Vitamin B3 deficiency

Janice LR, Kelly M. Krause and Mahan’s Food and the Nutrition Care Process. 16th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2022.

Janos Z, John WS, Jesse FG III, et al. Handbook of vitamins. 5th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2013.

Sauberlich HE. Laboratory tests for the assessment of nutritional status. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1999:161-174.

1. Janice LR, Kelly M. Krause and Mahan’s Food and the Nutrition Care Process. 16th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2022.

2. Bernadette PM, Diane FB, Virginia A, eds. Present knowledge in nutrition. 11th ed. Washington, DC: ILSI Press; 2020:657-8.

3. WHO/FAO. Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition. Report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation. Bangkok, Thailand. Rome. 2004.

4. Janos Z, John WS, Jesse FG III, et al. Handbook of vitamins. 5th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2013.

5. Ghosh A, Pallavi SK, Nagpal B, et al. Role of vitamins in oral health & disease: an overview. Indian J Applied Res. 2015;5:5292-295.

6. Schellack B, Harirari P, Schellack N. B-complex vitamin deficiency and supplementation. S Afr Pharm J. 2016;83:14-19.Full text

7. Ishii N, Nishihara Y. Pellagra among chronic alcoholics: clinical and pathological study of 20 necropsy cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1981 Mar;44(3):209-15.Full text  Abstract

8. Prousky JE. Pellagra may be a rare secondary complication of anorexia nervosa: a systematic review of the literature. Altern Med Rev. 2003 May;8(2):180-5.Full text  Abstract

9. World Health Organization. The management of nutrition in major emergencies. 2000 [internet publication].Full text

10. Chawla J, Kvarnberg D. Hydrosoluble vitamins. Handb Clin Neurol. 2014;120:891-914. Abstract

11. Park YK, Sempos CT, Barton CN, et al. Effectiveness of food fortification in the United States: the case of pellagra. Am J Public Health. 2000 May;90(5):727-38.Full text  Abstract

12. Mason JB. Lessons on nutrition of displaced people. J Nutr. 2002 Jul;132(7):2096S-2103S.Full text  Abstract

13. Seal AJ, Creeke PI, Dibari F, et al. Low and deficient niacin status and pellagra are endemic in postwar Angola. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Jan;85(1):218-24.Full text  Abstract

14. Lee BY, Thurmon TF. Nutritional disorders among workers in North China during national turmoil. Ann Nutr Metab. 2001;45(4):175-80. Abstract

15. Malfait P, Moren A, Dillon JC, et al. An outbreak of pellagra related to changes in dietary niacin among Mozambican refugees in Malawi. Int J Epidemiol. 1993;22:504-511. Abstract

16. Viljoen M, Bipath P, Tosh C. Pellagra in South Africa from 1897 to 2019: a scoping review. Public Health Nutr. 2021 Jun;24(8):2062-76.Full text  Abstract

17. MacDonald A, Forsyth A. Nutritional deficiencies and the skin. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2005 Jul;30(4):388-90. Abstract

18. Pipili C, Cholongitas E, Ioannidou D. The diagnostic importance of photosensitivity dermatoses in chronic alcoholism: report of two cases. Dermatol Online J. 2008 Nov 15;14(11):15. Abstract

19. Kertesz SG. Pellagra in 2 homeless men. Mayo Clin Proc. 2001 Mar;76(3):315-8. Abstract

20. Viljoen M, Swanepoel A, Bipath P. Antidepressants may lead to a decrease in niacin and NAD in patients with poor dietary intake. Med Hypotheses. 2015 Mar;84(3):178-82. Abstract

21. Hill LJ, Williams AC. Meat intake and the dose of vitamin B3 - nicotinamide: cause of the causes of disease transitions, health divides, and health futures? Int J Tryptophan Res. 2017 May 3;10:1178646917704662.Full text  Abstract

22. Jagielska G, Tomaszewicz-Libudzic EC, et al. Pellagra: a rare complication of anorexia nervosa. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007 Oct;16(7):417-20. Abstract

23. Ballmer-Weber BK, Braathen LR, Ballmer PE. Erythema following malnutrition and exposure to sunlight [in German]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1999 Oct 16;129(41):1492-5. Abstract

