Thyroid Association Taskforce On Radioiodine Safety. Radiation safety in the treatment of patients with thyroid diseases by radioiodine 131I: practice recommendations of the American Thyroid Association. Thyroid. 2011;21:335-346.Full text  Abstract

44. Stachura A, Gryn T, Kałuża B, et al. Predictors of euthyreosis in hyperthyroid patients treated with radioiodine <sup>131</sup>I<sup>-</sup>: a retrospective study. BMC Endocr Disord. 2020 Jun 1;20(1):77.Full text  Abstract

45. Kahraman D, Keller C, Schneider C, et al. Development of hypothyroidism during long-term follow-up of patients with toxic nodular goitre after radioiodine therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012 Feb;76(2):297-303.Full text  Abstract

46. Toft AD. Clinical practice. Subclinical hyperthyroidism. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:512-516. Abstract

47. Bednarczuk T, Brix TH, Schima W, et al. 2021 European Thyroid Association guidelines for the management of iodine-based contrast media-induced thyroid dysfunction. Eur Thyroid J. 2021 Jul;10(4):269-84.Full text  Abstract

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