Assessment of balance disorders

References

Key articles

Goebel JA. 2015 Equilibrium Committee Amendment to the 1995 AAO-HNS guidelines for the definition of Ménière's disease. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016 Mar;154(3):403-4. Abstract

Bhattacharyya N, Gubbels SP, Schwartz SR, et al. Clinical practice guideline: benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (update). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017 Mar;156(suppl 3):S1-47.Full text  Abstract

Expert Panel on Neurologic Imaging:, Sharma A, Kirsch CFE, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria(®) hearing loss and/or vertigo. J Am Coll Radiol. 2018 Nov;15(11s):S321-31.Full text  Abstract

Expert Panel on Neurologic Imaging:, Salmela MB, Mortazavi S, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria(®) cerebrovascular disease. J Am Coll Radiol. 2017 May;14(5s):S34-61.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

1. Murdin L, Schilder AG. Epidemiology of balance symptoms and disorders in the community: a systematic review. Otol Neurotol. 2015 Mar;36(3):387-92. Abstract

2. Jonsson R, Sixt E, Landahl S, et al. Prevalence of dizziness and vertigo in an urban elderly population. J Vestib Res. 2004;14(1):47-52. Abstract

3. Bösner S, Schwarm S, Grevenrath P, et al. Prevalence, aetiologies and prognosis of the symptom dizziness in primary care - a systematic review. BMC Fam Pract. 2018 Feb 20;19(1):33.Full text  Abstract

4. Strupp M, Bisdorff A, Furman J, et al. Acute unilateral vestibulopathy/vestibular neuritis: diagnostic criteria. J Vestib Res. 2022;32(5):389-406.Full text  Abstract

5. King S, Dahlem K, Karmali F, et al. Imbalance and dizziness caused by unilateral vestibular schwannomas correlate with vestibulo-ocular reflex precision and bias. J Neurophysiol. 2022 Feb 1;127(2):596-606.Full text  Abstract

6. Withrow DR, Devesa SS, Deapen D, et al. Nonmalignant meningioma and vestibular schwannoma incidence trends in the United States, 2004-2017. Cancer. 2021 Oct 1;127(19):3579-90.Full text  Abstract

7. Baloh RW, Jacobson K, Winder T. Drop attacks with Meniere's syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1990 Sep;28(3):384-7. Abstract

8. Goebel JA. 2015 Equilibrium Committee Amendment to the 1995 AAO-HNS guidelines for the definition of Ménière's disease. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016 Mar;154(3):403-4. Abstract

9. Strupp M, Brandt T. Central vertigo. Otorhinolaryngol Clin Int J. 2012;4(2):71-6.​Full text

10. Alpini D, Caputo D, Pugnetti L, et al. Vertigo and multiple sclerosis: aspects of differential diagnosis. Neurol Sci. 2001 Nov;22 Suppl 2:S84-7. Abstract

11. Bhattacharyya N, Gubbels SP, Schwartz SR, et al. Clinical practice guideline: benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (update). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017 Mar;156(suppl 3):S1-47.Full text  Abstract

12. Brantberg K, Ishiyama A, Baloh RW. Drop attacks secondary to superior canal dehiscence syndrome. Neurology. 2005 Jun 28;64(12):2126-8. Abstract

13. Lee SH, Kim SH, Kim JM, et al. Vestibular dysfunction in Wernicke's encephalopathy: predominant impairment of the horizontal semicircular canals. Front Neurol. 2018 Mar 12:9:141.Full text  Abstract

14. Sowula K, Składzień J, Szaleniec J, et al. Otolaryngological symptoms in patients treated for tick-borne diseases. Otolaryngol Pol. 2018 Feb 28;72(1):30-4.Full text  Abstract

15. Buniel MC, Geelan-Hansen K, Weber PC, et al. Immunosuppressive therapy for autoimmune inner ear disease. Immunotherapy. 2009 May;1(3):425-34.Full text  Abstract

