Gastroparesis

Camilleri M, Kuo B, Nguyen L, et al. ACG clinical guideline: gastroparesis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Aug 1;117(8):1197-220.Full text  Abstract

Lacy BE, Tack J, Gyawali CP. AGA clinical practice update on management of medically refractory gastroparesis: expert review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 Mar;20(3):491-500.Full text  Abstract

Schol J, Wauters L, Dickman R, et al. United European Gastroenterology (UEG) and European Society for Neurogastroenterology and Motility (ESNM) consensus on gastroparesis. United European Gastroenterol J. 2021 Apr;9(3):287-306.Full text  Abstract

1. Camilleri M, Kuo B, Nguyen L, et al. ACG clinical guideline: gastroparesis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Aug 1;117(8):1197-220.Full text  Abstract

2. Lacy BE, Tack J, Gyawali CP. AGA clinical practice update on management of medically refractory gastroparesis: expert review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 Mar;20(3):491-500.Full text  Abstract

3. Dong K, Yu XJ, Li B, et al. Advances in mechanisms of postsurgical gastroparesis syndrome and its diagnosis and treatment. Chin J Dig Dis. 2006;7(2):76-82. Abstract

4. Balaji NS, Crookes PF, Banki F, et al. A safe and noninvasive test for vagal integrity revisited. Arch Surg. 2002 Aug;137(8):954-8. Abstract

5. Jacob A, Pittock SJ. Gastroparesis in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2007 Jun;13(5):686. Abstract

6. Raghav S, Kipp D, Watson J, et al. Gastroparesis with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2006 Apr;12(2):243-4. Abstract

7. Moshiree B, Potter M, Talley NJ. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of gastroparesis. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2019 Jan;29(1):1-14. Abstract

8. Jung HK, Choung RS, Locke GR 3rd, et al. The incidence, prevalence, and outcomes of patients with gastroparesis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 1996 to 2006. Gastroenterology. 2009 Apr;136(4):1225-33.Full text  Abstract

9. Ye Y, Yin Y, Huh SY, et al. Epidemiology, etiology, and treatment of gastroparesis: real-world evidence from a large US national claims database. Gastroenterology. 2022 Jan;162(1):109-21.e5.Full text  Abstract

10. Bytzer P, Talley NJ, Leemon M, et al. Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with diabetes mellitus: a population-based survey of 15,000 adults. Arch Intern Med. 2001 Sep 10;161(16):1989-96. Abstract

11. Maleki D, Locke GR 3rd, Camilleri M, et al. Gastrointestinal tract symptoms among persons with diabetes mellitus in the community. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Oct 9;160(18):2808-16. Abstract

12. Jones KL, Russo A, Stevens JE, et al. Predictors of delayed gastric emptying in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001 Jul;24(7):1264-9. Abstract

13. Cetin K, Gungor B, Isik A, et al. The effect of pneumatic balloon dilatation on gastric emptying in patients with achalasia. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003 Dec;50(suppl 2):ccci-ii. Abstract

14. Benini L, Sembenini C, Salandini L, et al. Gastric emptying of realistic meals with and without gluten in patients with coeliac disease. Effect of jejunal mucosal recovery. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2001 Oct;36(10):1044-8. Abstract

15. Perri F, Pastore M, Zicolella A, et al. Gastric emptying of solids is delayed in celiac disease and normalizes after gluten withdrawal. Acta Paediatr. 2000 Aug;89(8):921-5. Abstract

16. Hasler WL. Gastroparesis: symptoms, evaluation, and treatment. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2007 Sep;36(3):619-47, ix. Abstract

17. Zipfel S, Sammet I, Rapps N, et al. Gastrointestinal disturbances in eating disorders: clinical and neurobiological aspects. Auton Neurosci. 2006 Oct 30;129(1-2):99-106. Abstract

18. Goetze O, Wieczorek J, Mueller T, et al. Impaired gastric emptying of a solid test meal in patients with Parkinson's disease using 13C-sodium octanoate breath test. Neurosci Lett. 2005 Mar 3;375(3):170-3. Abstract

19. Goetze O, Nikodem AB, Wiezcorek J, et al. Predictors of gastric emptying in Parkinson's disease. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2006 May;18(5):369-75. Abstract

20. Soykan I, Sivri B, Sarosiek I, et al. Demography, clinical characteristics, psychological and abuse profiles, treatment, and long-term follow-up of patients with gastroparesis. Dig Dis Sci. 1998 Nov;43(11):2398-404. Abstract