24. Judd LE, Poskitt BL. Pellagra in a patient with an eating disorder. Br J Dermatol. 1991 Jul;125(1):71-2. Abstract

25. Rapaport MJ. Pellagra in a patient with anorexia nervosa. Arch Dermatol. 1985 Feb;121(2):255-7. Abstract

26. Pollack S, Enat R, Haim S, et al. Pellagra as the presenting manifestation of Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 1982 May;82(5 Pt 1):948-52. Abstract

27. Abu-Qurshin R, Naschitz JE, Zuckermann E, et al. Crohn's disease associated with pellagra and increased excretion of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid. Am J Med Sci. 1997 Feb;313(2):111-3. Abstract

28. Zaki I, Millard L. Pellagra complicating Crohn's disease. Postgrad Med J. 1995 Aug;71(838):496-7. Abstract

29. Sanderson IR. Unusual colitides. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol. 1994 Mar;8(1):181-96. Abstract

30. Varella Morandi Junqueira-Franco M, Ernesto Troncon L, Garcia Chiarello P, et al. Intestinal permeability and oxidative stress in patients with alcoholic pellagra. Clin Nutr. 2006 Dec;25(6):977-83. Abstract

31. Greenberg DM, Lee JW. Psychotic manifestations of alcoholism. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2001 Aug;3(4):314-8. Abstract

32. Cook CC, Hallwood PM, Thomson AD. B vitamin deficiency and neuropsychiatric syndromes in alcohol misuse. Alcohol Alcohol. 1998 Jul-Aug;33(4):317-36.Full text  Abstract

33. Victor M. Persistent altered mentation due to ethanol. Neurol Clin. 1993 Aug;11(3):639-61. Abstract

34. Badawy AA. Pellagra and alcoholism: a biochemical perspective. Alcohol Alcohol. 2014 May-Jun;49(3):238-50.Full text  Abstract

35. Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, pantothenic acid, biotin and choline. Washington, DC: Food and Nutrition Board, National Academy Press; 1998.Full text

36. Rose DP, Braidman IP. Excretion of tryptophan metabolites as affected by pregnancy, contraceptive steroids, and steroid hormones. Am J Clin Nutr. 1971 Jun;24(6):673-83. Abstract

37. van der Horst-Schrivers AN, Wymenga AN, Links TP, et al. Complications of midgut carcinoid tumors and carcinoid syndrome. Neuroendocrinology. 2004;80 Suppl 1:28-32. Abstract

38. Shah GM, Shah RG, Veillette H, et al. Biochemical assessment of niacin deficiency among carcinoid cancer patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005 Oct;100(10):2307-14. Abstract

39. Murray MF, Nghiem M, Srinivasan A. HIV infection decreases intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995 Jul 6;212(1):126-31. Abstract

40. Murray MF. Niacin as a potential AIDS preventive factor. Med Hypotheses. 1999 Nov;53(5):375-9. Abstract

41. Tremeschin MH, Cervi MC, Camelo Júnior JS, et al. Niacin nutritional status in HIV type 1-positive children: preliminary data. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007 May;44(5):629-33. Abstract

42. Martínez-Coronado J, Torres-Alvarez B, Castanedo-Cázares JP. Goose skin in a girl with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2015 Sep 1;5(4):28216. Abstract

43. Machlin LJ, Hüni JE. Vitamins basics. Basel, Switzerland: F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd; 1994:41-48.

44. György P. Developments leading to the metabolic role of vitamin B 6. Am J Clin Nutr. 1971 Oct;24(10):1250-6. Abstract

45. Carpenter KJ, Lewin WJ. A reexamination of the composition of diets associated with pellagra. J Nutr. 1985 May;115(5):543-52. Abstract

46. World Health Organization. Pellagra and its prevention and control in major emergencies. Feb 2000 [internet publication].Full text

47. Ishii N, Nishihara Y. Pellagra encephalopathy among tuberculous patients: its relation to isoniazid therapy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1985 Jul;48(7):628-34.Full text  Abstract

48. Pitche PT. Pellagra [in French]. Sante. 2005 Jul-Sep;15(3):205-8. Abstract

49. Muratake T, Watanabe H, Hayashi S. Isoniazid-induced pellagra and the N-acetyltransferase gene genotype. Am J Psychiatry. 1999 Apr;156(4):660.Full text  Abstract

