Varicose veins

Kakkos SK, Gohel M, Baekgaard N, et al. Editor's choice - European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2021 clinical practice guidelines on the management of venous thrombosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2021 Jan;61(1):9-82.Full text  Abstract

Gloviczki P, Lawrence PF, Wasan SM, et al. The 2022 Society for Vascular Surgery, American Venous Forum, and American Vein and Lymphatic Society clinical practice guidelines for the management of varicose veins of the lower extremities. Part I. Duplex scanning and treatment of superficial truncal reflux: endorsed by the Society for Vascular Medicine and the International Union of Phlebology. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2023 Mar;11(2):231-261.e6. Abstract

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Varicose veins: diagnosis and management. July 2013 [internet publication].Full text

De Maeseneer MG, Kakkos SK, Aherne T, et al. Editor's choice - European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2022 clinical practice guidelines on the management of chronic venous disease of the lower limbs. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2022 Feb;63(2):184-267.Full text  Abstract

van der Velden SK, Biemans AA, De Maeseneer MG, et al. Five-year results of a randomized clinical trial of conventional surgery, endovenous laser ablation and ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy in patients with great saphenous varicose veins. Br J Surg. 2015 Sep;102(10):1184-94. Abstract

Brittenden J, Cooper D, Dimitrova M, et al. Five-year outcomes of a randomized trial of treatments for varicose veins. N Engl J Med. 2019 Sep 5;381(10):912-22. Abstract

Gohel MS, Heatley F, Liu X, et al. A randomized trial of early endovenous ablation in venous ulceration. N Engl J Med. 2018 May 31;378(22):2105-14.Full text  Abstract

Brittenden J, Cotton SC, Elders A, et al. A randomized trial comparing treatments for varicose veins. N Engl J Med. 2014 Sep 25;371(13):1218-27.Full text  Abstract

1. Allegra C, Antignani PL, Bergan JJ, et al. The "C" of CEAP: suggested definitions and refinements: an International Union of Phlebology conference of experts. J Vasc Surg. 2003 Jan;37(1):129-31. Abstract

2. Lurie F, Passman M, Meisner M, et al. The 2020 update of the CEAP classification system and reporting standards. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020 May;8(3):342-52. Abstract

3. Kakkos SK, Gohel M, Baekgaard N, et al. Editor's choice - European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2021 clinical practice guidelines on the management of venous thrombosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2021 Jan;61(1):9-82.Full text  Abstract

4. Beebe-Dimmer JL, Pfeifer JR, Engle J, et al. The epidemiology of chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins. Ann Epidemiol. 2005 Mar;15(3):175-84. Abstract

5. Callam MJ. Epidemiology of varicose veins. Br J Surg. 1994 Feb;81(2):167-73. Abstract

6. Fan CM. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of varicose veins. Techniques Vasc Intervent Radiol. 2003 Sep;6(3):108-10. Abstract

7. Criqui MH, Jamosmos M, Fronek A, et al. Chronic venous disease in an ethnically diverse population. Am J Epidemiol. 2003 Sep 1;158(5):448-56.Full text  Abstract

8. Laurikka JO, Sisto T, Tarkka MR, et al. Risk indicators for varicose veins in forty- to sixty-year-olds in the Tampere Varicose Vein Study. World J Surg. 2002 Jun;26(6):648-51. Abstract

9. Cornu-Thenard A, Bovin P, Baud JM, et al. Importance of the familial factor in varicose veins. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1994 May;20(5):318-26. Abstract

10. Khilnani NM, Grassi CJ, Kundu S, et al. Multi-society consensus quality improvement guidelines for the treatment of lower-extremity superficial venous insufficiency with endovenous thermal ablation from the Society of Interventional Radiology, Cardiovascular Interventional Radiological Society of Europe, American College of Phlebology and Canadian Interventional Radiology Association. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2010 Jan;21(1):14-31.Full text  Abstract

11. Eberhardt RT, Raffetto JD. Chronic venous insufficiency. Circulation. 2005 May 10;111(18):2398-409.Full text  Abstract

12. Lim CS, Davies AH. Pathogenesis of primary varicose veins. Br J Surg. 2009 Nov;96(11):1231-42. Abstract

13. Bachoo P. Interventions for uncomplicated varicose veins. Phlebology. 2009;24(suppl 1):3-12. Abstract

14. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria®: lower extremity chronic venous disease. 2023 [internet publication].Full text

15. Raju S, Neglén P. Clinical practice. Chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins. N Engl J Med. 2009 May 28;360(22):2319-27. Abstract

16. Gloviczki P, Lawrence PF, Wasan SM, et al. The 2022 Society for Vascular Surgery, American Venous Forum, and American Vein and Lymphatic Society clinical practice guidelines for the management of varicose veins of the lower extremities. Part I. Duplex scanning and treatment of superficial truncal reflux: endorsed by the Society for Vascular Medicine and the International Union of Phlebology. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2023 Mar;11(2):231-261.e6. Abstract

17. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Varicose veins: diagnosis and management. July 2013 [internet publication].Full text

18. De Maeseneer MG, Kakkos SK, Aherne T, et al. Editor's choice - European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2022 clinical practice guidelines on the management of chronic venous disease of the lower limbs. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2022 Feb;63(2):184-267.Full text  Abstract

19. Whing J, Nandhra S, Nesbitt C, et al. Interventions for great saphenous vein incompetence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Aug 11;8(8):CD005624.Full text  Abstract

20. Paravastu SC, Horne M, Dodd PD. Endovenous ablation therapy (laser or radiofrequency) or foam sclerotherapy versus conventional surgical repair for short saphenous varicose veins. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Nov 29;11(11):CD010878.Full text  Abstract

21. Masuda E, Ozsvath K, Vossler J, et al. The 2020 appropriate use criteria for chronic lower extremity venous disease of the American Venous Forum, the Society for Vascular Surgery, the American Vein and Lymphatic Society, and the Society of Interventional Radiology. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020 Jul;8(4):505-525.e4.Full text  Abstract

22. Siribumrungwong B, Noorit P, Wilasrusmee C, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials comparing endovenous ablation and surgical intervention in patients with varicose vein. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2012 Aug;44(2):214-23. Abstract

23. Murad MH, Coto-Yglesias F, Zumaeta-Garcia M, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the treatments of varicose veins. J Vasc Surg. 2011 May;53(5 Suppl):49S-65S. Abstract

24. Biemans AAM, Nijsten TEC. A randomized comparative study of the three most commonly performed treatments for varicose veins: results after one year. Ned Tijdschr Dermatol Venereol. 2012;22:78-84.

25. Carradice D, Mekako AI, Mazari FA, et al. Randomized clinical trial of endovenous laser ablation compared with conventional surgery for great saphenous varicose veins. Br J Surg. 2011 Apr;98(4):501-10. Abstract

26. Biemans AA, Kockaert M, Akkersdijk GP, et al. Comparing endovenous laser ablation, foam sclerotherapy, and conventional surgery for great saphenous varicose veins. J Vasc Surg. 2013 Sep;58(3):727-34.e1. Abstract

27. Brittenden J, Cotton SC, Elders A, et al. Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of foam sclerotherapy, endovenous laser ablation and surgery for varicose veins: results from the Comparison of LAser, Surgery and foam Sclerotherapy (CLASS) randomised controlled trial. Health Technol Assess. 2015 Apr;19(27):1-342.Full text  Abstract

28. Nandhra S, El-sheikha J, Carradice D, et al. A randomized clinical trial of endovenous laser ablation versus conventional surgery for small saphenous varicose veins. J Vasc Surg. 2015 Mar;61(3):741-6. Abstract

29. van der Velden SK, Biemans AA, De Maeseneer MG, et al. Five-year results of a randomized clinical trial of conventional surgery, endovenous laser ablation and ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy in patients with great saphenous varicose veins. Br J Surg. 2015 Sep;102(10):1184-94. Abstract

30. Shepherd AC, Gohel MS, Brown LC, et al. Randomized clinical trial of VNUS ClosureFAST radiofrequency ablation versus laser for varicose veins. Br J Surg. 2010 Jun;97(6):810-8.Full text  Abstract

31. Kabnick LS, Sadek M. Fiber type as compared to wavelength may contribute more to improving postoperative recovery following endovenous laser ablation. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2016 Jul;4(3):286-92. Abstract

32. Brittenden J, Cooper D, Dimitrova M, et al. Five-year outcomes of a randomized trial of treatments for varicose veins. N Engl J Med. 2019 Sep 5;381(10):912-22. Abstract

