Phobias

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Stinson FS, Dawson DA, Chou SP, et al. The epidemiology of DSM-IV specific phobia in the USA: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Psychol Med. 2007 Jul;37(7):1047-59. Abstract

Wolitzky-Taylor KB, Horowitz JD, Powers MB, et al. Psychological approaches in the treatment of specific phobias: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2008 Jul;28(6):1021-37. Abstract

Katzman MA, Bleau P, Blier P, et al; Anxiety Disorders Association of Canada; McGill University. Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14 Suppl 1:S1.Full text  Abstract

McMurtry CM, Taddio A, Noel M, et al. Exposure-based interventions for the management of individuals with high levels of needle fear across the lifespan: a clinical practice guideline and call for further research. Cogn Behav Ther. 2016 Apr;45(3):217-35.Full text  Abstract

Grös DF, Antony MM. The assessment and treatment of specific phobias: a review. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2006 Aug;8(4):298-303. Abstract

Antony MM, Barlow DH. Specific phobias. In: Barlow DH, ed. Anxiety and its disorders: the nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2002:380-417.

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed., text revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2022.

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3. Stinson FS, Dawson DA, Chou SP, et al. The epidemiology of DSM-IV specific phobia in the USA: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Psychol Med. 2007 Jul;37(7):1047-59. Abstract

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6. Kim SJ, Kim BN, Cho SC, et al. The prevalence of specific phobia and associated co-morbid features in children and adolescents. J Anxiety Disord. 2010 Aug;24(6):629-34. Abstract

7. Ollendick TH, King NJ, Muris P. Fears and phobias in children: phenomenology, epidemiology and aetiology. Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2002;7(3):98-106.

8. Kessler RC, Petukhova M, Sampson NA, et al. Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2012 Sep;21(3):169-84.Full text  Abstract

9. Greiner S, Schuurmans J, Goldfarb M, et al. The epidemiology of specific phobia and subthreshold fear subtypes in a community-based sample of older adults. Depress Anxiety. 2011 Jun;28(6):456-63. Abstract

10. Wardenaar KJ, Lim CCW, Al-Hamzawi AO, et al. The cross-national epidemiology of specific phobia in the World Mental Health Surveys. Psychol Med. 2017 Jul;47(10):1744-60.Full text  Abstract

11. Arrindell WA, Eisemann M, Richter J, et al. Phobic anxiety in 11 nations. Part 1: dimensional constancy of the five-factor model. Behav Res Ther. 2003 Apr;41(4):461-79. Abstract

12. Pull CB. Recent trends in the study of specific phobias. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2008 Jan;21(1):43-50. Abstract

13. Davey GC, McDonald AS, Hirisave U, et al. A cross-cultural study of animal fears. Behav Res Ther. 1998 Jul-Aug;36(7-8):735-50. Abstract

14. Rachman S. The conditioning theory of fear-acquisition: a critical examination. Behav Res Ther. 1977;15(5):375-87. Abstract

15. Olatunji BO, Sawchuk CN. Disgust: characteristic features, social manifestations, and clinical implications. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2005;24(7):932-62.

16. Poulton R, Menzies RG. Non-associative fear acquisition: a review of the evidence from retrospective and longitudinal research. Behav Res Ther. 2002 Feb;40(2):127-49. Abstract

17. Van Houtem CM, Laine ML, Boomsma DI, et al. A review and meta-analysis of the heritability of specific phobia subtypes and corresponding fears. J Anxiety Disord. 2013 May;27(4):379-88. Abstract

18. Goossens L, Sunaert S, Peeters R, et al. Amygdala hyperfunction in phobic fear normalizes after exposure. Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Nov 15;62(10):1119-25. Abstract

19. Straube T, Mentzel HJ, Miltner WH. Neural mechanisms of automatic and direct processing of phobogenic stimuli in specific phobia. Biol Psychiatry. 2006 Jan 15;59(2):162-70. Abstract

20. Schienle A, Schafer A, Walter B, et al. Brain activation of spider phobics towards disorder-relevant, generally disgust- and fear-inducing pictures. Neurosci Lett. 2005 Nov 4;388(1):1-6. Abstract

21. Straube T, Mentzel HJ, Miltner WH. Waiting for spiders: brain activation during anticipatory anxiety in spider phobics. Neuroimage. 2007 Oct 1;37(4):1427-36. Abstract

22. Damsa C, Kosel M, Moussally J, et al. Current status of brain imaging in anxiety disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2009 Jan;22(1):96-110. Abstract

23. Ipser JC, Singh L, Stein DJ. Meta-analysis of functional brain imaging in specific phobia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2013 Jul;67(5):311-22.Full text  Abstract

24. Michelgard A, Appel L, Pissiota A, et al. Symptom provocation in specific phobia affects substance P neurokinin-1 receptor system. Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Apr 15;61(8):1002-6. Abstract

25. Del Casale A, Ferracuti S, Rapinesi C, et al. Functional neuroimaging in specific phobia. Psychiatry Res. 2012 Jun 30;202(3):181-97. Abstract

26. Ost LG. Blood and injection phobia: background and cognitive, physiological, and behavioral variables. J Abnorm Psychol. 1992 Feb;101(1):68-74. Abstract

27. Page AC. The role of disgust in faintness elicited by blood and injection stimuli. J Anxiety Disord. 2003;17(1):45-58. Abstract

28. Boyd JH, Rae DS, Thompson JW, et al. Phobia: prevalence and risk factors. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1990 Nov;25(6):314-23. Abstract

29. Jacobson NC, Newman MG. Anxiety and depression as bidirectional risk factors for one another: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychol Bull. 2017 Nov;143(11):1155-200. Abstract

30. Fyer AJ, Mannuzza S, Chapman TF, et al. Specificity in familial aggregation of phobic disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995 Jul;52(7):564-73. Abstract

31. Czajkowski N, Kendler KS, Tambs K, et al. The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for phobias in women. Psychol Med. 2011 Sep;41(9):1987-95.Full text  Abstract

32. Poulton R, Waldie KE, Craske MG, et al. Dishabituation processes in height fear and dental fear: an indirect test of the non-associative model of fear acquisition. Behav Res Ther. 2000 Sep;38(9):909-19. Abstract

33. Breinholst S, Esbjorn BH, Reinholdt-Dunne ML, et al. CBT for the treatment of child anxiety disorders: a review of why parental involvement has not enhanced outcomes. J Anxiety Disord. 2012 Apr;26(3):416-24. Abstract

34. Ollendick TH, Muris P. The scientific legacy of Little Hans and Little Albert: future directions for research on specific phobias in youth. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2015;44(4):689-706. Abstract

35. Beesdo K, Knappe S, Pine DS. Anxiety and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: developmental issues and implications for DSM-V. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2009 Sep;32(3):483-524.Full text  Abstract

36. Cisler JM, Koster EH. Mechanisms of attentional biases towards threat in anxiety disorders: an integrative review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010 Mar;30(2):203-16.Full text  Abstract

37. Antony MM, Orsillo SM, Roemer L. Practitioner's guide to empirically based measures of anxiety. New York, Springer Publishing; 2001.

38. Becker ES, Rinck M, Türke V, et al. Epidemiology of specific phobia subtypes: findings from the Dresden Mental Health Study. Eur Psychiatry. 2006 Mar;22(2):69-74. Abstract

39. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for anxiety disorders in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2023 Jun 27;329(24):2163-70.Full text  Abstract

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41. Gregory KD, Chelmow D, Nelson HD, et al. Screening for anxiety in adolescent and adult women: a recommendation from the Women's Preventive Services Initiative. Ann Intern Med. 2020 Jul 7;173(1):48-56.Full text  Abstract

42. First MB, Williams JBW, Karg RS, Spitzer RL. Structured clinical interview for DSM-5 disorders, clinician version (SCID-5-CV). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2015.

43. Brown TA, Barlow DH. Anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-5 (ADIS-5) - adult version. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2014.