16. Van Samkar A, Poulsen MNF, Bienfait HP, et al. Acute cerebellitis in adults: a case report and review of the literature. BMC Res Notes. 2017 Nov 22;10(1):610.Full text  Abstract

17. Manto MU. The wide spectrum of spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs). Cerebellum. 2005;4(1):2-6. Abstract

18. Sullivan R, Yau WY, O'Connor E, et al. Spinocerebellar ataxia: an update. J Neurol. 2019 Feb;266(2):533-44.Full text  Abstract

19. Pothier DD, Rutka JA, Ranalli PJ. Double impairment: clinical identification of 33 cases of cerebellar ataxia with bilateral vestibulopathy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012 May;146(5):804-8. Abstract

20. Brantberg K, Trees N, Baloh RW. Migraine-associated vertigo. Acta Otolaryngol. 2005 Mar;125(3):276-9. Abstract

21. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) the international classification of headache disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia. 2018 Jan;38(1):1-211.Full text

22. Hain TC, Hanna PA, Rheinberger MA. Mal de debarquement. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1999 Jun;125(6):615-20. Abstract

23. McGinley MP, Goldschmidt CH, Rae-Grant AD. Diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis: a review. JAMA. 2021 Feb 23;325(8):765-79. Abstract

24. Boonstra TA, van der Kooij H, Munneke M, et al. Gait disorders and balance disturbances in Parkinson's disease: clinical update and pathophysiology. Curr Opin Neurol. 2008 Aug;21(4):461-71. Abstract

25. Nikaido Y, Urakami H, Akisue T, et al. Associations among falls, gait variability, and balance function in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2019 Aug;183:105385. Abstract

26. Höllerhage M. Secondary parkinsonism due to drugs, vascular lesions, tumors, trauma, and other insults. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2019;149:377-418. Abstract

27. Raccagni C, Nonnekes J, Bloem BR, et al. Gait and postural disorders in parkinsonism: a clinical approach. J Neurol. 2020 Nov;267(11):3169-76.Full text  Abstract

28. Hughes RA. Peripheral neuropathy. BMJ. 2002 Feb 23;324(7335):466-9.Full text

29. Hanewinckel R, van Oijen M, Ikram MA, et al. The epidemiology and risk factors of chronic polyneuropathy. Eur J Epidemiol. 2016 Jan;31(1):5-20.Full text  Abstract

30. Wakerley BR, Uncini A, Yuki N, et al. Guillain-Barré and Miller Fisher syndromes--new diagnostic classification. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014 Sep;10(9):537-44. Abstract

31. Coarelli G, Wirth T, Tranchant C, et al. The inherited cerebellar ataxias: an update. J Neurol. 2023 Jan;270(1):208-22.Full text  Abstract

32. Sirven JI, Fife TD, Wingerchuk DM, et al. Second-generation antiepileptic drugs' impact on balance: a meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007 Jan;82(1):40-7. Abstract

33. Lanvers-Kaminsky C, Zehnhoff-Dinnesen AA, Parfitt R, et al. Drug-induced ototoxicity: mechanisms, pharmacogenetics, and protective strategies. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2017 Apr;101(4):491-500. Abstract

34. Lee H, Baloh RW. Sudden deafness in vertebrobasilar ischemia: clinical features, vascular topographical patterns and long-term outcome. J Neurol Sci. 2005 Jan 15;228(1):99-104. Abstract

35. Gottlieb M, Peksa GD, Carlson JN. Head impulse, nystagmus, and test of skew examination for diagnosing central causes of acute vestibular syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Nov 2;11(11):CD015089.Full text  Abstract

36. Kattah JC, Talkad AV, Wang DZ, et al. HINTS to diagnose stroke in the acute vestibular syndrome: three-step bedside oculomotor examination more sensitive than early MRI diffusion-weighted imaging. Stroke. 2009 Nov;40(11):3504-10.Full text  Abstract

37. Saber Tehrani AS, Kattah JC, Mantokoudis G, et al. Small strokes causing severe vertigo: frequency of false-negative MRIs and nonlacunar mechanisms. Neurology. 2014 Jul 8;83(2):169-73. Abstract

38. Furman JM, Becker JT. Vestibular responses in Wernicke's encephalopathy. Ann Neurol. 1989 Nov;26(5):669-74. Abstract

39. Newman-Toker DE, Dy FJ, Stanton VA, et al. How often is dizziness from primary cardiovascular disease true vertigo? A systematic review. J Gen Intern Med. 2008 Dec;23(12):2087-94.Full text  Abstract

40. Weber KP, Aw ST, Todd MJ, et al. Head impulse test in unilateral vestibular loss: vestibulo-ocular reflex and catch-up saccades. Neurology. 2008 Feb 5;70(6):454-63. Abstract

41. Asawavichiangianda S, Fujimoto M, Mai M, et al. Significance of head-shaking nystagmus in the evaluation of the dizzy patient. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1999;540:27-33. Abstract

42. Gonçalves DU, Felipe L, Lima TM. Interpretation and use of caloric testing. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2008 May-Jun;74(3):440-6.Full text  Abstract

43. Musat GC, Tataru CP, Musat O, et al. Ocular movement examination in peripheral vestibular disorders as a tool to improve diagnosis: a literature review. Medicina (Kaunas). 2024 Oct 11;60(10):1665.Full text  Abstract

44. Expert Panel on Neurologic Imaging:, Sharma A, Kirsch CFE, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria(®) hearing loss and/or vertigo. J Am Coll Radiol. 2018 Nov;15(11s):S321-31.Full text  Abstract

45. Expert Panel on Neurologic Imaging:, Salmela MB, Mortazavi S, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria(®) cerebrovascular disease. J Am Coll Radiol. 2017 May;14(5s):S34-61.Full text  Abstract

46. Timmer FC, Zhou G, Guinan JJ, et al. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) in patients with Meniere's disease with drop attacks. Laryngoscope. 2006 May;116(5):776-9. Abstract

47. Chung SP, Kim SW, Yoo IS, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging as a diagnostic adjunct to Wernicke encephalopathy in the ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2003 Oct;21(6):497-502. Abstract

48. Polensek SH, Tusa RJ. Nystagmus during attacks of vestibular migraine: an aid in diagnosis. Audiol Neurootol. 2010;15(4):241-6. Abstract

49. Felipe L, Cavazos R. Caloric stimulation with water and air: responses by age and gender. Iran J Otorhinolaryngol. 2021 Mar;33(115):71-7.Full text  Abstract

50. Fife TD, Colebatch JG, Kerber KA, et al. Practice guideline: cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential testing: report of the guideline development, dissemination, and implementation subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2017 Nov 28;89(22):2288-96.Full text  Abstract

51. Welgampola MS, Myrie OA, Minor LB, et al. Vestibular-evoked myogenic potential thresholds normalize on plugging superior canal dehiscence. Neurology. 2008 Feb 5;70(6):464-72. Abstract

52. Curtin HD. Superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome and multi-detector ROW CT. Radiology. 2003 Feb;226(2):312-4. Abstract

53. Baloh RW. Paraneoplastic cerebellar disorders. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995 Jan;112(1):125-7. Abstract

54. Harding AE, Matthews S, Jones S, et al. Spinocerebellar degeneration associated with a selective defect of vitamin E absorption. N Engl J Med. 1985 Jul 4;313(1):32-5. Abstract

55. Elble RJ, Cousins R, Leffler K, et al. Gait initiation by patients with lower-half parkinsonism. Brain. 1996 Oct;119 (Pt 5):1705-16. Abstract

56. Teive HA, Germiniani FM, Munhoz RP. Charcot and vascular parkinsonism. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2017 Mar;75(3):195-6.Full text  Abstract

57. Curran T, Lang AE. Parkinsonian syndromes associated with hydrocephalus: case reports, a review of the literature, and pathophysiological hypotheses. Mov Disord. 1994 Sep;9(5):508-20. Abstract

58. Polyzoidis KS, McQueen JD, Rajput AH, et al. Parkinsonism as a manifestation of brain tumor. Surg Neurol. 1985 Jan;23(1):59-63. Abstract

59. Hageman AT, Horstink MW. Parkinsonism due to a subdural hematoma. Mov Disord. 1994 Jan;9(1):107-8. Abstract

60. Fross RD, Daube JR. Neuropathy in the Miller Fisher syndrome: clinical and electrophysiologic findings. Neurology. 1987 Sep;37(9):1493-8. Abstract

61. Willison HJ, Veitch J, Paterson G, et al. Miller Fisher syndrome is associated with serum antibodies to GQ1b ganglioside. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1993 Feb;56(2):204-6.Full text  Abstract

62. Chiba A, Kusunoki S, Obata H, et al. Serum anti-GQ1b IgG antibody is associated with ophthalmoplegia in Miller Fisher syndrome and Guillain-Barre syndrome: clinical and immunohistochemical studies. Neurology. 1993 Oct;43(10):1911-7. Abstract

63. Ropper AH, Wijdicks EFM, Truax BT. Guillain-Barre syndrome. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis; 1991.

64. Sellner J, Boggild M, Clanet M, et al. EFNS guidelines on diagnosis and management of neuromyelitis optica. Eur J Neurol. 2010 Aug;17(8):1019-32.Full text  Abstract

65. Lennon VA, Wingerchuk DM, Kryzer TJ, et al. A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis. Lancet. 2004 Dec 11-17;364(9451):2106-12. Abstract

66. Lindenbaum J, Savage DG, Stabler SP, et al. Diagnosis of cobalamin deficiency: II. Relative sensitivities of serum cobalamin, methylmalonic acid, and total homocysteine concentrations. Am J Hematol. 1990 Jun;34(2):99-107. Abstract

67. Hart G. Syphilis tests in diagnostic and therapeutic decision making. Ann Intern Med. 1986 Mar;104(3):368-76. Abstract

68. Marra CM, Tantalo LC, Maxwell CL, et al. Alternative cerebrospinal fluid tests to diagnose neurosyphilis in HIV-infected individuals. Neurology. 2004 Jul 13;63(1):85-8. Abstract

69. Lewinsohn DM, Leonard MK, LoBue PA, et al. Official American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention clinical practice guidelines: diagnosis of tuberculosis in adults and children. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Jan 15;64(2):e1-33. Abstract

70. Geldmacher H, Taube C, Kroeger C, et al. Assessment of lymph node tuberculosis in northern Germany: a clinical review. Chest. 2002 Apr;121(4):1177-82. Abstract

71. Weir MR, Thornton GF. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Experience of a community hospital and review of the literature. Am J Med. 1985 Oct;79(4):467-78. Abstract

72. Baydur A. The spectrum of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. West J Med. 1977 Apr;126(4):253-62. Abstract

73. Nataraj G, Kurup S, Pandit A, et al. Correlation of fine needle aspiration cytology, smear and culture in tuberculous lymphadenitis: a prospective study. J Postgrad Med. 2002;48(2):113-6. Abstract

74. World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 3: diagnosis: rapid diagnostics for tuberculosis detection. Mar 2024 [internet publication].Full text

75. Bjerrum S, Schiller I, Dendukuri N, et al. Lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan assay for detecting active tuberculosis in people living with HIV. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 21;10(10):CD011420.Full text  Abstract

76. Puccioni-Sohler M, Rios M, Carvalho SM, et al. Diagnosis of HAM/TSP based on CSF proviral HTLV-I DNA and HTLV-I antibody index. Neurology. 2001 Aug 28;57(4):725-7. Abstract

Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer