References
Key articles
Bhattacharyya N, Gubbels SP, Schwartz SR, et al. Clinical practice guideline: benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (update). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017 Mar;156(suppl 3):S1-47. Abstract
Basura GJ, Adams ME, Monfared A, et al. Clinical practice guideline: Ménière's disease. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020 Apr;162(2_suppl):S1-55.Full text Abstract
American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: dizziness and ataxia. 2023 [internet publication].Full text
American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria: hearing loss and/or vertigo. 2018 [internet publication].Full text
Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2017 Aug 1;136(5):e60-122.Full text
Reference articles
1. Bisdorff A, Von Brevern M, Lempert T, et al. Classification of vestibular symptoms: towards an international classification of vestibular disorders. J Vestib Res. 2009;19(1-2):1-13.Full text Abstract
2. Kerber KA, Callaghan BC, Telian SA, et al. Dizziness symptom type prevalence and overlap: a US nationally representative survey. Am J Med. 2017 Dec;130(12):1465;e1-1465;e9.Full text Abstract
3. Karatas M. Central vertigo and dizziness: epidemiology, differential diagnosis, and common causes. Neurologist. 2008 Nov;14(6):355-64. Abstract
4. Balatsouras DG, Koukoutsis G, Fassolis A, et al. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in the elderly: current insights. Clin Interv Aging. 2018 Nov 5;13:2251-66.Full text Abstract
5. Bösner S, Schwarm S, Grevenrath P, et al. Prevalence, aetiologies and prognosis of the symptom dizziness in primary care - a systematic review. BMC Fam Pract. 2018 Feb 20;19(1):33.Full text Abstract
6. Spiegel R, Kirsch M, Rosin C, et al. Dizziness in the emergency department: an update on diagnosis. Swiss Med Wkly. 2017 Dec 27;147:w14565. Abstract
8. Newman-Toker DE, Edlow JA. TiTrATE: a novel, evidence-based approach to diagnosing acute dizziness and vertigo. Neurol Clin. 2015 Aug;33(3):577-99;viii.Full text Abstract
9. Prokopakis EP, Chimona T, Tsagournisakis M, et al. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: 10-year experience in treating 592 patients with canalith repositioning procedure. Laryngoscope. 2005 Sep;115(9):1667-71. Abstract
10. Bhattacharyya N, Gubbels SP, Schwartz SR, et al. Clinical practice guideline: benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (update). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017 Mar;156(suppl 3):S1-47. Abstract
11. Neuhauser HK, Lempert T. Vertigo: epidemiologic aspects. Semin Neurol. 2009 Nov;29(5):473-81. Abstract
12. Dommaraju S, Perera E. An approach to vertigo in general practice. Aust Fam Physician. 2016 Apr;45(4):190-4.Full text Abstract
13. Ekdale EG. Form and function of the mammalian inner ear. J Anat. 2016 Feb;228(2):324-37.Full text Abstract
14. Lieberthal AS, Carroll AE, Chonmaitree T, et al. The diagnosis and management of acute otitis media. Pediatrics. 2013 Mar;131(3):e964-99.Full text Abstract
15. Basura GJ, Adams ME, Monfared A, et al. Clinical practice guideline: Ménière's disease. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020 Apr;162(2_suppl):S1-55.Full text Abstract
16. Watanabe Y, Mizukoshi K, Shojaku H, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Menière's disease in Japan. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1995;519:206-10. Abstract
17. Harris JP, Alexander TH. Current-day prevalence of Ménière's syndrome. Audiol Neurootol. 2010;15(5):318-22. Abstract
18. Murdin L, Schilder AG. Epidemiology of balance symptoms and disorders in the community: a systematic review. Otol Neurotol. 2015 Mar;36(3):387-92. Abstract
19. Paparella MM, Djalilian HR. Etiology, pathophysiology of symptoms, and pathogenesis of Meniere's disease. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2002 Jun;35(3):529-45;vi. Abstract
20. Grant IL, Welling DB. The treatment of hearing loss in Meniere's disease. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 1997 Dec;30(6):1123-44. Abstract
21. Paparella MM. Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of Meniére's disease. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1991;485:26-35. Abstract
22. Lee CS, Paparella MM, Margolis RH, et al. Audiological profiles and Menière's disease. Ear Nose Throat J. 1995 Aug;74(8):527-32. Abstract
23. Steenerson KK, Crane BT, Minor LB. Superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome. Semin Neurol. 2020 Feb;40(1):151-9. Abstract
24. Deveze A, Matsuda H, Elziere M, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of perilymphatic fistula. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 2018;81:133-45. Abstract
25. Burggraaff B, Luxford WM, Doyle KJ. Neurotologic treatment of acquired cholesteatoma. Am J Otol. 1995 Jul;16(4):480-5. Abstract
26. Yung M, Tono T, Olszewska E, et al. EAONO/JOS joint consensus statements on the definitions, classification and staging of middle ear cholesteatoma. J Int Adv Otol. 2017 Apr;13(1):1-8.Full text Abstract
27. Holle D, Schulte-Steinberg B, Wurthmann S, et al. Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness: a matter of higher, central dysfunction? PLoS One. 2015;10(11):e0142468.Full text Abstract
28. Li K, Si L, Cui B, et al. Altered spontaneous functional activity of the right precuneus and cuneus in patients with persistent postural-perceptual dizziness. Brain Imaging Behav. 2020 Dec;14(6):2176-86. Abstract
29. Cao Z, Liu X, Ju Y, et al. Neuroimaging studies in persistent postural-perceptual dizziness and related disease: a systematic review. J Neurol. 2022 Mar;269(3):1225-35. Abstract
30. Staab JP, Eckhardt-Henn A, Horii A, et al. Diagnostic criteria for persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD): consensus document of the committee for the Classification of Vestibular Disorders of the Bárány Society. J Vestib Res. 2017;27(4):191-208.Full text Abstract
31. Shen Y, Qi X. Update on diagnosis and differential diagnosis of vestibular migraine. Neurol Sci. 2022 Mar;43(3):1659-66. Abstract
32. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS). The international classification of headache disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia. 2018 Jan;38(1):1-211.Full text Abstract
33. Beh SC, Masrour S, Smith SV, et al. The spectrum of vestibular migraine: clinical features, triggers, and examination findings. Headache. 2019 May;59(5):727-40. Abstract
34. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK). Suspected neurological conditions: recognition and referral. July 2019 [internet publication].Full text
35. Feil K, Strobl R, Schindler A, et al. What is behind cerebellar vertigo and dizziness? Cerebellum. 2019 Jun;18(3):320-32. Abstract
36. Di Stadio A, Dipietro L, Ralli M, et al. The role of vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in multiple sclerosis-related vertigo. A systematic review of the literature. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2019 Feb;28:159-64. Abstract
37. Schulz UG, Fischer U. Posterior circulation cerebrovascular syndromes: diagnosis and management. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017 Jan;88(1):45-53. Abstract
38. Jain SK, Gupta AK, Agarwal N. Wallenberg's lateral medullary syndrome. Postgrad Med J. 2002 Oct;78(924):618. Abstract
39. Lima Neto AC, Bittar R, Gattas GS, et al. Pathophysiology and diagnosis of vertebrobasilar insufficiency: a review of the literature. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2017 Jul;21(3):302-7.Full text Abstract
40. Gottesman RF, Sharma P, Robinson KA, et al. Clinical characteristics of symptomatic vertebral artery dissection: a systematic review. Neurologist. 2012 Sep;18(5):245-54. Abstract
41. Yaghi S, Engelter S, Del Brutto VJ, et al. Treatment and outcomes of cervical artery dissection in adults: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Stroke. 2024 Mar;55(3):e91-106.Full text Abstract
