Cerebral palsy

References

Key articles

Rosenbaum P, Paneth N, Leviton A, et al. A report: the definition and classification of cerebral palsy April 2006. Dev Med Child Neurol Suppl. 2007 Feb;109:8-14. Abstract

Noritz G, Davidson L, Steingass K, et al. Providing a primary care medical home for children and youth with cerebral palsy. Pediatrics. 2022 Nov 21;e2022060055.Full text  Abstract

Shepherd E, Salam RA, Middleton P, et al. Antenatal and intrapartum interventions for preventing cerebral palsy: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 8;(8):CD012077.Full text  Abstract

Novak I, Morgan C, Fahey M, et al. State of the Evidence Traffic Lights 2019: systematic review of interventions for preventing and treating children with cerebral palsy. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2020 Feb 21;20(2):3.Full text  Abstract

Shepherd E, Salam RA, Middleton P, et al. Neonatal interventions for preventing cerebral palsy: an overview of Cochrane Systematic Reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jun 20;(6):CD012409.Full text  Abstract

Novak I, Morgan C, Adde L, et al. Early, accurate diagnosis and early intervention in cerebral palsy: advances in diagnosis and treatment. JAMA Pediatr. 2017 Sep 1;171(9):897-907. Abstract

Delgado MR, Hirtz D, Aisen M, et al; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Practice parameter: pharmacologic treatment of spasticity in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (an evidence-based review). Neurology. 2010 Jan 26;74(4):336-43.Full text  Abstract

Fehlings D, Brown L, Harvey A, et al. Pharmacological and neurosurgical interventions for managing dystonia in cerebral palsy: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2018 Apr;60(4):356-66.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

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8. Palisano RJ, Rosenbaum P, Bartlett D, et al. Content validity of the expanded and revised Gross Motor Function Classification System. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008 Oct;50(10):744-50.Full text  Abstract

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20. Noritz G, Davidson L, Steingass K, et al. Providing a primary care medical home for children and youth with cerebral palsy. Pediatrics. 2022 Nov 21;e2022060055.Full text  Abstract

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22. Jacobsson B, Hagberg G. Antenatal risk factors for cerebral palsy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2004 Jun;18(3):425-36. Abstract

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31. Blair EM, Nelson KB. Fetal growth restriction and risk of cerebral palsy in singletons born after at least 35 weeks' gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Apr;212(4):520;e1-7. Abstract

32. Croen LA, Grether JK, Curry CJ, et al. Congenital abnormalities among children with cerebral palsy: more evidence for prenatal antecedents. J Pediatr. 2001 Jun;138(6):804-10. Abstract

33. Nelson KB, Blair E. Prenatal factors in singletons with cerebral palsy born at or near term. N Engl J Med. 2015 Sep 3;373(10):946-53. Abstract

34. Nelson KB, Dambrosia JM, Ting T, et al. Uncertain value of electronic fetal monitoring in predicting cerebral palsy. N Engl J Med. 1996 Mar 7;334(10):613-8.Full text  Abstract

35. Ronen GM, Buckley D, Penney S, et al. Long-term prognosis in children with neonatal seizures: a population-based study. Neurology. 2007 Nov 6;69(19):1816-22. Abstract

36. Bax M, Tydeman C, Flodmark O. Clinical and MRI correlates of cerebral palsy: the European Cerebral Palsy Study. JAMA. 2006 Oct 4;296(13):1602-8.Full text  Abstract

37. Krägeloh-Mann I, Horber V. The role of magnetic resonance imaging in elucidating the athogenesis of cerebral palsy: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2007 Feb;49(2):144-51. Abstract

38. Nelson KB. Causative factors in cerebral palsy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Dec;51(4):749-62. Abstract

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41. Koman LA, Smith BP, Shilt JS. Cerebral palsy. Lancet. 2004 May 15;363(9421):1619-31. Abstract

42. Sadowska M, Sarecka-Hujar B, Kopyta I. Cerebral palsy: current opinions on definition, epidemiology, risk factors, classification and treatment options. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2020 Jun 12;16:1505-18.Full text  Abstract

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44. Stoknes M, Andersen GL, Dahlseng MO, et al. Cerebral palsy and neonatal death in term singletons born small for gestational age. Pediatrics. 2012 Dec;130(6):e1629-35. Abstract

45. Chalak L, Kaiser J. Neonatal guideline hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). J Ark Med Soc. 2007 Oct;104(4):87-9. Abstract

46. Spitzmiller RE, Phillips T, Meinzen-Derr J, et al. Amplitude-integrated EEG is useful in predicting neurodevelopmental outcome in full-term infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: a meta-analysis. J Child Neurol. 2007 Sep;22(9):1069-78. Abstract

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48. Rajatileka S, Odd D, Robinson MT, et al. Variants of the EAAT2 glutamate transporter gene promoter are associated with cerebral palsy in preterm infants. Mol Neurobiol. 2017 Mar 7;55(3):2013-24.Full text  Abstract

49. Jin SC, Lewis SA, Bakhtiari S, et al. Mutations disrupting neuritogenesis genes confer risk for cerebral palsy. Nat Genet. 2020 Oct;52(10):1046-56. [Erratum in: Nat Genet. 2021 Mar;53(3):412.] Abstract

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52. Cans C, McManus V, Crowley M, et al. Cerebral palsy of post-neonatal origin: characteristics and risk factors. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2004 May;18(3):214-20. Abstract

53. Collier SA, Hogue CJ. Modifiable risk factors for low birth weight and their effect on cerebral palsy and mental retardation. Matern Child Health J. 2007 Jan;11(1):65-71. Abstract

54. Burd L, Cotsonas-Hassler TM, Martsolf JT, et al. Recognition and management of fetal alcohol syndrome. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2003 Nov-Dec;25(6):681-8. Abstract

55. Nelson KB, Chang T. Is cerebral palsy preventable? Curr Op Neurol. 2008 Apr;21(2):129-35. Abstract

56. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK). Cerebral palsy in under 25s: assessment and management. January 2017 [internet publication].Full text

57. South Australia Maternal, Neonatal & Gynaecology Community of Practice. Magnesium sulphate for neuroprotection of the fetus in women at risk of preterm birth. 2020 [internet publication].Full text

58. Magee LA, De Silva DA, Sawchuck D, et al. No. 376 - Magnesium sulphate for fetal neuroprotection. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2019 Apr;41(4):505-22. Abstract

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60. Committee Opinion No. 455: Magnesium sulfate before anticipated preterm birth for neuroprotection. Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Mar;115(3):669-71.Full text  Abstract

61. Shepherd E, Salam RA, Middleton P, et al. Antenatal and intrapartum interventions for preventing cerebral palsy: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 8;(8):CD012077.Full text  Abstract

62. Doyle LW, Crowther CA, Middleton P, et al. Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jan 21;(1):CD004661.Full text  Abstract

63. Novak I, Morgan C, Fahey M, et al. State of the Evidence Traffic Lights 2019: systematic review of interventions for preventing and treating children with cerebral palsy. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2020 Feb 21;20(2):3.Full text  Abstract

64. Doyle LW, Anderson PJ, Haslam R, et al; Australasian Collaborative Trial of Magnesium Sulphate (ACTOMgSO4) Study Group. School-age outcomes of very preterm infants after antenatal treatment with magnesium sulfate vs placebo. JAMA. 2014 Sep 17;312(11):1105-13.Full text  Abstract

65. Nguyen TM, Crowther CA, Wilkinson D, et al. Magnesium sulphate for women at term for neuroprotection of the fetus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Feb 28;(2):CD009395.Full text  Abstract

66. Shepherd E, Salam RA, Middleton P, et al. Neonatal interventions for preventing cerebral palsy: an overview of Cochrane Systematic Reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jun 20;(6):CD012409.Full text  Abstract

67. Jacobs SE, Berg M, Hunt R, et al. Cooling for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jan 31;(1):CD003311.Full text  Abstract

68. Song J, Sun H, Xu F, et al. Recombinant human erythropoietin improves neurological outcomes in very preterm infants. Ann Neurol. 2016 Jul;80(1):24-34.Full text  Abstract

69. Novak I, Morgan C, Adde L, et al. Early, accurate diagnosis and early intervention in cerebral palsy: advances in diagnosis and treatment. JAMA Pediatr. 2017 Sep 1;171(9):897-907. Abstract

70. McNamara L, Scott KM, Boyd RN, et al. Consensus of physician behaviours to target for early diagnosis of cerebral palsy: a Delphi study. J Paediatr Child Health. 2021 Jul;57(7):1009-15. Abstract

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74. Nelson KB, Ellenberg JH. Children who "outgrew" cerebral palsy. Pediatrics. 1982 May;69(5):529-36. Abstract

75. Rosenbaum PL, Walter SD, Hanna SE, et al. Prognosis for gross motor function in cerebral palsy: creation of motor development curves. JAMA. 2002 Sep 18;288(11):1357-63.Full text  Abstract

76. Wu YW, Day SM, Strauss DJ, et al. Prognosis for ambulation in cerebral palsy: a population based study. Pediatrics. 2004 Nov;114(5):1264-71. Abstract

77. Einspieler C, Prechtl HF. Prechtl's assessment of general movements: a diagnostic tool for the functional assessment of the young nervous system. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2005;11(1):61-7. Abstract

78. Romeo DM, Ricci D, Brogna C, et al. Use of the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination in infants with cerebral palsy: a critical review of the literature. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2016 Mar;58(3):240-5.Full text  Abstract

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82. Bleck EE. Locomotor prognosis in cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1975 Feb;17(1):18-25. Abstract

83. Bohannon RW, Smith MB. Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity. Phys Ther. 1987 Feb;67(2):206-7. Abstract

84. Fowler EG, Staudt LA, Greenberg M, et al. Selective Control Assessment of the Lower Extremity (SCALE): development, validation, and interrater reliability of a clinical tool for patients with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2009 Aug;51(8):607-14. Abstract

85. Hägglund G, Lauge-Pedersen H, Wagner P. Characteristics of children with hip displacement in cerebral palsy. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007 Oct 26;8:101.Full text  Abstract

86. Korzeniewski SJ, Birbeck G, DeLano MC, et al. A systematic review of neuroimaging for cerebral palsy. J Child Neurol. 2008 Feb;23(2):216-27. Abstract

87. Hope TA, Gregson PH, Linney NC, et al. Selecting and assessing quantitative early ultrasound texture measures for their association with cerebral palsy. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2008 Feb;27(2):228-36. Abstract

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90. Australasian Academy of Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine. Australian hip surveillance guidelines for children with cerebral palsy. 2020 [internet publication].Full text

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99. Jethwa A, Mink J, Macarthur C, et al. Development of the hypertonia assessment tool (HAT): a discriminative tool for hypertonia in children. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2010 May;52(5):e83-7.Full text  Abstract

100. Mulcahey MJ, Slavin MD, Ni P, et al. Computerized adaptive tests detect change following orthopaedic surgery in youth with cerebral palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015 Sep 16;97(18):1482-94. Abstract

101. Lemmens RJ, Timmermans AA, Janssen-Potten YJ, et al. Valid and reliable instruments for arm-hand assessment at ICF activity level in persons with hemiplegia: a systematic review. BMC Neurol. 2012 Apr 12;12:21.Full text  Abstract

102. Wagner LV, Davids JR. Assessment tools and classification systems used for the upper extremity in children with cerebral palsy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012 May;470(5):1257-71.Full text  Abstract

103. McConnell K, Johnston L, Kerr C. Upper limb function and deformity in cerebral palsy: a review of classification systems. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2011 Sep;53(9):799-805. Abstract

104. Lipkin PH, Macias MM, Council on Children with Disabilities, Section on Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. Promoting optimal development: identifying infants and young children with developmental disorders through developmental surveillance and screening. Pediatrics. 2020 Jan;145(1):e20193449.Full text  Abstract

105. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Screening and diagnosis of cerebral palsy. 31 December 2020 [internet publication].Full text

106. Morris C. The definition and classification of cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2007 Feb;49(s109):1-44.Full text  Abstract

107. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK). Cerebral palsy in adults. January 2019 [internet publication].Full text

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109. Law MC, Darrah J, Pollock N, et al. Focus on function: a cluster, randomized controlled trial comparing child- versus context-focused intervention for young children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2011 Jul;53(7):621-9.Full text  Abstract

110. Delgado MR, Hirtz D, Aisen M, et al; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Practice parameter: pharmacologic treatment of spasticity in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (an evidence-based review). Neurology. 2010 Jan 26;74(4):336-43.Full text  Abstract

111. Heinen F, Desloovere K, Schroeder AF, et al. The updated European Consensus 2009 on the use of botulinum toxin for children with cerebral palsy. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2010 Jan;14(1):45-66. Abstract

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114. Blumetti FC, Belloti JC, Tamaoki MJ, et al. Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 8;(10):CD001408.Full text  Abstract

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116. McLaughlin M, Bjornson K, Temkin N, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: meta-analysis of three randomized controlled trials. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002 Jan;44(1):17-25. Abstract

117. Daunter AK, Kratz AL, Hurvitz EA. Long-term impact of childhood selective dorsal rhizotomy on pain, fatigue, and function: a case-control study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2017 Jun 15;59(10):1089-95.Full text  Abstract

118. Buizer AI, Martens BHM, Grandbois van Ravenhorst C, et al. Effect of continuous intrathecal baclofen therapy in children: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2019 Feb;61(2):128-34.Full text  Abstract

119. Hasnat MJ, Rice JE. Intrathecal baclofen for treating spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Nov 13;(11):CD004552.Full text  Abstract

120. Blackmore AM, Boettcher-Hunt E, Jordan M, et al. A systematic review of the effects of casting on equinus in children with cerebral palsy: an evidence report of the AACPDM. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2007 Oct;49(10):781-90. Abstract

121. Halanski M, Noonan KJ. Cast and splint immobilization: complications. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2008 Jan;16(1):30-40. Abstract

122. Fehlings D, Brown L, Harvey A, et al. Pharmacological and neurosurgical interventions for managing dystonia in cerebral palsy: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2018 Apr;60(4):356-66.Full text  Abstract

123. Harvey AR, Baker LB, Reddihough DS, et al. Trihexyphenidyl for dystonia in cerebral palsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 May 15;(5):CD012430.Full text  Abstract

124. Sanger TD, Kukke SN, Sherman-Levine S. Botulinum toxin type B improves the speed of reaching in children with cerebral palsy and arm dystonia: an open-label, dose-escalation pilot study. J Child Neurol. 2007 Jan;22(1):116-22. Abstract

125. Yi YG, Kim K, Yi Y, et al. Botulinum toxin type A injection for cervical dystonia in adults with dyskinetic cerebral palsy. Toxins (Basel). 2018 May 16;10(5):203.Full text  Abstract

126. Albright AL, Barry MJ, et.al. Intrathecal baclofen for generalized dystonia. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2001 Oct;43(10):652-7. Abstract

127. Eek MN, Olsson K, Lindh K, et al. Intrathecal baclofen in dyskinetic cerebral palsy: effects on function and activity. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2017 Nov 17;60(1):94-9. Abstract

128. Bonouvrié LA, Becher JG, Vles JSH, et al. The effect of intrathecal baclofen in dyskinetic cerebral palsy: the IDYS trial. Ann Neurol. 2019 Jul;86(1):79-90.Full text  Abstract

129. Sanger TD. Deep brain stimulation for cerebral palsy: where are we now? Dev Med Child Neurol. 2020 Jan;62(1):28-33.Full text  Abstract

130. Krauss JK, Loher TJ, Weigel R, et al. Chronic stimulation of the globus pallidus internus for treatment of non-dYT1 generalized dystonia and choreoathetosis: 2-year follow up. J Neurosurg. 2003 Apr;98(4):785-92. Abstract

131. Masson R, Pagliano E, Baranello G. Efficacy of oral pharmacological treatments in dyskinetic cerebral palsy: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2017 Dec;59(12):1237-48.Full text  Abstract

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