Rh incompatibility

References

Key articles

Brennand J, Cameron A. Fetal anaemia: diagnosis and management. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2008 Feb;22(1):15-29. Abstract

American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology. ACOG practice bulletin no. 181: prevention of Rh D alloimmunization. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Aug;130(2):e57-70. Abstract

American Congress of Obstetrics and Gynecology. ACOG practice bulletin no. 192: management of alloimmunization during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Mar;131(3):e82-90. Abstract

Qureshi H, Massey E, Kirwan D, et al. BCSH guideline for the use of anti-D immunoglobulin for the prevention of haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. Transfus Med. 2014 Feb;24(1):8-20.Full text  Abstract

Visser GHA, Thommesen T, Di Renzo GC, et al. FIGO/ICM guidelines for preventing Rhesus disease: a call to action. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2021 Feb;152(2):144-7.Full text  Abstract

Whyte RK, Jefferies AL; Canadian Paediatric Society, Fetus and Newborn Committee. Red blood cell transfusion in newborn infants. Paediatr Child Health. 2014 Apr;19(4):213-22.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

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2. Brennand J, Cameron A. Fetal anaemia: diagnosis and management. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2008 Feb;22(1):15-29. Abstract

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11. Ling L, Yu D, Gleeson CD, et al. 968 Estimation of hemolytic disease of the newborn in the United States from 1996-2010. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2021 Feb;224(2 suppl):S600-1.Full text

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21. American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology. ACOG practice bulletin no. 181: prevention of Rh D alloimmunization. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Aug;130(2):e57-70. Abstract

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24. Urbaniak SJ, Greiss MA. RhD haemolytic disease of the fetus and the newborn. Blood Rev. 2000 Mar;14(1):44-61. Abstract

25. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG clinical practice update: Rh D immune globulin administration after abortion or pregnancy loss at less than 12 weeks of gestation. Obstet Gynecol. 2024 Dec 1;144(6):e140-3. Abstract

26. Katz J, Marcus RG. The risk of Rh isoimmunization in ruptured tubal pregnancy. Br Med J. 1972 Sep 16;3(5828):667-9.Full text  Abstract

27. Fung KFK, Eason E. No. 133: prevention of Rh alloimmunization. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2018 Jan;40(1):e1-10. Abstract

28. Moise KJ Jr. Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. In: Creasy RK, Resnik R, Iams JD, et al, eds. Creasy and Resnik's maternal-fetal medicine: principles and practice. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2008:479-503.

29. Oepkes D, Adama van Scheltema P. Intrauterine fetal transfusion in the management of fetal anemia and fetal thrombocytopenia. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2007 Dec;12(6):432-8. Abstract

30. Bowman JM. Intrauterine and neonatal transfusion. In: Anderson KC, Ness PM, eds. Scientific basis of transfusion medicine: implications for clinical practice. London, UK: WB Saunders; 1994:403-20.

31. US Preventive Services Task Force. Rh(D) incompatibility: screening. Feb 2004 [internet publication].Full text

32. American Congress of Obstetrics and Gynecology. ACOG practice bulletin no. 192: management of alloimmunization during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Mar;131(3):e82-90. Abstract

33. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Clinical practice update: paternal and fetal genotyping in the management of alloimmunization in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. June 4 2024;144(2):e47-9​.Full text

34. Qureshi H, Massey E, Kirwan D, et al. BCSH guideline for the use of anti-D immunoglobulin for the prevention of haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. Transfus Med. 2014 Feb;24(1):8-20.Full text  Abstract

35. Mari G, Deter RL, Carpenter RL, et al. Noninvasive diagnosis by Doppler ultrasonography of fetal anemia due to maternal red-cell alloimmunization. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jan 6;342(1):9-14.Full text  Abstract

36. Abdel-Fattah S, Soothill P. Assessing the severity of haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn: clinical aspects. In: Hadley A, Soothill P, eds. Alloimmune disorders of pregnancy: anaemia, thrombocytopenia and neutropenia in the fetus and newborn. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2002:153-72.