42. Cadena R. Cervical artery dissection: early recognition and stroke prevention. Emerg Med Pract. 2016 Jul;18(7):1-24. Abstract
43. Blum CA, Yaghi S. Cervical artery dissection: a review of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and outcome. Arch Neurosci. 2015 Oct;2(4):e26670.Full text Abstract
44. Guerra Jiménez G, Mazón Gutiérrez Á, Marco de Lucas E, et al. Audio-vestibular signs and symptoms in Chiari malformation type i. Case series and literature review [in English, Spanish]. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2015 Jan-Feb;66(1):28-35. Abstract
45. Unal M, Bagdatoglu C. Arnold-Chiari type I malformation presenting as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in an adult patient. J Laryngol Otol. 2007 Mar;121(3):296-8. Abstract
46. Stevens SM, Rizk HG, Golnik K, et al. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: contemporary review and implications for the otolaryngologist. Laryngoscope. 2018 Jan;128(1):248-56. Abstract
47. Williams MA, Malm J. Diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2016 Apr;22(2 Dementia):579-99.Full text Abstract
48. Ropper AH. Neurosyphilis. N Engl J Med. 2019 Oct 3;381(14):1358-63. Abstract
49. Luo X, Lv M, Zhang X, et al. Clinical manifestations of COVID-19: an overview of 102 systematic reviews with evidence mapping. J Evid Based Med. 2022 Sep;15(3):201-15.Full text Abstract
50. Korres G, Kitsos DK, Kaski D, et al. The prevalence of dizziness and vertigo in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review. Brain Sci. 2022 Jul 20;12(7):948.Full text Abstract
51. Maarsingh OR, Dros J, Schellevis FG, et al. Causes of persistent dizziness in elderly patients in primary care. Ann Fam Med. 2010 May-Jun;8(3):196-205.Full text Abstract
52. Newman-Toker DE, Dy FJ, Stanton VA, et al. How often is dizziness from primary cardiovascular disease true vertigo? A systematic review. J Gen Intern Med. 2008 Dec;23(12):2087-94.Full text Abstract
53. Kim HA, Bisdorff A, Bronstein AM, et al. Hemodynamic orthostatic dizziness/vertigo: diagnostic criteria. J Vestib Res. 2019;29(2-3):45-56.Full text Abstract
54. Thiruganasambandamoorthy V, Stiell IG, Wells GA, et al. Outcomes in presyncope patients: a prospective cohort study. Ann Emerg Med. 2015 Mar;65(3):268-76;e6. Abstract
55. Frith J. Diagnosing orthostatic hypotension: a narrative review of the evidence. Br Med Bull. 2015 Sep;115(1):123-34. Abstract
56. Cowie DA, Shoemaker JK, Gelb AW. Orthostatic hypotension occurs frequently in the first hour after anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2004 Jan;98(1):40-5.Full text Abstract
57. Juraschek SP, Daya N, Rawlings AM, et al. Association of history of dizziness and long-term adverse outcomes with early vs later orthostatic hypotension assessment times in middle-aged adults. JAMA Intern Med. 2017 Sep 1;177(9):1316-23. Abstract
58. Ponnusamy V, Owens AP, Purkayastha S, et al. Orthostatic intolerance and autonomic dysfunction following bariatric surgery: a retrospective study and review of the literature. Auton Neurosci. 2016 Jul;198:1-7. Abstract
59. Krahn AD, Klein GJ, Yee R, et al. Predictive value of presyncope in patients monitored for assessment of syncope. Am Heart J. 2001 May;141(5):817-21. Abstract
60. Bogle JM, Goodman BP, Barrs DM. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome for the otolaryngologist. Laryngoscope. 2017 May;127(5):1195-8. Abstract
61. Pfortmueller CA, Pauchard-Neuwerth SE, Leichtle AB, et al. Primary hyperventilation in the emergency department: a first overview. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0129562.Full text Abstract
62. Holmberg J, Karlberg M, Harlacher U, et al. One-year follow-up of cognitive behavioral therapy for phobic postural vertigo. J Neurol. 2007 Sep;254(9):1189-92. Abstract
63. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 6. Glycemic goals and hypoglycemia: standards of care in diabetes-2024. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(suppl 1):S111-25.Full text Abstract
64. Hepburn DA, Deary IJ, MacLeod KM, et al. Structural equation modeling of symptoms, awareness and fear of hypoglycemia, and personality in patients with insulin-treated diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1994 Nov;17(11):1273-80.Full text Abstract
65. Aranda C, Meza A, Rodriguez R, et al. Diabetic polyneuropathy may increase the handicap related to vestibular disease. Arch Med Res. 2009 Apr;40(3):180-5. Abstract
66. Karatas E, Onat AM, Durucu C, et al. Audiovestibular disturbance in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007 Jan;136(1):82-6. Abstract
67. Di Stadio A, Ralli M. Systemic lupus erythematosus and hearing disorders: literature review and meta-analysis of clinical and temporal bone findings. J Int Med Res. 2017 Oct;45(5):1470-80.Full text Abstract
68. Magill CK, Hullar TE. Serologic studies. In: Goebel JA, ed. Practical management of the dizzy patient. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2008:221-33.
69. Lynch JP, Tazelaar H. Wegener granulomatosis (granulomatosis with polyangiitis): evolving concepts in treatment. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Jun;32(3):274-97. Abstract
70. Girasoli L, Cazzador D, Padoan R, et al. Update on vertigo in autoimmune disorders, from diagnosis to treatment. J Immunol Res. 2018 Sep 26;2018:5072582.Full text Abstract
71. Lanvers-Kaminsky C, Zehnhoff-Dinnesen AA, Parfitt R, et al. Drug-induced ototoxicity: mechanisms, pharmacogenetics, and protective strategies. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2017 Apr;101(4):491-500. Abstract
72. Bath AP, Walsh RM, Bance ML, et al. Ototoxicity of topical gentamicin preparations. Laryngoscope. 1999 Jul;109(7 pt 1):1088-93. Abstract
73. Bitner-Glindzicz M, Rahman S. Ototoxicity caused by aminoglycosides. BMJ. 2007 Oct 20;335(7624):784-5. Abstract
74. Bates DE, Beaumont SJ, Baylis BW. Ototoxicity induced by gentamicin and furosemide. Ann Pharmacother. 2002 Mar;36(3):446-51. Abstract
75. Ramma L, Schellack N, Heinze B. Prevention of treatment-induced ototoxicity: an update for clinicians. S Afr Med J. 2019;109(3):145-9.Full text
76. Chovanec M, Abu Zaid M, Hanna N, et al. Long-term toxicity of cisplatin in germ-cell tumor survivors. Ann Oncol. 2017 Nov 1;28(11):2670-9.Full text Abstract
77. Sirven JI, Fife TD, Wingerchuk DM, et al. Second-generation antiepileptic drugs' impact on balance: a meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007 Jan;82(1):40-7. Abstract
78. Pont L, Alhawassi T. Challenges in the management of hypertension in older populations. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;956:167-80. Abstract
79. Rivasi G, Rafanelli M, Mossello E, et al. Drug-related orthostatic hypotension: beyond anti-hypertensive medications. Drugs Aging. 2020 Oct;37(10):725-38.Full text Abstract
81. Elzière M, Devèze A, Bartoli C, et al. Post-traumatic balance disorder. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 2017 May;134(3):171-5.Full text Abstract
82. Dwyer B, Katz DI. Postconcussion syndrome. Handb Clin Neurol. 2018;158:163-78. Abstract
83. Kattah JC, Talkad AV, Wang DZ, et al. HINTS to diagnose stroke in the acute vestibular syndrome: three-step bedside oculomotor examination more sensitive than early MRI diffusion-weighted imaging. Stroke. 2009 Nov;40(11):3504-10.Full text Abstract
84. Ohle R, Montpellier RA, Marchadier V, et al. Can emergency physicians accurately rule out a central cause of vertigo using the HINTS examination? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2020 Sep;27(9):887-96.Full text Abstract
85. Edlow JA. Diagnosing patients with acute-onset persistent dizziness. Ann Emerg Med. 2018 May;71(5):625-31.Full text Abstract
86. Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. 2018 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2018 Mar;49(3):e46-110.Full text Abstract
87. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK). Stroke and transient ischaemic attack in over 16s: diagnosis and initial management. April 2022 [internet publication].Full text
88. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: dizziness and ataxia. 2023 [internet publication].Full text
89. Expert Panel on Neurologic Imaging; Salmela MB, Mortazavi S, Jagadeesan BD, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria: cerebrovascular disease. J Am Coll Radiol. 2017 May;14(5S):S34-61.Full text Abstract
90. Fukuhara K, Ogata T, Ouma S, et al. Impact of initial symptom for accurate diagnosis of vertebral artery dissection. Int J Stroke. 2015 Oct;(10 suppl A100):30-3. Abstract
91. Hanning U, Sporns PB, Schmiedel M, et al. CT versus MR techniques in the detection of cervical artery dissection. J Neuroimaging. 2017 Nov;27(6):607-12. Abstract
92. CADISS trial investigators; Markus HS, Hayter E, Levi C, et al. Antiplatelet treatment compared with anticoagulation treatment for cervical artery dissection (CADISS): a randomised trial. Lancet Neurol. 2015 Apr;14(4):361-7.Full text Abstract
93. Peng J, Liu Z, Luo C, et al. Treatment of Cervical Artery Dissection: Antithrombotics, Thrombolysis, and Endovascular Therapy. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:3072098.Full text Abstract
94. Jensen J, Salottolo K, Frei D, et al. Comprehensive analysis of intra-arterial treatment for acute ischemic stroke due to cervical artery dissection. J Neurointerv Surg. 2017 Jul;9(7):654-8.Full text Abstract
95. O'Connor RE, Al Ali AS, Brady WJ, et al. Part 9: Acute coronary syndromes: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2015 Nov 3;132(18 suppl 2):S483-500.Full text Abstract
96. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK). Recent-onset chest pain of suspected cardiac origin: assessment and diagnosis. Nov 2016 [internet publication].Full text
97. Collet JP, Thiele H, Barbato E, et al. 2020 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J. 2021 Apr 7;42(14):1289-367.Full text Abstract
98. Writing Committee Members; Gulati M, Levy PD, Mukherjee D, et al. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR guideline for the evaluation and diagnosis of chest pain: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on clinical practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021 Nov 30;78(22):e187-285.Full text Abstract
99. Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation. 2014 Dec 23;130(25):e344-426.Full text Abstract
100. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, et al. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 Oct 30;72(18):2231-64.Full text Abstract
101. Lawton JS, Tamis-Holland JE, Bangalore S, et al. 2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI guideline for coronary artery revascularization: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2022 Jan 18;145(3):e18-114.Full text Abstract
102. Joglar JA, Chung MK, Armbruster AL, et al. 2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS guideline for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2024 Jan 2;149(1):e1-156.Full text Abstract
103. Kusumoto FM, Schoenfeld MH, Barrett C, et al. 2018 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline on the evaluation and management of patients with bradycardia and cardiac conduction delay: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2019 Aug 20;140(8):e382-482.Full text Abstract
104. Konstantinides SV, Meyer G, Becattini C, et al. 2019 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS): the Task Force for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Respir J. 2019 Sep;54(3):1901647.Full text Abstract
105. O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72(suppl 1):ii1-90.Full text Abstract
106. Ashcroft J, Fraser E, Krishnamoorthy S, et al. Carbon monoxide poisoning. BMJ. 2019 Jun 13;365:l2299.Full text Abstract
107. Jüttner B, Busch HJ, Callies A, et al. S2k guideline diagnosis and treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning. Ger Med Sci. 2021 Nov 4;19:Doc13.Full text Abstract
108. Hampson NB, Piantadosi CA, Thom SR, et al. Practice recommendations in the diagnosis, management, and prevention of carbon monoxide poisoning. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Dec 1;186(11):1095-101. Abstract
109. Jung I, Kim JS. Approach to dizziness in the emergency department. Clin Exp Emerg Med. 2015 Jun 30;2(2):75-88.Full text Abstract
110. Saber Tehrani AS, Kattah JC, Kerber KA, et al. Diagnosing stroke in acute dizziness and vertigo: pitfalls and pearls. Stroke. 2018 Mar;49(3):788-95.Full text Abstract
111. Staab JP. Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness. Semin Neurol. 2020 Feb;40(1):130-7. Abstract
112. Lindell E, Finizia C, Johansson M, et al. Asking about dizziness when turning in bed predicts examination findings for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. J Vestib Res. 2018;28(3-4):339-47.Full text Abstract
113. Staab JP, Ruckenstein MJ, Solomon D, et al. Exertional dizziness and autonomic dysregulation. Laryngoscope. 2002 Aug;112(8 Pt 1):1346-50. Abstract
114. Foley RW, Shirazi S, Maweni RM, et al. Signs and symptoms of acoustic neuroma at initial presentation: an exploratory analysis. Cureus. 2017 Nov 15;9(11):e1846.Full text Abstract
115. Broomfield SJ, Bruce IA, Malla JV, et al. The dizzy patient. Clin Otolaryngol. 2008 Jun;33(3):223-7. Abstract
116. Nachum Z, Shupak A, Letichevsky V, et al. Mal de debarquement and posture: reduced reliance on vestibular and visual cues. Laryngoscope. 2004 Mar;114(3):581-6. Abstract
117. Susanto M. Dizziness: if not vertigo could it be cardiac disease? Aust Fam Physician. 2014 May;43(5):264-9. Abstract
119. McDonald TJ, Vollersten RS, Younge BR. Cogan's syndrome: audiovestibular involvement and prognosis in 18 patients. Laryngoscope. 1985 Jun;95(6):650-4. Abstract
120. Staab JP, Rohe DE, Eggers SD, et al. Anxious, introverted personality traits in patients with chronic subjective dizziness. J Psychosom Res. 2014 Jan;76(1):80-3. Abstract
121. Colledge NR, Barr-Hamilton RM, Lewis SJ, et al. Evaluation of investigations to diagnose the cause of dizziness in elderly people: a community based controlled study. BMJ. 1996 Sep 28;313(7060):788-92.Full text Abstract
122. Albera R, Canale A, Lacilla M, et al. Delayed vertigo after stapes surgery. Laryngoscope. 2004 May;114(5):860-2. Abstract
123. Fina M, Skinner M, Goebel JA, et al. Vestibular dysfunction after cochlear implantation. Otol Neurotol. 2003 Mar;24(2):234-42. Abstract
124. Collantes MEV, Espiritu AI, Sy MCC, et al. Neurological manifestations in COVID-19 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Neurol Sci. 2021 Jan;48(1):66-76.Full text Abstract
125. Cagnazzo F, Arquizan C, Derraz I, et al. Neurological manifestations of patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review of the literature. J Neurol. 2021 Aug;268(8):2656-65.Full text Abstract
126. Vitalakumar D, Sharma A, Kumar A, et al. Neurological manifestations in COVID-19 patients: a meta-analysis. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2021 Aug 4;12(15):2776-97.Full text Abstract
127. Heaven DJ, Sutton R. Syncope. Crit Care Med. 2000 Oct;28(10 suppl):N116-20. Abstract
128. Alabdujalil T, Behbehani R. Paraneoplastic syndromes in neuro-ophthalmology. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2007 Nov;18(6):463-9. Abstract
129. Quimby AE, Kwok ESH, Lelli D, et al. Usage of the HINTS exam and neuroimaging in the assessment of peripheral vertigo in the emergency department. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018 Sep 10;47(1):54.Full text Abstract
130. Halmagyi GM. Diagnosis and management of vertigo. Clin Med. 2005 Mar-Apr;5(2):159-65. Abstract
131. Hamid MA. Contemporary neurovestibular physiologic assessment. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000 Oct;8(5):391-7.
132. Hanley K, O'Dowd T. Symptoms of vertigo in general practice: a prospective study of diagnosis. Br J Gen Pract. 2002 Oct;52(483):809-12.Full text Abstract
133. Weinreich HM, Carey JP. Perilymphatic fistulas and superior semi-circular canal dehiscence syndrome. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 2019;82:93-100. Abstract
134. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria: hearing loss and/or vertigo. 2018 [internet publication].Full text
135. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria: head trauma. 2020 [internet publication].Full text
136. Nakashima T, Naganawa S, Pyykko I, et al. Grading of endolymphatic hydrops using magnetic resonance imaging. Acta Otolaryngol. 2009 Feb;129(560):5-8. Abstract
137. Walther LE. Current diagnostic procedures for diagnosing vertigo and dizziness. GMS Curr Top Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017 Dec 18;16:Doc02.Full text Abstract
138. Fife TD, Colebatch JG, Kerber KA, et al. Practice guideline: cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential testing: report of the guideline development, dissemination, and implementation subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2017 Nov 28;89(22):2288-96.Full text Abstract
139. Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2017 Aug 1;136(5):e60-122.Full text
140. Brignole M, Moya A, de Lange FJ, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2018 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope. Eur Heart J. 2018 Jun 1;39(21):1883-948.Full text Abstract
141. Aringer M, Costenbader K, Daikh D, et al. 2019 European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019 Sep;78(9):1151-9.Full text Abstract
142. Lavi R, Yarnitsky D, Rowe JM, et al. Standard vs atraumatic Whitacre needle for diagnostic lumbar puncture: a randomized trial. Neurology. 2006 Oct 24;67(8):1492-4. Abstract
143. Arendt K, Demaerschalk BM, Wingerchuk DM, et al. Atraumatic lumbar puncture needles: after all these years, are we still missing the point? Neurologist. 2009 Jan;15(1):17-20. Abstract
144. Nath S, Koziarz A, Badhiwala JH, et al. Atraumatic versus conventional lumbar puncture needles: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Mar 24;391(10126):1197-204. Abstract
145. Rochwerg B, Almenawer SA, Siemieniuk RAC, et al. Atraumatic (pencil-point) versus conventional needles for lumbar puncture: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 May 22;361:k1920.Full text Abstract
146. Ahmed SV, Jayawarna C, Jude E. Post lumbar puncture headache: diagnosis and management. Postgrad Med J. 2006 Nov;82(973):713-6.Full text Abstract
147. Arevalo-Rodriguez I, Ciapponi A, Roqué i Figuls M, et al. Posture and fluids for preventing post-dural puncture headache. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Mar 7;(3):CD009199.Full text Abstract
148. Postal M, Lapa AT, Reis F, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: current state of the art and novel approaches. Lupus. 2017 Apr;26(5):517-21. Abstract
149. Kwon SU, Koh JY, Kim JS. Vertebrobasilar artery territory infarction as an initial manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 1999 Mar;101(1):62-7. Abstract
150. Cogan DG. Syndrome of nonsyphilitic interstitial keratitis and vestibuloauditory symptoms. Arch Ophthalmol. 1945;33(2):144-9.
151. International Study Group for Behçet's Disease. Criteria for diagnosis of Behçet's disease. Lancet. 1990 May 5;335(8697):1078-80. Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer