Well-child care

References

Key articles

Hagan JF, Shaw JS, Duncan PM. Bright Futures: guidelines for health supervision of infants, children, and adolescents. 4th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2017.

Bright Futures/American Academy of Pediatrics. Recommendations for preventive pediatric health care - Periodicity schedule. Apr 2023 [internet publication].Full text

Reference articles

1. Hagan JF, Shaw JS, Duncan PM. Bright Futures: guidelines for health supervision of infants, children, and adolescents. 4th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2017.

2. Moyer VA, Butler M. Gaps in the evidence for well-child care: a challenge to our profession. Pediatrics. 2004 Dec;114(6):1511-21. Abstract

3. Van Cleave J, Kuhlthau KA, Bloom S, et al. Interventions to improve screening and follow-up in primary care: a systematic review of the evidence. Acad Pediatr. 2012 Jul-Aug;12(4):269-82.Full text  Abstract

4. Linton JM, Green A. Providing care for children in immigrant families. Pediatrics. 2019 Sep;144(3):e20192077.Full text  Abstract

5. Driansky A, Pilapil M, Mastrogiannis A. Updating the healthcare maintenance visit for children with medical complexity: applying lessons learned from the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2022 Apr 1;34(2):248-54.Full text  Abstract

6. Trent M, Dooley DG, Dougé J, et al. The impact of racism on child and adolescent health. Pediatrics. 2019 Aug;144(2).Full text  Abstract

7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. QuickStats: prevalence of obesity and severe obesity among persons aged 2-19 years. National health and nutrition examination survey, 1999-2000 through 2017-2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Apr 3;69(13):390.Full text  Abstract

8. Shibli R, Rubin L, Akons H, et al. Morbidity of overweight (>or=85th percentile) in the first 2 years of life. Pediatrics. 2008 Aug;122(2):267-72. Abstract

9. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for obesity in children and adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2017 Jun 20;317(23):2417-26.Full text  Abstract

10. Hampl SE, Hassink SG, Skinner AC, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with obesity. Pediatrics. 2023 Feb 1;151(2):e2022060640.Full text  Abstract

11. Bright Futures/American Academy of Pediatrics. Recommendations for preventive pediatric health care - Periodicity schedule. Apr 2023 [internet publication].Full text

12. Ogden CL, Kuczmarski RJ, Flegal KM, et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000 growth charts for the United States: improvements to the 1977 National Center for Health Statistics version. Pediatrics. 2002 Jan;109(1):45-60. Abstract

13. Muth ND, Bolling C, Hannon T, et al. The role of the pediatrician in the promotion of healthy, active living. Pediatrics. 2024 Mar 1;153(3):e2023065480.Full text  Abstract

14. Brown T, Moore TH, Hooper L, et al. Interventions for preventing obesity in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jul 23;7:CD001871.Full text  Abstract

15. Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM, et al. Clinical practice guideline for screening and management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2017 Sep;140(3).Full text  Abstract

16. US Preventive Services Task Force. Final recommendation statement: high blood pressure in children and adolescents: screening. Nov 2020 [internet publication].Full text

17. American Academy of Pediatrics. 2014 recommendations for pediatric preventive health care. Pediatrics. Mar 2014; 133(3):568–70.Full text

18. Heron M. Deaths: leading causes for 2019. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2021 Jul;70(9):1-114.Full text  Abstract

19. Yogman M, Garner A, Hutchinson J, et al. The power of play: a pediatric role in enhancing development in young children. Pediatrics. 2018 Sep;142(3):e20182058.Full text  Abstract

20. High PC, Klass P, Donoghue E, et al. Literacy promotion: an essential component of primary care pediatric practice. Pediatrics. 2014 Jun 23;134(2):404-9.Full text  Abstract

21. World Health Organization. Guidelines on physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep for children under 5 years of age. Apr 2019 [internet publication].Full text

22. Sege RD, Siegel BS, Council on child abuse and neglect, et al. Effective discipline to raise healthy children. Pediatrics. 2018 Dec;142(6).Full text  Abstract

23. Leung CYY, Trinidad JE, Suskind DL. Video-based anticipatory guidance on early cognitive and language development in the first 6 months: a randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr. 2022 Jun;245:227-29.e1. Abstract

24. Stevens MM, Olson AL, Gaffney CA, et al. A pediatric, practice-based, randomized trial of drinking and smoking prevention and bicycle helmet, gun, and seatbelt safety promotion. Pediatrics. 2002 Mar;109(3):490-7. Abstract

25. Walker SP, Chang SM, Vera-Hernández M, et al. Early childhood stimulation benefits adult competence and reduces violent behavior. Pediatrics. 2011 Apr 25;127(5):849-57. Abstract

26. Zelazo PD, Blair CB, Willoughby MT. Executive function: implications for education (NCER 2017-2000). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Research, Institute of Education Sciences; 2017.Full text

27. Weisberg DS, Hirsh-Pasek K, Golinkoff RM, et al. Guided play: principles and practices. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2016;25(3):177-82.

28. Mendelsohn AL, Mogilner LN, Dreyer BP, et al. The impact of a clinic-based literacy intervention on language development in inner-city preschool children. Pediatrics. 2001 Jan;107(1):130-4. Abstract

29. Wodi AP, Murthy N, McNally V, et al. Advisory committee on immunization practices recommended immunization schedule for children and adolescents aged 18 years or younger - United States, 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023 Feb 10;72(6):137-140.Full text  Abstract

30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID-19 vaccine: interim COVID-19 immunization schedule for persons 6 months of age and older. Oct 2022 [internet publication].Full text

31. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vaccine recommendations and guidelines of the ACIP: general best practice guidelines for immunization. Jun 2023 [internet publication].Full text

32. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vaccine recommendations and guidelines of the ACIP: timing and spacing of immunobiologics. Sep 2022 [internet publication].Full text

33. AAP Committee on Practice and Ambulatory Medicine, AAP Committee on Infectious Diseases, AAP Committee on State Government Affairs, et al. Medical versus nonmedical immunization exemptions for child care and school attendance. Pediatrics. 2016 Sep;138(3): e20162145.Full text  Abstract

34. Mathew JL, El Dib R, Mathew PJ, et al. Hepatitis B immunisation in persons not previously exposed to hepatitis B or with unknown exposure status. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jul 16;(3):CD006481.Full text  Abstract

35. Di Pietrantonj C, Rivetti A, Marchione P, et al. Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Nov 22;11:CD004407.Full text  Abstract

36. Jefferson T, Rivetti A, Di Pietrantonj C, et al. Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Feb 1;(2):CD004879.Full text  Abstract

37. Zhang L, Prietsch SO, Axelsson I, et al. Acellular vaccines for preventing whooping cough in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Sep 17;(9):CD001478.Full text  Abstract

38. Bergman H, Henschke N, Hungerford D, et al. Vaccines for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea: vaccines in use. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Nov 17;11:CD008521.Full text  Abstract

39. US Preventive Services Task Force. Final recommendation statement: vision in children ages 6 months to 5 years - screening. Sep 2017 [internet publication].Full text

40. Packwood EA, Cruz OA, Rychwalski PJ, et al. The psychosocial effects of amblyopia study. J AAPOS. 1999 Feb;3(1):15-7. Abstract

41. Committee on Practice and Ambulatory Medicine, Section on Ophthalmology; American Association of Certified Orthoptists; American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus; American Academy of Ophthalmology. Eye examination in infants, children and young adults by pediatricians. Pediatrics. 2003 Apr;111(4 Pt 1):902-7. Abstract

42. Hutchinson AK, Morse CL, Hercinovic A, et al. Pediatric eye evaluations preferred practice pattern. Ophthalmology. 2023 Mar;130(3):P222-P270.Full text  Abstract

43. Donahue SP, Baker CN. Visual system assessment in infants, children, and young adults by pediatricians. Pediatrics. 2016 Jan;137(1):e20153596.Full text  Abstract

44. Donahue SP, Baker CN. Procedures for the evaluation of the visual system by pediatricians. Pediatrics. 2016 Jan;137(1):e20153597.Full text  Abstract

45. Miller JM, Lessin HR. Instrument-based pediatric vision screening policy statement. Pediatrics. 2012 Nov;130(5):983-6.Full text  Abstract

46. Evans JR, Morjaria P, Powell C. Vision screening for correctable visual acuity deficits in school-age children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Feb 15;2:CD005023.Full text  Abstract

47. Williams C, Harrad RA, Harvey I, et al. Screening for amblyopia in preschool children: results of a population-based, randomised controlled trial. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2001 Dec;8(5):279-95. Abstract

48. Powell C, Hatt SR. Vision screening for amblyopia in childhood. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jul 8;(3):CD005020.Full text  Abstract

49. Nelson HD, Bougatsos C, Nygren P. Universal newborn hearing screening: systematic review to update the 2001 US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation. Pediatrics. 2008 Jul;122(1):e266-76. Abstract

50. Harlor AD Jr, Bower C. Hearing assessment in infants and children: recommendations beyond neonatal screening. Pediatrics. 2009 Oct;124(4):1252-63.Full text  Abstract

51. US Preventive Services Task Force. Universal screening for hearing loss in newborns: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Pediatrics. 2008 Jul;122(1):143-8. Abstract

52. Rosenberg SA, Zhang D, Robinson CC. Prevalence of developmental delays and participation in early intervention services for young children. Pediatrics. 2008 Jun;121(6):e1503-9. Abstract

53. Lipkin PH, Macias MM, et al. Promoting optimal development: identifying infants and young children with developmental disorders through developmental surveillance and screening. Pediatrics. 2020 Jan;145(1):e20193449.Full text  Abstract

54. Shonkoff JP, Phillips D (eds). From neurons to neighborhoods: the science of early childhood development. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2000.

55. Guralnick MJ. Effectiveness of early intervention for vulnerable children: a developmental perspective. Am J Ment Retard. 1998 Jan;102(4):319-45. Abstract

56. Guevara JP, Gerdes M, Localio R, et al. Effectiveness of developmental screening in an urban setting. Pediatrics. 2013 Jan;131(1):30-7. Abstract

57. Zubler JM, Wiggins LD, Macias MM, et al. Evidence-informed milestones for developmental surveillance tools. Pediatrics. 2022 Mar 1;149(3):e2021052138.Full text  Abstract

58. American Academy of Pediatrics. Bright Futures toolkit: links to commonly used screening instruments and tools. Nov 2022 [internet publication].Full text

59. American Academy of Pediatrics. Autism spectrum disorder: links to commonly used screening instruments and tools. Jan 2021 [internet publication].Full text

60. US Preventive Services Task Force. Final recommendation statement: speech and language delay and disorders in children age 5 and younger - screening. Dec 2016 [internet publication].Full text

61. Perou R, Bitsko RH, Blumberg SJ, et al. Mental health surveillance among children - United States, 2005-2011. MMWR Suppl. 2013 May 17;62(2):1-35. Abstract

62. Slomski A. Chronic mental health issues in children now loom larger than physical problems. JAMA. 2012 Jul 18;308(3):223-5.Full text  Abstract

63. Sheldrick RC, Merchant S, Perrin EC. Identification of developmental-behavioral problems in primary care: a systematic review. Pediatrics. 2011 Aug;128(2):356-63. Abstract

64. Barican JL, Yung D, Schwartz C, et al. Prevalence of childhood mental disorders in high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis to inform policymaking. Evid Based Ment Health. 2022 Feb;25(1):36-44.Full text  Abstract

65. Yogman M, Garfield CF, Committee on psychosocial aspects of child and family health. Fathers' roles in the care and development of their children: the role of pediatricians. Pediatrics. 2016 Jul;138(1):e20161128.Full text  Abstract

66. Kleine I. Interventions to prevent perinatal depression: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2020 Aug;105(4):242-3. Abstract

67. Foy JM, Green CM, Earls MF, et al. Mental health competencies for pediatric practice. Pediatrics. 2019 Nov;144(5).Full text  Abstract

68. US Preventive Services Task Force, Mangione CM, Barry MJ, et al. Screening for depression and suicide risk in children and adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2022 Oct 18;328(15):1534-42.Full text  Abstract

69. US Preventive Services Task Force. Final recommendation statement: iron deficiency anemia in young children - screening. Sep 2015 [internet publication].Full text

70. Baker RD, Greer FR. Diagnosis and prevention of iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia in infants and young children (0-3 years of age). Pediatrics. 2010 Nov;126(5):1040-50.Full text  Abstract

71. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health effects of lead exposure. Sep 2022 [internet publication].Full text

72. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Blood lead levels in children. Aug 2022 [internet publication].Full text

73. American Academy of Pediatrics. Lead Exposure Policy. Oct 2022 [internet publication].Full text

74. US Preventive Services Task Force. Elevated blood lead levels in children and pregnant women: Screening. Apr 2019 [internet publication].Full text

75. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Low level lead exposure harms children: a renewed call for primary prevention. Report of the Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention. Jan 2012 [internet publication].Full text

76. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Lead screening. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

77. Kimberlin DW, Barnett ED, Lynfield R, et al. Red Book: 2021-2024 report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 32nd ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2021.

78. Ozuah PO, Ozuah TP, Stein RE, et al. Evaluation of a risk assessment questionnaire used to target tuberculin skin testing in children. JAMA. 2001 Jan 24-31;285(4):451-3.Full text  Abstract

79. US Preventive Services Task Force. Final recommendation statement: lipid disorders in children and adolescents - screening. Aug 2016 [internet publication].Full text

80. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents. Oct 2012 [internet publication].Full text

81. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Oral health surveillance report. 2019 [internet publication].Full text

82. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Community water fluoridation. Jan 2020 [internet publication].Full text

83. US Preventive Services Task Force, Davidson KW, Barry MJ, et al. Screening and interventions to prevent dental caries in children younger than 5 years: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2021 Dec 7;326(21):2172-78.Full text  Abstract

84. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry Councils on Clinical Affairs and Scientific Affairs. Periodicity of examination, preventive dental services, anticipatory guidance/counseling, and oral treatment for infants, children, and adolescents. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

85. American Academy of Pediatrics. Oral health practice tools. Apr 2021 [internet publication].Full text

86. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Perinatal and infant oral health care. 2021 [internet publication].Full text

87. Krol DM, Whelan K, Section on Oral Health. Maintaining and improving the oral health of young children. Pediatrics. 2023 Jan 1;151(1):e2022060417.Full text  Abstract

88. US Preventive Services Task Force. Final recommendation statement: adolescent idiopathic scoliosis - screening. Jan 2018 [internet publication].Full text

89. Scoliosis Research Society. Position statement - screening for the early detection for idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents. Sep 2015 [internet publication].Full text

90. Weinstein SL, Dolan LA, Wright JG, et al. Effects of bracing in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. N Engl J Med. 2013 Oct 17;369(16):1512-21.Full text  Abstract

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