21. Sjogren RW. Gastrointestinal features of scleroderma. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 1996 Nov;8(6):569-75. Abstract

22. Sridhar KR, Lange RC, Magyar L, et al. Prevalence of impaired gastric emptying of solids in systemic sclerosis: diagnostic and therapeutic implications. J Lab Clin Med. 1998 Dec;132(6):541-6. Abstract

23. Marie I, Levesque H, Ducrotte P, et al. Gastric involvement in systemic sclerosis: a prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001 Jan;96(1):77-83. Abstract

24. Shih WJ, DeLand FH, Domstad PA, et al. Scintigraphic findings in primary amyloidosis of the heart and stomach. Clin Nucl Med. 1985 Jul;10(7):466-7. Abstract

25. Jonderko G, Jonderko K, Marcisz C, et al. Evaluation of gastric emptying in patients with hypothyroidism [in Polish]. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 1996 Aug;96(2):117-23. Abstract

26. Kahraman H, Kaya N, Demircali A, et al. Gastric emptying time in patients with primary hypothyroidism. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1997 Sep;9(9):901-4. Abstract

27. Van Vlem B, Schoonjans R, Vanholder R, et al. Dyspepsia and gastric emptying in chronic renal failure patients. Clin Nephrol. 2001 Oct;56(4):302-7. Abstract

28. Van Vlem B, Schoonjans R, Vanholder R, et al. Delayed gastric emptying in dyspeptic chronic hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000 Nov;36(5):962-8. Abstract

29. Naftali T, Yishai R, Zangen T, et al. Post-infectious gastroparesis: clinical and electrogastrographic aspects. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Sep;22(9):1423-8. Abstract

30. Eisenberg D. Gastroparesis and herpes. Dig Dis Sci. 1988 Aug;33(8):1050. Abstract

31. Navas CM, Patel NK, Lacy BE. Gastroparesis: medical and therapeutic advances. Dig Dis Sci. 2017 Sep;62(9):2231-40. Abstract

32. Caras S, Laurie S, Cronk W, et al. Case report: pancreatic cancer presenting with paraneoplastic gastroparesis. Am J Med Sci. 1996 Jul;312(1):34-6. Abstract

33. Berghmans T, Musch W, Brenez D, et al. Paraneoplastic gastroparesis [in French]. Rev Med Brux. 1993 Nov-Dec;14(9-10):275-8. Abstract

34. Franke A, Nakchbandi IA, Schneider A, et al. The effect of ethanol and alcoholic beverages on gastric emptying of solid meals in humans. Alcohol Alcohol. 2005 May-Jun;40(3):187-93. Abstract

35. Patrick A, Epstein O. Review article: gastroparesis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 May;27(9):724-40.Full text  Abstract

36. Koch KL. Diabetic gastropathy: gastric neuromuscular dysfunction in diabetes mellitus: a review of symptoms, pathophysiology, and treatment. Dig Dis Sci. 1999 Jun;44(6):1061-75. Abstract

37. Hinder RA, Kelly KA. Human gastric pacesetter potential. Site of origin, spread, and response to gastric transection and proximal gastric vagotomy. Am J Surg. 1977 Jan;133(1):29-33. Abstract

38. Camilleri M, Brown ML, Malagelada JR. Relationship between impaired gastric emptying and abnormal gastrointestinal motility. Gastroenterology. 1986 Jul;91(1):94-9. Abstract

39. Houghton LA, Read NW, Heddle R, et al. Relationship of the motor activity of the antrum, pylorus, and duodenum to gastric emptying of a solid-liquid mixed meal. Gastroenterology. 1988 Jun;94(6):1285-91. Abstract

40. Mearin F, Camilleri M, Malagelada JR. Pyloric dysfunction in diabetics with recurrent nausea and vomiting. Gastroenterology. 1986 Jun;90(6):1919-25. Abstract

41. Forster J, Damjanov I, Lin Z, et al. Absence of the interstitial cells of Cajal in patients with gastroparesis and correlation with clinical findings. J Gastrointest Surg. 2005 Jan;9(1):102-8. Abstract

42. Zarate N, Mearin F, Wang XY, et al. Severe idiopathic gastroparesis due to neuronal and interstitial cells of Cajal degeneration: pathological findings and management. Gut. 2003 Jul;52(7):966-70. Abstract

43. Hasler WL, Soudah HC, Dulai G, et al. Mediation of hyperglycemia-evoked gastric slow-wave dysrhythmias by endogenous prostaglandins. Gastroenterology. 1995 Mar;108(3):727-36. Abstract

44. Fraser RJ, Horowitz M, Maddox AF, et al. Hyperglycaemia slows gastric emptying in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 1990 Nov;33(11):675-80. Abstract

45. Hunter RJ, Metz DC, Morris JB, et al. Gastroparesis: a potential pitfall of laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996 Dec;91(12):2617-8. Abstract

46. Reddymasu SC, Bonino J, McCallum RW. Gastroparesis secondary to a demyelinating disease: a case series. BMC Gastroenterol. 2007 Jan 31;7:3. Abstract

47. Parkman, HP, Hasler WL, Fisher RS. American Gastroenterological Association technical review on the diagnosis and treatment of gastroparesis. Gastroenterology. 2004 Nov;127(5):1592-622.Full text  Abstract

48. Wood JD, Galligan JJ. Function of opioids in the enteric nervous system. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2004 Oct;16(suppl 2):17-28. Abstract

49. Parkman HP, Trate DM, Knight LC, et al. Cholinergic effects on human gastric motility. Gut. 1999 Sep;45(3):346-54. Abstract

50. Foxx-Orenstein A, Camilleri M, Stephens D, et al. Effect of a somatostatin analogue on gastric motor and sensory functions in healthy humans. Gut. 2003 Nov;52(11):1555-61. Abstract

51. Tougas G, Earnest DL, Chen Y, et al. Omeprazole delays gastric emptying in healthy volunteers: an effect prevented by tegaserod. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005 Jul 1;22(1):59-65. Abstract

52. Nishiguchi S, Shiomi S, Kurooka H, et al. Randomized trial assessing gastric emptying in patients with chronic hepatitis C during interferon-alpha or -beta therapy and effect of cisapride. Dig Dis Sci. 2002 Jan;47(1):73-8. Abstract

53. Hardoff R, Sula M, Tamir A, et al. Gastric emptying time and gastric motility in patients with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2001 Nov;16(6):1041-7. Abstract

54. Young A. Inhibition of gastric emptying. Adv Pharmacol. 2005;52:99-121. Abstract

55. Jonderko K, Jonderko G, Golab T. Effect of calcitonin on gastric emptying and on serum insulin and gastrin concentrations after ingestion of a mixed solid-liquid meal in humans. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1990 Feb;12(1):22-8. Abstract

56. Aring AM, Jones DE, Falko JM. Evaluation and prevention of diabetic neuropathy. Am Fam Physician. 2005 Jun 1;71(11):2123-8. Abstract

57. Evert AB, Dennison M, Gardner CD, et al. Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: a consensus report. Diabetes Care. 2019 May;42(5):731-54.Full text  Abstract

58. Park MI, Camilleri M. Gastroparesis: clinical update. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006 May;101(5):1129-39. Abstract

59. Coelho-Prabhu N, Forbes N, Thosani NC, et al; ASGE Standards of Practice Committee. Adverse events associated with EGD and EGD-related techniques. Gastrointest Endosc. 2022 Sep;96(3):389-401.e1.Full text  Abstract

60. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 12. Retinopathy, neuropathy, and foot care: standards of care in diabetes-2024. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(suppl 1):S231-43.Full text  Abstract

61. Tougas G, Eaker EY, Abell TL, et al. Assessment of gastric emptying using a low fat meal: establishment of international control values. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000 Jun;95(6):1456-62. Abstract

62. Abell TL, Camilleri M, Donohoe K, et al. Consensus recommendations for gastric emptying scintigraphy: a joint report of the American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society and the Society of Nuclear Medicine. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008 Mar;103(3):753-63.Full text  Abstract

63. Bharucha AE, Camilleri M, Veil E, et al. Comprehensive assessment of gastric emptying with a stable isotope breath test. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2013 Jan;25(1):e60-9.Full text  Abstract

64. Rao SS, Camilleri M, Hasler WL, et al. Evaluation of gastrointestinal transit in clinical practice: position paper of the American and European Neurogastroenterology and Motility Societies. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2011 Jan;23(1):8-23.Full text  Abstract

65. Kuo B, McCallum RW, Koch KL, et al. Comparison of gastric emptying of a nondigestible capsule to a radio-labelled meal in healthy and gastroparetic subjects. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jan 15;27(2):186-96.Full text  Abstract

66. Lee AA, Rao S, Nguyen LA, et al. Validation of diagnostic and performance characteristics of the wireless motility capsule in patients with suspected gastroparesis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Aug;17(9):1770-9.e2.Full text  Abstract

67. Carson DA, O'Grady G, Du P, et al. Body surface mapping of the stomach: new directions for clinically evaluating gastric electrical activity. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2021 Mar;33(3):e14048. Abstract

68. Schol J, Wauters L, Dickman R, et al. United European Gastroenterology (UEG) and European Society for Neurogastroenterology and Motility (ESNM) consensus on gastroparesis. United European Gastroenterol J. 2021 Apr;9(3):287-306.Full text  Abstract

69. Revicki DA, Rentz AM, Dubois D, et al. Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index (GCSI): development and validation of a patient reported assessment of severity of gastroparesis symptoms. Qual Life Res. 2004 May;13(4):833-44. Abstract

70. Namin F, Patel J, Lin Z, et al. Clinical, psychiatric and manometric profile of cyclic vomiting syndrome in adults and response to tricyclic therapy. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2007 Mar;19(3):196-202. Abstract

71. Fleisher DR, Gornowicz B, Adams K, et al. Cyclic vomiting syndrome in 41 adults: the illness, the patients, and problems of management. BMC Med. 2005 Dec 21;3:20.Full text  Abstract

72. Drossman DA. The functional gastrointestinal disorders and the Rome III process. Gastroenterology. 2006 Apr;130(5):1377-90. Abstract

73. Koskenpato J, Kairemo K, Korppi-Tommola T, et al. Role of gastric emptying in functional dyspepsia: a scintigraphic study of 94 subjects. Dig Dis Sci. 1998 Jun;43(6):1154-8. Abstract

74. Soykan I, Chen J, Kendall BJ, et al. The rumination syndrome: clinical and manometric profile, therapy, and long-term outcome. Dig Dis Sci. 1997 Sep;42(9):1866-72. Abstract

75. O'Brien MD, Bruce BK, Camilleri M. The rumination syndrome: clinical features rather than manometric diagnosis. Gastroenterology. 1995 Apr;108(4):1024-9. Abstract

76. Chaum M, Shouhed D, Kim S, et al. Clinico-pathologic findings in patients with median arcuate ligament syndrome (celiac artery compression syndrome). Ann Diagn Pathol. 2021 Jun;52:151732. Abstract

77. Warncke ES, Gursahaney DL, Mascolo M, et al. Superior mesenteric artery syndrome: a radiographic review. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2019 Sep;44(9):3188-94. Abstract

78. Downes TJ, Cheruvu MS, Karunaratne TB, et al. Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2018 Jul;52(6):477-89. Abstract

79. Sorensen CJ, DeSanto K, Borgelt L, et al. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment - a systematic review. J Med Toxicol. 2017 Mar;13(1):71-87.Full text  Abstract

80. Storm AC, Fishman DS, et al. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guideline on informed consent for GI endoscopic procedures. Gastrointest Endosc. 2022 Feb;95(2):207-15.e2.Full text  Abstract

81. Keller J, Bassotti G, Clarke J, et al. Expert consensus document: advances in the diagnosis and classification of gastric and intestinal motility disorders. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018 Apr 6;15(5):291-308.Full text  Abstract

82. Olausson EA, Störsrud S, Grundin H, et al. A small particle size diet reduces upper gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with diabetic gastroparesis: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014 Mar;109(3):375-85. Abstract

83. Abell TL, Bernstein RK, Cutts T, et al. Treatment of gastroparesis: a multidisciplinary clinical review. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2006 Apr;18(4):263-83. Abstract

84. McCallum RW, Ricci DA, Rakatansky H, et al. A multicenter placebo-controlled clinical trial of oral metoclopramide in diabetic gastroparesis. Diabetes Care. 1983 Sep-Oct;6(5):463-7. Abstract

85. Ricci DA, Saltzman MB, Meyer C, et al. Effect of metoclopramide in diabetic gastroparesis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1985 Feb;7(1):25-32. Abstract

86. European Medicines Agency. European Medicines Agency recommends changes to the use of metoclopramide. Jul 2013 [internet publication].Full text

87. Zheng T, Camilleri M. Management of gastroparesis. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2021 Nov;17(11):515-25.Full text  Abstract

88. Ganzini L, Casey DE, Hoffman WF, et al. The prevalence of metoclopramide-induced tardive dyskinesia and acute extrapyramidal movement disorders. Arch Intern Med. 1993 Jun 28;153(12):1469-75. Abstract

89. Shaffer D, Butterfield M, Pamer C, et al. Tardive dyskinesia risks and metoclopramide use before and after U.S. market withdrawal of cisapride. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2004 Nov-Dec;44(6):661-5. Abstract

90. Cavero-Redondo I, Álvarez-Bueno C, Pozuelo-Carrascosa DP, et al. Risk of extrapyramidal side effects comparing continuous vs. bolus intravenous metoclopramide administration: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. J Clin Nurs. 2015 Dec;24(23-24):3638-46. Abstract

91. Stewart JJ, Wood MJ, Wood CD, et al. Effects of motion sickness and antimotion sickness drugs on gastric function. J Clin Pharmacol. 1994 Jun;34(6):635-43. Abstract

92. Sawhney MS, Prakash C, Lustman PJ, et al. Tricyclic antidepressants for chronic vomiting in diabetic patients. Dig Dis Sci. 2007 Feb;52(2):418-24. Abstract

93. Parkman HP, Van Natta ML, Abell TL, et al. Effect of nortriptyline on symptoms of idiopathic gastroparesis: the NORIG randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013 Dec 25;310(24):2640-9.Full text  Abstract

94. Malamood M, Roberts A, Kataria R, et al. Mirtazapine for symptom control in refractory gastroparesis. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2017 Mar 30;11:1035-41.Full text  Abstract

95. Camilleri M, Sanders KM. Opiates, the pylorus, and gastroparesis. Gastroenterology. 2020 Aug;159(2):414-21.Full text  Abstract

96. Kim KH, Lee MS, Choi TY, et al. Acupuncture for symptomatic gastroparesis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Dec 18;12(12):CD009676.Full text  Abstract

97. Lin Z, McElhinney C, Sarosiek I, et al. Chronic gastric electrical stimulation for gastroparesis reduces the use of prokinetic and/or antiemetic medications and the need for hospitalizations. Dig Dis Sci. 2005 Jul;50(7):1328-34. Abstract

98. Cutts TF, Luo J, Starkebaum W, et al. Is gastric electrical stimulation superior to standard pharmacologic therapy in improving GI symptoms, healthcare resources, and long-term health care benefits? Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2005 Feb;17(1):35-43. Abstract

99. O'Grady G, Egbuji JU, Du P, et al. High-frequency gastric electrical stimulation for the treatment of gastroparesis: a meta-analysis. World J Surg. 2009 Aug;33(8):1693-701.Full text  Abstract

100. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK). Gastroelectrical stimulation for gastroparesis. May 2014 [internet publication].Full text

101. Jones MP, Maganti K. A systematic review of surgical therapy for gastroparesis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003 Oct;98(10):2122-9. Abstract

102. Khashab MA, Wang AY, Cai Q. AGA Clinical practice update on gastric peroral endoscopic myotomy for gastroparesis: commentary. Gastroenterology. 2023 Jun;164(7):1329-35.e1.Full text  Abstract

103. Jehangir A, Malik Z, Petrov RV, et al. EndoFLIP and pyloric dilation for gastroparesis symptoms refractory to pyloromyotomy/pyloroplasty. Dig Dis Sci. 2021 Aug;66(8):2682-90. Abstract

104. Bromer MQ, Friedenberg F, Miller LS, et al. Endoscopic pyloric injection of botulinum toxin A for the treatment of refractory gastroparesis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2005 Jun;61(7):833-9. Abstract

105. Arts J, van Gool S, Caenepeel P, et al. Influence of intrapyloric botulinum toxin injection on gastric emptying and meal-related symptoms in gastroparesis patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Aug 15;24(4):661-7. Abstract

106. Bai Y, Xu MJ, Yang X, et al. A systematic review on intrapyloric botulinum toxin injection for gastroparesis. Digestion. 2010;81(1):27-34. Abstract

107. Kuo B, Barnes CN, Nguyen DD, et al. Velusetrag accelerates gastric emptying in subjects with gastroparesis: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2021 May;53(10):1090-7. Abstract

108. Chedid V, Brandler J, Arndt K, et al. Randomised study: effects of the 5-HT(4) receptor agonist felcisetrag vs placebo on gut transit in patients with gastroparesis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2021 May;53(9):1010-20.Full text  Abstract

109. Andrews CN, Woo M, Buresi M, et al. Prucalopride in diabetic and connective tissue disease-related gastroparesis: randomized placebo-controlled crossover pilot trial. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2021 Jan;33(1):e13958. Abstract

110. Carbone F, Van den Houte K, Clevers E, et al. Prucalopride in gastroparesis: a randomized placebo-controlled crossover study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019 Aug;114(8):1265-74. Abstract

111. Lasseter KC, Shaughnessy L, Cummings D, et al. Ghrelin agonist (TZP-101): safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic evaluation in healthy volunteers: a phase I, first-in-human study. J Clin Pharmacol. 2008 Feb;48(2):193-202. Abstract

112. Ejskjaer N, Dimcevski G, Wo J, et al. Safety and efficacy of ghrelin agonist TZP-101 in relieving symptoms in patients with diabetic gastroparesis: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2010 Oct;22(10):1069-e281. Abstract

113. Shin A, Camilleri M, Busciglio I, et al. Randomized controlled phase Ib study of ghrelin agonist, RM-131, in type 2 diabetic women with delayed gastric emptying: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Diabetes Care. 2013 Jan;36(1):41-8.Full text  Abstract

114. McCallum RW, Lembo A, Esfandyari T, et al; TZP-102 Phase 2b Study Group. Phase 2b, randomized, double-blind 12-week studies of TZP-102, a ghrelin receptor agonist for diabetic gastroparesis. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2013 Nov;25(11):e705-17.Full text  Abstract

115. Lembo A, Camilleri M, McCallum R, et al; RM-131-004 Trial Group. Relamorelin reduces vomiting frequency and severity and accelerates gastric emptying in adults with diabetic gastroparesis. Gastroenterology. 2016 Jul;151(1):87-96.e6.Full text  Abstract

116. Ejskjaer N, Wo JM, Esfandyari T, et al. A phase 2a, randomized, double-blind 28-day study of TZP-102 a ghrelin receptor agonist for diabetic gastroparesis. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2013 Feb;25(2):e140-50. Abstract

117. Camilleri M, McCallum RW, Tack J, et al. Efficacy and safety of relamorelin in diabetics with symptoms of gastroparesis: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Gastroenterology. 2017 Nov;153(5):1240-50;e2.Full text  Abstract

118. Hong SW, Chun J, Kim J, et al. Efficacy and safety of ghrelin agonists in patients with diabetic gastroparesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut Liver. 2020 Sep 15;14(5):589-600.Full text  Abstract

119. Abell TL, Garcia LM, Wiener GJ, et al. Effect of oral CNSA-001 (sepiapterin, PTC923) on gastric accommodation in women with diabetic gastroparesis: a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. J Diabetes Complications. 2021 Sep;35(9):107961.Full text  Abstract

120. Kuo B, Scimia C, Dukes G, et al. Randomised clinical trial: safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of trazpiroben (TAK-906), a dopamine D(2)/D(3) receptor antagonist, in patients with gastroparesis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2021 Aug;54(3):267-80.Full text  Abstract

121. Yamaguchi T, Kudou K, Okamoto H, et al. Evaluating the safety, tolerability, and disposition of trazpiroben, a D(2)/D(3) receptor antagonist: phase I single- and multiple-ascending dose studies in healthy Japanese participants. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2022 Jun;11(6):695-706.Full text  Abstract

122. Whiting RL, Darpo B, Chen C, et al. Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of trazpiroben (TAK-906), a novel selective D(2)/D(3) receptor antagonist: a phase 1 randomized, placebo-controlled single- and multiple-dose escalation study in healthy participants. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2021 Aug;10(8):927-39.Full text  Abstract

123. Tack J. Gastric motor disorders. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2007;21(4):633-44. Abstract

124. Lacy BE, Weiser K. Gastrointestinal motility disorders: an update. Dig Dis. 2006;24(3-4):228-42. Abstract

125. Thorn AR. Not just another case of nausea and vomiting: a review of postinfectious gastroparesis. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. 2010 Mar;22(3):125-33. Abstract

126. Soffer E, Abell T, Lin Z, et al. Review article: gastric electrical stimulation for gastroparesis - physiological foundations, technical aspects and clinical implications. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Oct;30(7):681-94. Abstract