44. Albano AM, Silverman WK. Anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV, child/parent version. Albany, NY: Graywind Publications; 1996.

45. LeBeau RT, Glenn D, Liao B, et al. Specific phobia: a review of DSM-IV specific phobia and proposals for DSM-V. Depress Anxiety. 2010 Feb;27(2):148-67. Abstract

46. World Health Organization. ICD-11 International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, 11th revision. Geneva: WHO; 2022.Full text

47. Walter HJ, Bukstein OG, Abright AR, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020 Oct;59(10):1107-24.Full text  Abstract

48. Grös DF, Antony MM. The assessment and treatment of specific phobias: a review. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2006 Aug;8(4):298-303. Abstract

49. Antony MM, Barlow DH. Specific phobias. In: Barlow DH, ed. Anxiety and its disorders: the nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2002:380-417.

50. Wolitzky-Taylor KB, Horowitz JD, Powers MB, et al. Psychological approaches in the treatment of specific phobias: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2008 Jul;28(6):1021-37. Abstract

51. Katzman MA, Bleau P, Blier P, et al; Anxiety Disorders Association of Canada; McGill University. Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14 Suppl 1:S1.Full text  Abstract

52. Zlomke K, Davis TE. One-session treatment of specific phobias: a detailed description and review of treatment efficacy. Behav Ther. 2008 Sep;39(3):207-23. Abstract

53. Davis TE 3rd, Ollendick TH. Intensive treatment of specific phobias in children and adolescents. Cogn Behav Pract. 2009 Aug 1;16(3):294-303. Abstract

54. Pompoli A, Furukawa TA, Imai H, et al. Psychological therapies for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia in adults: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Apr 13;(4):CD011004.Full text  Abstract

55. Choy Y, Fyer AJ, Lipsitz JD. Treatment of specific phobia in adults. Clin Psychol Rev. 2007 Apr;27(3):266-86. Abstract

56. Eaton WW, Bienvenu OJ, Miloyan B. Specific phobias. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018 Aug;5(8):678-86. Abstract

57. Gilroy L, Kirkby KC, Daniels BA, et al. Controlled comparison of computer-aided vicarious exposure versus live exposure in the treatment of spider phobia. Behav Ther. 2000;31:733-44.

58. Menzies RG, Clarke JC. A comparison of in vivo and vicarious exposure in the treatment of childhood water phobia. Behav Res Ther. 1993 Jan;31(1):9-15. Abstract

59. Oar EL, Farrell LJ, Ollendick TH. One session treatment for specific phobias: an adaptation for paediatric blood-injection-injury phobia in youth. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2015 Dec;18(4):370-94. Abstract

60. Riddle-Walker L, Veale D, Chapman C, et al. Cognitive behaviour therapy for specific phobia of vomiting (Emetophobia): A pilot randomized controlled trial. J Anxiety Disord. 2016 Oct;43:14-22. Abstract

61. Böhnlein J, Altegoer L, Muck NK, et al. Factors influencing the success of exposure therapy for specific phobia: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2020 Jan;108:796-820. Abstract

62. Carl E, Stein AT, Levihn-Coon A, et al. Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and related disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Anxiety Disord. 2018 Aug 10;61:27-36. Abstract

63. Boettcher H, Barlow DH. The unique and conditional effects of interoceptive exposure in the treatment of anxiety: a functional analysis. Behav Res Ther. 2018 Dec 6 [Epub ahead of print]. Abstract

64. Foa EB, Kozak MJ. Emotional processing of fear: exposure to corrective information. Psychol Bull. 1986 Jan;99(1):20-35. Abstract

65. Craske MG, Treanor M, Conway CC, et al. Maximizing exposure therapy: an inhibitory learning approach. Behav Res Ther. 2014 Jul;58:10-23.Full text  Abstract

66. Kircanski K, Mortazavi A, Castriotta N, et al. Challenges to the traditional exposure paradigm: variability in exposure therapy for contamination fears. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2012 Jun;43(2):745-51. Abstract

67. Baker A, Mystkowski J, Culver N, et al. Does habituation matter? Emotional processing theory and exposure therapy for acrophobia. Behav Res Ther. 2010 Nov;48(11):1139-43.Full text  Abstract

68. Davis TE, Ollendick TH, Öst LG. One-session treatment of phobias in children: recent developments and a systematic review. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2018 Dec 14 [Epub ahead of print]. Abstract

69. Kothgassner OD, Felnhofer A. Lack of research on efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Neuropsychiatr. 2021 Jun;35(2):68-75.Full text  Abstract

70. Freitas JRS, Velosa VHS, Abreu LTN, et al. Virtual reality exposure treatment in phobias: a systematic review. Psychiatr Q. 2021 Dec;92(4):1685-1710. Abstract

71. Krijn M, Emmelkamp PM, Olafsson RP, et al. Virtual reality exposure therapy of anxiety disorders: a review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2004 Jul;24(3):259-81. Abstract

72. da Costa RT, Sardinha A, Nardi AE. Virtual reality exposure in the treatment of fear of flying. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2008 Sep;79(9):899-903. Abstract

73. Gujjar KR, van Wijk A, Kumar R, et al. Efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy for the treatment of dental phobia in adults: a randomized controlled trial. J Anxiety Disord. 2019 Mar;62:100-8. Abstract

74. Freeman D, Haselton P, Freeman J, et al. Automated psychological therapy using immersive virtual reality for treatment of fear of heights: a single-blind, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018 Aug;5(8):625-32.Full text  Abstract

75. Coelho CM, Waters AM, Hine TJ, et al. The use of virtual reality in acrophobia research and treatment. J Anxiety Disord. 2009 Jun;23(5):563-74. Abstract

76. Wechsler TF, Kümpers F, Mühlberger A. Inferiority or even superiority of virtual reality exposure therapy in phobias? - A systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials specifically comparing the efficacy of virtual reality exposure to gold standard in vivo exposure in agoraphobia, specific phobia, and social phobia. Front Psychol. 2019 Sep 10;10:1758.Full text  Abstract

77. Parsons TD, Rizzo AA. Affective outcomes of virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and specific phobias: a meta-analysis. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2008 Sep;39(3):250-61. Abstract

78. Meyerbroker K, Emmelkamp PM. Virtual reality exposure therapy in anxiety disorders: a systematic review of process-and-outcome studies. Depress Anxiety. 2010 Oct;27(10):933-44. Abstract

79. Morina N, Ijntema H, Meyerbröker K, et al. Can virtual reality exposure therapy gains be generalized to real-life? A meta-analysis of studies applying behavioral assessments. Behav Res Ther. 2015 Nov;74:18-24. Abstract

80. Jiang MYW, Upton E, Newby JM. A randomised wait-list controlled pilot trial of one-session virtual reality exposure therapy for blood-injection-injury phobias. J Affect Disord. 2020 Nov 1;276:636-45. Abstract

81. Ost LG, Sterner U. Applied tension: a specific behavioral method for treatment of blood phobia. Behav Res Ther. 1987;25(1):25-9. Abstract

82. Ayala ES, Meuret AE, Ritz T. Treatments for blood-injury-injection phobia: a critical review of current evidence. J Psychiatr Res. 2009 Oct;43(15):1235-42. Abstract

83. McMurtry CM, Taddio A, Noel M, et al. Exposure-based interventions for the management of individuals with high levels of needle fear across the lifespan: a clinical practice guideline and call for further research. Cogn Behav Ther. 2016 Apr;45(3):217-35.Full text  Abstract

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85. Meuret AE, Simon E, Bhaskara L, et al. Ultra-brief behavioral skills trainings for blood injection injury phobia. Depress Anxiety. 2017 Dec;34(12):1096-105. Abstract

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88. Marks IM. Living with fear. 2nd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2001.

89. Schneider AJ, Mataix-Cols D, Marks IM, et al. Internet-guided self-help with or without exposure therapy for phobic and panic disorders. Psychother Psychosom. 2005;74(3):154-64. Abstract

90. Reger MA, Gahm GA. A meta-analysis of the effects of internet- and computer-based cognitive-behavioral treatments for anxiety. J Clin Psychol. 2009 Jan;65(1):53-75. Abstract

91. Ferriter M, Kaltenthaler E, Parry G, et al. Computerised cognitive behaviour therapy for phobias and panic disorder: a systematic review (Provisional abstract). J Pub Ment Health. 2008;7:15-22.

92. Olthuis JV, Watt MC, Bailey K, et al. Therapist-supported internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Mar 12;(3):CD011565.Full text  Abstract

93. Mor S, Grimaldos J, Tur C, et al. Internet- and mobile-based interventions for the treatment of specific phobia: A systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis. Internet Interv. 2021 Dec;26:100462.Full text  Abstract

94. Manassis K, Lee TC, Bennett K, et al. Types of parental involvement in CBT with anxious youth: a preliminary meta-analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2014 Dec;82(6):1163-72. Abstract

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96. Ost LG. One-session group treatment of spider phobia. Behav Res Ther. 1996 Sep;34(9):707-15. Abstract

97. Van Gerwen LJ, Spinhoven P, Van Dyck R. Behavioral and cognitive group treatment for fear of flying: a randomized controlled trial. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2006 Dec;37(4):358-71. Abstract

98. Wannemueller A, Gruszka P, Chwalek S, et al. Large-group one-session treatment: feasibility in highly height fearful individuals and predictors of outcome. Front Psychol. 2019 Oct 24;10:2411.Full text  Abstract

99. Lilliecreutz C, Josefsson A, Sydsjö G. An open trial with cognitive behavioral therapy for blood- and injection phobia in pregnant women-a group intervention program. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2010 Jun;13(3):259-65. Abstract

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101. Lebowitz ER, Panza KE, Bloch MH. Family accommodation in obsessive-compulsive and anxiety disorders: a five-year update. Expert Rev Neurother. 2016;16(1):45-53.Full text  Abstract

102. Lewis KM, Amatya K, Coffman MF, et al. Treating nighttime fears in young children with bibliotherapy: evaluating anxiety symptoms and monitoring behavior change. J Anxiety Disord. 2015 Mar;30:103-12. Abstract

103. Vigerland S, Ljótsson B, Thulin U, et al. Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for children with anxiety disorders: a randomised controlled trial. Behav Res Ther. 2016 Jan;76:47-56.Full text  Abstract

104. Manassis K, Mendlowitz SL, Scapillato D, et al. Group and individual cognitive-behavioral therapy for childhood anxiety disorders: a randomized trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002 Dec;41(12):1423-30. Abstract

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106. Ressler KJ, Rothbaum BO, Tannenbaum L, et al. Cognitive enhancers as adjuncts to psychotherapy: use of D-cycloserine in phobic individuals to facilitate extinction of fear. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004 Nov;61(11):1136-44.Full text  Abstract

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108. Smits JA, Rosenfield D, Otto MW, et al. D-cycloserine enhancement of fear extinction is specific to successful exposure sessions: evidence from the treatment of height phobia. Biol Psychiatry. 2013 Jun 1;73(11):1054-8.Full text  Abstract

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113. Soravia LM, Heinrichs M, Winzeler L, et al. Glucocorticoids enhance in vivo exposure-based therapy of spider phobia. Depress Anxiety. 2014 May;31(5):429-35. Abstract

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116. Trumpf J, Becker ES, Vriends N, et al. Rates and predictors of remission in young women with specific phobia: a prospective community study. J Anxiety Disord. 2009 Oct;23(7):958-64. Abstract

117. Grös DF, Antony MM. The assessment and treatment of specific phobias: a review. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2006 Aug;8(4):298-303. Abstract

118. Antony MM, Barlow DH. Specific phobias. In: Barlow DH, ed. Anxiety and its disorders: the nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2002:380-417.

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