50. Harrington CI. A case of pellagra induced by isoniazid therapy. Practitioner. 1977 May;218(1307):716-7. Abstract

51. Holdiness MR. Adverse cutaneous reactions to antituberculosis drugs. Int J Dermatol. 1985 Jun;24(5):280-5. Abstract

52. Bipath P, Levay PF, Viljoen M. The kynurenine pathway activities in a sub-Saharan HIV/AIDS population. BMC Infect Dis. 2015 Aug 19;15:346.Full text  Abstract

53. Pereira FB, Miraglia F, Schmitz CB, et al. The most significant deficiencies in macro and micro nutrients in adolescents living with HIV/AIDS in antiretroviral therapy. Nutr Hosp. 2016;33:21-25.Full text

54. Darvay A, Basarab T, McGregor JM, et al. Isoniazid induced pellagra despite pyridoxine supplementation. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1999 May;24(3):167-9. Abstract

55. Akerele D. Household food expenditure patterns, food nutrient consumption and nutritional vulnerability in Nigeria: implications for policy. Ecol Food Nutr. 2015;54(5):546-71. Abstract

56. Serdaru M, Hausser-Hauw C, Laplane D, et al. The clinical spectrum of alcoholic pellagra encephalopathy: a retrospective analysis of 22 cases studied pathologically. Brain. 1988 Aug;111 ( Pt 4):829-42. Abstract

57. Hauw JJ, De Baecque C, Hausser-Hauw C, et al. Chromatolysis in alcoholic encephalopathies: pellagra-like changes in 22 cases. Brain. 1988 Aug;111 ( Pt 4):843-57. Abstract

58. Mirahmadian M, Motahareh H, Taheri E, et al. The short-term influence of gastric bypass surgery on dietary intakes in morbidly obese patients. J Nutr Sci Dietetics 2015.1:134-140.Full text

59. Tyler I, Wiseman MC, Crawford RI, et al. Cutaneous manifestations of eating disorders. J Cutan Med Surg. 2002 Jul-Aug;6(4):345-53. Abstract

60. Strumia R. Dermatologic signs in patients with eating disorders. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2005;6(3):165-73. Abstract

61. Bröer S, Cavanaugh JA, Rasko JE. Neutral amino acid transport in epithelial cells and its malfunction in Hartnup disorder. Biochem Soc Trans. 2005 Feb;33(Pt 1):233-6. Abstract

62. Kleta R, Romeo E, Ristic Z, et al. Mutations in SLC6A19, encoding B0AT1, cause Hartnup disorder. Nat Genet. 2004 Sep;36(9):999-1002. Abstract

63. Milovanović D, Djukić A, Stepanović R, et al. Hartnup disease: report of 2 cases in one family [in Serbian]. Srp Arh Celok Lek. 2000 Mar-Apr;128(3-4):97-103. Abstract

64. Oakley A, Wallace J. Hartnup disease presenting in an adult. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1994 Sep;19(5):407-8. Abstract

65. Freundlich E, Statter M, Yatziv S. Familial pellagra-like skin rash with neurological manifestations. Arch Dis Child. 1981 Feb;56(2):146-8.Full text  Abstract

66. Bell HK, Poston GJ, Vora J, et al. Cutaneous manifestations of the malignant carcinoid syndrome. Br J Dermatol. 2005 Jan;152(1):71-5. Abstract

67. Vinik A, Moattari AR. Use of somatostatin analog in management of carcinoid syndrome. Dig Dis Sci. 1989 Mar;34(3 Suppl):14S-27S. Abstract

68. Reichman O, Sobel JD. Vulvovaginal pellagra and lichen sclerosus complicating carcinoid syndrome. Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Feb;113(2 Pt 2):543-5. Abstract

69. Swain CP, Tavill AS, Neale G. Studies of tryptophan and albumin metabolism in a patient with carcinoid syndrome, pellagra, and hypoproteinemia. Gastroenterology. 1976 Sep;71(3):484-9. Abstract

70. Park YH, de Groot LC, van Staveren WA. Dietary intake and anthropometry of Korean elderly people: a literature review. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2003;12(3):234-42. Abstract

71. Woo J, Kwok T, Ho SC, et al. Nutritional status of elderly Chinese vegetarians. Age Ageing. 1998 Jul;27(4):455-61.Full text  Abstract

72. Russell RM. The aging process as a modifier of metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Aug;72(2 Suppl):529S-32S. Abstract

73. Mponda K, Masenga J. Skin diseases among elderly patients attending skin clinic at the Regional Dermatology Training Centre, Northern Tanzania: a cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes. 2016 Feb 22;9:119.Full text  Abstract

74. Balk E, Chung M, Raman G, et al. B vitamins and berries and age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2006 Apr;(134):1-161.Full text  Abstract

75. Morris MC, Schneider JA, Tangney CC. Thoughts on B-vitamins and dementia. J Alzheimers Dis. 2006 Aug;9(4):429-33. Abstract

76. US Department of Health and Human Services; US Department of Agriculture. Dietary guidelines for Americans 2020-2025. Nov 2021 [internet publication].Full text

77. Semba RD. The historical evolution of thought regarding multiple micronutrient nutrition. J Nutr. 2012 Jan;142(1):143S-56S.Full text  Abstract

78. Darko S. Compliance and consumer acceptability of multiple fortified stock powder. J Applied Sci. 2010;10:1732-1739.Full text

79.  World Health Organization. Fortification of wheat flour with vitamins and minerals as a public health strategy. 2022 [internet publication].Full text  Abstract

80. Sauberlich HE. Laboratory tests for the assessment of nutritional status. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1999:161-174.

81. Hegyi J, Schwartz RA, Hegyi V. Pellagra: dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea. Int J Dermatol. 2004 Jan;43(1):1-5. Abstract

82. Frank GP, Voorend DM, Chamdula A, et al. Pellagra: a non-communicable disease of poverty. Trop Doct. 2012 Jul;42(3):182-4. Abstract

83. Kumar R, Kumari S. Evaluation and management of photosensitivity in children. Indian Pediatrics. 2008 Oct;45(10):829-37.Full text  Abstract

84. Kennedy DO. B Vitamins and the brain: mechanisms, dose and efficacy-a review. Nutrients. 2016 Jan 27;8(2):68.Full text  Abstract

85. Böhler A, Moll C, Schaffner A, et al. Alcoholic pellagra encephalopathy: an underestimated treatable entity [in German]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1994 Apr 30;124(17):720-4. Abstract

86. Delgado-Sanchez L, Godkar D, Niranjan S. Pellagra: rekindling of an old flame. Am J Ther. 2008 Mar-Apr;15(2):173-5. Abstract

87. Ashourian N, Mousdicas N. Images in clinical medicine. Pellagra-like dermatitis. N Engl J Med. 2006 Apr 13;354(15):1614. Abstract

88. Nogueira A, Duarte AF, Magina S, et al. Pellagra associated with esophageal carcinoma and alcoholism. Dermatology Online J. 2009 May 15;15(5):8.Full text  Abstract

89. Hegyi V. Dermatologic manifestations of pellagra differential diagnoses. February 2016. [internet publication].Full text

90. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for evaluation of the nutritional status and growth in refugee children during the domestic medical screening examination. Mar 2012 [internet publication].Full text

91. Hoffman RS, Goldfrank LR. Ethanol-associated metabolic disorders. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 1989 Nov;7(4):943-61. Abstract

92. Bender DA. Biochemistry of tryptophan in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med. 1983;6(2):101-97. Abstract

93. Saracíbar N, Ferrer I, Arbizu T, et al. Pellagroid encephalopathy in chronic alcoholism: clinicopathological study (author's transl) [in Spanish]. Med Clin (Barc). 1980 Sep 10;75(4):151-5. Abstract

94. Jacobson EL. Niacin deficiency and cancer in women. J Am Coll Nutr. 1993 Aug;12(4):412-6. Abstract

95. Jacobson EL, Shieh WM, Huang AC. Mapping the role of NAD metabolism in prevention and treatment of carcinogenesis. Mol Cell Biochem. 1999 Mar;193(1-2):69-74. Abstract

96. Oh GS, Kim HJ, Shen A, et al. New therapeutic concept of NAD redox balance for cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:4048390.Full text  Abstract

97. Hageman GJ, Stierum RH. Niacin, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 and genomic stability. Mutat Res. 2001 Apr 18;475(1-2):45-56. Abstract