Ovarian cysts

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee on Practice Bulletins—Gynecology. Practice bulletin no. 174: evaluation and management of adnexal masses. Obstet Gynecol. 2016 Nov;128(5):e210-6. Abstract

DePriest PD, Shenson D, Fried A, et al. A morphology index based on sonographic findings in ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 1993 Oct;51(1):7-11. Abstract

Committee on Gynecologic Practice, Society of Gynecologic Oncology. Committee opinion no. 716: the role of the obstetrician-gynecologist in the early detection of epithelial ovarian cancer in women at average risk. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Sep;130(3):e146-9. Abstract

US Preventive Services Task Force; Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Owens DK, et al. Screening for ovarian cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2018 Feb 13;319(6):588-94. Abstract

Levine D, Patel MD, Suh-Burgmann EJ, et al. Simple adnexal cysts: SRU consensus conference update on follow-up and reporting. Radiology. 2019 Nov;293(2):359-71.Full text  Abstract

Grimes DA, Jones LB, Lopez LM, et al. Oral contraceptives for functional ovarian cysts. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Apr 29;(4):CD006134.Full text  Abstract

1. Dørum A, Blom GP, Ekerhovd E, et al. Prevalence and histologic diagnosis of adnexal cysts in postmenopausal women: an autopsy study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Jan;192(1):48-54. Abstract

2. Myers ER, Bastian LA, Havrilesky LJ, et al. Management of adnexal mass. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2006 Feb;(130):1-145.Full text  Abstract

3. Knudsen UB, Tabor A, Mosgaard B, et al. Management of ovarian cysts. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2004 Nov;83(11):1012-21. Abstract

4. Hartge P, Hayes R, Reding D, et al. Complex ovarian cysts in postmenopausal women are not associated with ovarian cancer risk factors: preliminary data from the prostate, lung, colon, and ovarian cancer screening trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000 Nov;183(5):1232-7. Abstract

5. National Cancer Institute. Cancer stat facts: ovarian cancer [internet publication].Full text

6. Dolan MS, Hill C, Valea FA. Benign gynecologic lesions. In: Lobo RA, Gershenson DM, Lentz GM, et al (eds). Comprehensive gynecology. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016

7. Kurjak A, Kupesic S, Jacobs I. Preoperative diagnosis of the primary fallopian tube carcinoma by three-dimensional static and power Doppler sonography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2000 Mar;15(3):246-51.Full text  Abstract

8. Kurman RJ, Visvanathan K, Roden R, et al. Early detection and treatment of ovarian cancer: shifting from early stage to minimal volume of disease based on a new model of carcinogenesis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Apr;198(4):351-6.Full text  Abstract

9. Chen MJ, Yang JH, Yang YS, et al. Increased occurrence of tubo-ovarian abscesses in women with stage III and IV endometriosis. Fertil Steril. 2004 Aug;82(2):498-9. Abstract

10. Hall GH, Turnbull LW, Richmond I, et al. Localisation of somatostatin and somatostatin receptors in benign and malignant ovarian tumours. Br J Cancer. 2002 Jul 1;87(1):86-90.Full text  Abstract

11. Shwayder JM. Pelvic pain, adnexal masses, and ultrasound. Semin Reprod Med. 2008 May;26(3):252-65. Abstract

12. Modesitt SC, Pavlik EJ, Ueland FR, et al. Risk of malignancy in unilocular ovarian cystic tumors less than 10 centimeters in diameter. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Sep;102(3):594-9. Abstract

13. Lomme M, Kostadinov S, Zhang C. Large solitary luteinized follicle cyst of pregnancy and puerperium: report of two cases. Diagn Pathol. 2011 Jan 10;6:3.Full text  Abstract

14. Schmeler KM, Mayo-Smith WW, Peipert JF, et al. Adnexal masses in pregnancy: surgery compared with observation. Obstet Gynecol. 2005 May;105(5 Pt 1):1098-103. Abstract

15. Valentin L, Ameye L, Jurkovic D, et al. Which extrauterine pelvic masses are difficult to correctly classify as benign or malignant on the basis of ultrasound findings and is there a way of making a correct diagnosis? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Apr;27(4):438-44.Full text  Abstract

16. Mourits MJ, de Vries EG, Willemse PH, et al. Ovarian cysts in women receiving tamoxifen for breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 1999 Apr;79(11-12):1761-4.Full text  Abstract

17. Cohen I, Figer A, Tepper R, et al. Ovarian overstimulation and cystic formation in premenopausal tamoxifen exposure: comparison between tamoxifen-treated and nontreated breast cancer patients. Gynecol Oncol. 1999 Feb;72(2):202-7. Abstract

18. Holt VL, Daling JR, McKnight B, et al. Cigarette smoking and functional ovarian cysts. Am J Epidemiol. 1994 Apr 15;139(8):781-6. Abstract

19. Holt VL, Cushing-Haugen KL, Daling JR. Risk of functional ovarian cyst: effects of smoking and marijuana use according to body mass index. Am J Epidemiol. 2005 Mar 15;161(6):520-5.Full text  Abstract

20. Kobayashi H, Sumimoto K, Kitanaka T, et al. Ovarian endometrioma: risk factors of ovarian cancer development. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2008 Jun;138(2):187-93. Abstract

21. Kumle M, Weiderpass E, Braaten T, et al. Risk for invasive and borderline epithelial ovarian neoplasias following use of hormonal contraceptives: the Norwegian-Swedish women's lifestyle and health cohort study. Br J Cancer. 2004 Apr 5;90(7):1386-91.Full text  Abstract

22. Beral V, Doll R, Hermon C, et al; Collaborative Group on Epidemiological Studies of Ovarian Cancer. Ovarian cancer and oral contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of data from 45 epidemiological studies including 23,257 women with ovarian cancer and 87,303 controls. Lancet. 2008 Jan 26;371(9609):303-14. Abstract

23. Kauff ND, Satagopan JM, Robson ME, et al. Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy in women with a BRCA-1 or BRCA-2 mutation. N Engl J Med. 2002 May 23;346(21):1609-15.Full text  Abstract

24. Piver MS. Prophylactic oophorectomy: reducing the U.S. death rate from epithelial ovarian cancer: a continuing debate. Oncologist. 1996;1(5):326-30. Abstract

25. Rebbeck TR, Lynch HT, Neuhausen SL, et al. Prophylactic oophorectomy in carriers of BRCA-1 or BRCA-2 mutations. N Engl J Med. 2002 May 23;346(21):1616-22.Full text  Abstract

26. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: clinically suspected adnexal mass, no acute symptom​. 2023 [internet publication].Full text

27. Shadinger LL, Andreotti RF, Kurian RL. Preoperative sonographic and clinical characteristics as predictors of ovarian torsion. J Ultrasound Med. 2008 Jan;27(1):7-13. Abstract

28. Goff BA, Mandel LS, Drescher CW, et al. Development of an ovarian cancer symptom index: possibilities for earlier detection. Cancer. 2007 Jan 15;109(2):221-7.Full text  Abstract

29. Padilla LA, Radosevich DM, Milad MP. Limitations of the pelvic examination for evaluation of the female pelvic organs. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2005 Jan;88(1):84-8. Abstract

30. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. The management of ovarian cysts in postmenopausal women. July 2016 [internet publication].Full text

31. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee on Practice Bulletins—Gynecology. Practice bulletin no. 174: evaluation and management of adnexal masses. Obstet Gynecol. 2016 Nov;128(5):e210-6. Abstract

32. DePriest PD, Shenson D, Fried A, et al. A morphology index based on sonographic findings in ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 1993 Oct;51(1):7-11. Abstract

33. Alcazar JL, Castillo G, Jurado M, et al. Is expectant management of sonographically benign adnexal cysts an option in selected asymptomatic premenopausal women? Hum Reprod. 2005 Nov;20(11):3231-4.Full text  Abstract

34. Grab D, Flock F, Stohr I, et al. Classification of asymptomatic adnexal masses by ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography. Gynecol Oncol. 2000 Jun;77(3):454-9. Abstract

35. Dearking AC, Aletti GD, McGree ME, et al. How relevant are ACOG and SGO guidelines for referral of adnexal mass? Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Oct;110(4):841-8. Abstract

36. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Ovarian cancer: recognition and initial management. April 2011 [internet publication].Full text

37. Lycke M, Kristjansdottir B, Sundfeldt K. A multicenter clinical trial validating the performance of HE4, CA125, risk of ovarian malignancy algorithm and risk of malignancy index. Gynecol Oncol. 2018 Oct;151(1):159-65. Abstract

38. Higgins RV, Matkins JF, Marroum MC. Comparison of fine-needle aspiration cytologic findings of ovarian cysts with ovarian histologic findings. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Mar;180(3 Pt 1):550-3. Abstract

39. Committee on Gynecologic Practice, Society of Gynecologic Oncology. Committee opinion no. 716: the role of the obstetrician-gynecologist in the early detection of epithelial ovarian cancer in women at average risk. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Sep;130(3):e146-9. Abstract

40. Alcázar JL, Castillo G. Comparison of 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional power-Doppler imaging in complex adnexal masses for the prediction of ovarian cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Mar;192(3):807-12. Abstract

41. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Management of suspected ovarian masses in premenopausal women. November 2011 [internet publication].Full text

42. Bailey CL, Ueland FR, Land GL, et al. The malignant potential of small cystic ovarian tumors in women over 50 years of age. Gynecol Oncol. 1998 Apr;69(1):3-7. Abstract

43. Deligeoroglou E, Eleftheriades M, Shiadoes V, et al. Ovarian masses during adolescence: clinical, ultrasonographic and pathologic findings, serum tumor markers and endocrinological profile. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2004 Jul;19(1):1-8. Abstract

44. Renaud EJ, Sømme S, Islam S, et al. Ovarian masses in the child and adolescent: an American Pediatric Surgical Association Outcomes and Evidence-Based Practice Committee systematic review. J Pediatr Surg. 2019 Mar;54(3):369-77. Abstract

45. Kumar S, Shah JP, Bryant CS, et al. The prevalence and prognostic impact of lymph node metastasis in malignant germ cell tumors of the ovary. Gynecol Oncol. 2008 Aug;110(2):125-32. Abstract

46. Mol BW, Boll D, De Kanter M, et al. Distinguishing the benign and malignant adnexal mass: an external validation of prognostic models. Gynecol Oncol. 2001 Feb;80(2):162-7. Abstract

47. van Nagell JR, DePriest PD. Management of adnexal masses in postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Jul;193(1):30-5. Abstract

48. Dodge J, Covens A, Lacchetti C, et al; Cancer Care Ontario. Management of a suspicious adnexal mass. September 2016 [internet publication].Full text

49. Hricak H, Chen M, Coakley FV, et al. Complex adnexal masses: detection and characterization with MR imaging: multivariate analysis. Radiology. 2000 Jan;214(1):39-46. Abstract

50. Seidman JD, Russell P, Kurman RJ. Surface epithelial tumors of the ovary. In: Kurman RJ, ed. Blaustein's pathology of the female genital tract. 5th ed. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 2002:791-904.

51. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Long-term consequences of polycystic ovary syndrome. November 2014 [internet publication].Full text

52. Gupta S, Jose J, Manyonda I. Clinical presentation of fibroids. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2008 Aug;22(4):615-26. Abstract

53. Walsh JW, Taylor KJ, Wasson JF, et al. Gray-scale ultrasound in 204 proved gynecologic masses: accuracy and specific diagnostic criteria. Radiology. 1979 Feb;130(2):391-7. Abstract

54. Buhmann-Kirchhoff S, Lang R, Kirchhoff C, et al. Functional cine MR imaging for the detection and mapping of intraabdominal adhesions: method and surgical correlation. Eur Radiol. 2008 Jun;18(6):1215-23. Abstract

55. Patel-Lippmann KK, Sadowski EA, Robbins JB, et al. Comparison of International Ovarian Tumor Analysis Simple Rules to Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Guidelines for Detection of Malignancy in Adnexal Cysts. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2020 Mar;214(3):694-700.Full text  Abstract

56. Committee on Practice Bulletins–Gynecology, Committee on Genetics, Society of Gynecologic Oncology. Practice bulletin no 182: hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Sep;130(3):e110-26. Abstract

57. US Preventive Services Task Force; Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Owens DK, et al. Screening for ovarian cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2018 Feb 13;319(6):588-94. Abstract

58. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: clinically suspected adnexal mass, no acute symptoms​. 2023 [internet publication].Full text

59. Wolfman W, Thurston J, Yeung G, et al. Guideline no. 404: initial investigation and management of benign ovarian masses. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2020 Aug;42(8):1040-1050.e1. Abstract

60. Evans D, Goldstein S, Loewy A, et al. No. 385-Indications for pelvic examination. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2019 Aug;41(8):1221-34. Abstract

61. Yong PJ, Thurston J, Singh SS, et al. Guideline no. 386 - Gynaecologic surgery in the obese patient. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2019 Sep;41(9):1356-1370.e7. Abstract

62. Levine D, Patel MD, Suh-Burgmann EJ, et al. Simple adnexal cysts: SRU consensus conference update on follow-up and reporting. Radiology. 2019 Nov;293(2):359-71.Full text  Abstract

63. Le T, Giede C. No. 230 - Initial evaluation and referral guidelines for management of pelvic/ovarian masses. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2018 Mar;40(3):e223-e229. Abstract

64. Gocmen A, Karac M, Sari A. Conservative laparoscopic approach to adnexal torsion. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2008 Jun;277(6):535-8. Abstract

65. Castillo G, Alcazar JL, Jurado M. Natural history of sonographically detected simple unilocular adnexal cysts in asymptomatic postmenopausal women. Gynecol Oncol. 2004 Mar;92(3):965-9. Abstract

66. Chapron C, Capella-Allouc S, Dubuisson JB. Treatment of adnexal torsion using operative laparoscopy. Hum Reprod. 1996 May;11(5):998-1003.Full text  Abstract

67. Parker WH, Broder MS, Liu Z, et al. Ovarian conservation at the time of hysterectomy for benign disease. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Jun;50(2):354-61. Abstract

68. Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, et al. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep 2021;70(No. RR-4):1–187.Full text

69. Fanfani F, Fagotti A, Ercoli A, et al. A prospective randomized study of laparoscopy and minilaparotomy in the management of benign adnexal masses. Hum Reprod. 2004 Oct;19(10):2367-71.Full text  Abstract

70. Hart RJ, Hickey M, Maouris P, et al. Excisional surgery versus ablative surgery for ovarian endometriomata. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Apr 16;(2):CD004992.Full text  Abstract

71. Grimes DA, Jones LB, Lopez LM, et al. Oral contraceptives for functional ovarian cysts. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Apr 29;(4):CD006134.Full text  Abstract

72. Crayford TJ, Campbell S, Bourne TH, et al. Benign ovarian cysts and ovarian cancer: a cohort study with implications for screening. Lancet. 2000 Mar 25;355(9209):1060-3. Abstract

73. Laberge PY, Levesque S. Short-term morbidity and long-term recurrence rate of ovarian dermoid cysts treated by laparoscopy versus laparotomy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2006 Sep;28(9):789-93. Abstract

74. Parazzini F, Frattaruolo MP, Chiaffarino F, et al. The limited oncogenic potential of unilocular adnexal cysts: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2018 Jun;225:101-9. Abstract

75. Ghezzi F, Cromi A, Bergamini V, et al. Should adnexal mass size influence surgical approach? A series of 186 laparoscopically managed large adnexal masses. BJOG. 2008 Jul;115(8):1020-7.Full text  Abstract

76. Sagiv R, Golan A, Glezerman M. Laparoscopic management of extremely large ovarian cysts. Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Jun;105(6):1319-22. Abstract

77. Bernhard LM, Klebba PK, Gray DL, et al. Predictors of persistence of adnexal masses in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Apr;93(4):585-9. Abstract

78. Fang YM, Gomes J, Lysikiewicz A, et al. Massive luteinized follicular cyst of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2005 May;105(5 Pt 2):1218-21. Abstract

79. Leiserowitz GS. Managing ovarian masses during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2006 Jul;61(7):463-70. Abstract

80. Bonilla-Musoles F, Ballester MJ, Simon C, et al. Is avoidance of surgery possible in patients with perimenopausal ovarian tumors using transvaginal ultrasound and duplex color Doppler sonography? J Ultrasound Med. 1993 Jan;12(1):33-9. Abstract

81. Glanc P, Brofman N, Salem S, et al. The prevalence of incidental simple ovarian cysts >or= 3 cm detected by transvaginal sonography in early pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2007 Jun;29(6):502-6. Abstract

82. Bouguizane S, Bibi H, Farhat Y, et al. Adnexal torsion: a report of 135 cases [in French]. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 2003 Oct;32(6):535-40. Abstract

83. Dasgupta R, Renaud E, Goldin AB, et al. Ovarian torsion in pediatric and adolescent patients: a systematic review. J Pediatr Surg. 2018 Jul;53(7):1387-91. Abstract