37. Bellini C, Hennekam RC, Bonioli E. A diagnostic flow chart for non-immune hydrops fetalis. Am J Med Gen A. 2009 May;149A(5):852-3. Abstract

38. Trainor B, Tubman R. The emerging pattern of hydrops fetalis: incidence, aetiology and management. Ulster Med J. 2006 Sep;75(3):185-6.Full text  Abstract

39. Suwanrath-Kengpol C, Kor-anantakul O, Suntharasaj T, et al. Etiology and outcome of non-immune hydrops fetalis in southern Thailand. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2005;59(3):134-7. Abstract

40. Tolfvenstam T, Broliden K. Parvovirus B19 infection. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2009 Aug;14(4):218-21. Abstract

41. Hamill N, Rijhsinghani A, Williamson RA, et al. Prenatal diagnosis and management of fetal anemia secondary to a large chorioangioma. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Nov;102(5 Pt 2):1185-8. Abstract

42. El Kateb A, Ville Y. Update on twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2008 Feb;22(1):63-75. Abstract

43. Baschat AA, Oepkes D. Twin anemia-polycythemia sequence in monochorionic twins: implications for diagnosis and treatment. Am J Perinatol. 2014 Sep;31(1 suppl):S25-30. Abstract

44. Visser GHA, Thommesen T, Di Renzo GC, et al. FIGO/ICM guidelines for preventing Rhesus disease: a call to action. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2021 Feb;152(2):144-7.Full text  Abstract

45. Okwundu CI, Afolabi BB. Intramuscular versus intravenous anti-D for preventing Rhesus alloimmunization during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jan 31;(1):CD007885.Full text  Abstract

46. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. ​Routine antenatal anti-D prophylaxis for women who are rhesus D negative. Aug 2008 [internet publication].Full text

47. Pollack W, Ascari WQ, Kochesky RJ, et al. Studies on Rh prophylaxis. 1. Relationship between doses of anti-Rh and size of antigenic stimulus. Transfusion. 1971 Nov-Dec;11(6):333-9. Abstract

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49. National Blood Authority. Prophylactic use of Rh D immunoglobulin in pregnancy care. 2021 [internet publication].Full text

50. McBain RD, Crowther CA, Middleton P. Anti-D administration in pregnancy for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Sep 3;(9):CD000020.Full text  Abstract

51. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists​. The management of women with red cell antibodies during pregnancy: green-top guideline no 65. May 2014 [internet publication].Full text

52. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. ​Ectopic pregnancy and miscarriage: diagnosis and initial management. Nov 2021 [internet publication].Full text

53. Li MJ, Chen CH, Wu Q, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin G for hemolytic disease of the newborn: a systematic review [in Chinese]. Chin J Evid Based Med. 2010;10:1199-204.Full text

54. Huizing K, Røislien J, Hansen T. Intravenous immunoglobulin reduces the need for exchange transfusion in Rhesus and ABO incompatibility. Acta Paediatr. 2008 Oct;97(10):1362-5. Abstract

55. Smits-Wintjens VE, Walther FJ, Rath ME, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin in neonates with rhesus hemolytic disease: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2011 Apr;127(4):680-6. Abstract

56. Zwiers C, Scheffer-Rath ME, Lopriore E, et al. Immunoglobulin for alloimmune hemolytic disease in neonates. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 18;(3):CD003313.Full text  Abstract

57. ClinicalTrials.org. ​A study to evaluate the safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of M281 administered to pregnant women at high risk for early onset severe hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text

58. Matsuda H, Yoshida M, Wakamatsu H, et al. Fetal intraperitoneal injection of immunoglobulin diminishes alloimmune hemolysis. J Perinatol. 2011 Apr;31(4):289-92. Abstract

59. Bellone M, Boctor FN. Therapeutic plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin as primary therapy for D alloimmunization in pregnancy precludes the need for intrauterine transfusion. Transfusion. 2014 Aug;54(8):2118-21. Abstract

60. Kriplani A, Malhotra Singh B, Mandal K. Fetal intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in rhesus hemolytic disease. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2007;63(3):176-80. Abstract

61. Whyte RK, Jefferies AL; Canadian Paediatric Society, Fetus and Newborn Committee. Red blood cell transfusion in newborn infants. Paediatr Child Health. 2014 Apr;19(4):213-22.Full text  Abstract

62. Katz MA, Kanto WP Jr, Korotkin JH. Recurrence rate of ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn. Obstet Gynecol. 1982 May;59(5):611-4. Abstract

63. Smits-Wintjens VE, Walther FJ, Lopriore E. Rhesus haemolytic disease of the newborn: postnatal management, associated morbidity and long-term outcome. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2008 Aug;13(4):265-71. Abstract

64. Marton T, Cox PM. Fetal hydrops. In: Kurjak A, Chervenak FA, eds. Textbook of perinatal medicine. 2nd ed. Abingdon, UK: Informa UK; 2006:535-40.

65. Weiner CP, Williamson RA, Wenstrom KD, et al. Management of fetal hemolytic disease by cordocentesis. I. Prediction of fetal anemia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991 Sep;165(3):546-53. Abstract

66. Lindenburg IT, Smits-Wintjens VE, van Klink JM, et al; LOTUS study group. Long-term neurodevelopmental outcome after intrauterine transfusion for hemolytic disease of the fetus/newborn: the LOTUS study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Feb;206(2):141.e1-8.Full text  Abstract

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