33. Marsden G, Perry M, Bradbury A, et al. A Cost-effectiveness analysis of surgery, endothermal ablation, ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy and compression stockings for symptomatic varicose veins. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2015 Dec;50(6):794-801.Full text  Abstract

34. Carradice D, Mekako AI, Hatfield J, et al. Randomized clinical trial of concomitant or sequential phlebectomy after endovenous laser therapy for varicose veins. Br J Surg. 2009 Apr;96(4):369-75. Abstract

35. Lane TR, Kelleher D, Shepherd AC, et al. Ambulatory varicosity avulsion later or synchronized (AVULS): a randomized clinical trial. Ann Surg. 2015 Apr;261(4):654-61. Abstract

36. Dillavou ED, Harlander-Locke M, Labropoulos N, et al. Current state of the treatment of perforating veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2016 Jan;4(1):131-5. Abstract

37. O'Donnell TF Jr. Part two: against the motion. Venous perforator surgery is unproven and does not reduce recurrences. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2014 Sep;48(3):242-6.Full text  Abstract

38. Gohel MS, Heatley F, Liu X, et al. A randomized trial of early endovenous ablation in venous ulceration. N Engl J Med. 2018 May 31;378(22):2105-14.Full text  Abstract

39. Gohel MS, Mora MSc J, Szigeti M, et al. Long-term clinical and cost-effectiveness of early endovenous ablation in venous ulceration: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg. 2020 Dec 1;155(12):1113-21.Full text  Abstract

40. Adam DJ, Bello M, Hartshorne T, et al. Role of superficial venous surgery in patients with combined superficial and segmental deep venous reflux. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2003 May;25(5):469-72. Abstract

41. Sarvananthan T, Shepherd AC, Willenberg T, et al. Neurological complications of sclerotherapy for varicose veins. J Vasc Surg. 2012 Jan;55(1):243-51.Full text  Abstract

42. Leopardi D, Hoggan BL, Fitridge RA, et al. Systematic review of treatments for varicose veins. Ann Vasc Surg. 2009 Mar;23(2):264-76. Abstract

43. Van Den Bos RR, Neumann M, De Roos KP, et al. Endovenous laser ablation-induced complications: review of the literature and new cases. Dermatol Surg. 2009 Aug;35(8):1206-14. Abstract

44. Rasmussen LH, Lawaetz M, Bjoern L, et al. Randomized clinical trial comparing endovenous laser ablation, radiofrequency ablation, foam sclerotherapy and surgical stripping for great saphenous varicose veins. Br J Surg. 2011 Aug;98(8):1079-87. Abstract

45. Brittenden J, Cotton SC, Elders A, et al. A randomized trial comparing treatments for varicose veins. N Engl J Med. 2014 Sep 25;371(13):1218-27.Full text  Abstract

46. Bootun R, Lane TR, Davies AH. The advent of non-thermal, non-tumescent techniques for treatment of varicose veins. Phlebology. 2016 Feb;31(1):5-14. Abstract

47. Vähäaho S, Mahmoud O, Halmesmäki K, et al. Randomized clinical trial of mechanochemical and endovenous thermal ablation of great saphenous varicose veins. Br J Surg. 2019 Apr;106(5):548-54. Abstract

48. Gibson K, Morrison N, Kolluri R, et al. Twenty-four month results from a randomized trial of cyanoacrylate closure versus radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of incompetent great saphenous veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2018 Sep;6(5):606-13.Full text  Abstract

49. Lane T, Bootun R, Dharmarajah B, et al. A multi-centre randomised controlled trial comparing radiofrequency and mechanical occlusion chemically assisted ablation of varicose veins - final results of the Venefit versus Clarivein for varicose veins trial. Phlebology. 2017 Mar;32(2):89-98. Abstract

50. Lurie F, Lal BK, Antignani PL, et al. Compression therapy after invasive treatment of superficial veins of the lower extremities: Clinical practice guidelines of the American Venous Forum, Society for Vascular Surgery, American College of Phlebology, Society for Vascular Medicine, and International Union of Phlebology. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2019 Jan;7(1):17-28. Abstract

51. Perrin MR, Labropoulos N, Leon LR Jr. Presentation of the patient with recurrent varices after surgery (REVAS). J Vasc Surg. 2006 Feb;43(2):327-34.Full text  Abstract

52. O'Donnell TF Jr, Passman MA, Marston WA, et al. Management of venous leg ulcers: clinical practice guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery and the American Venous Forum. J Vasc Surg. 2014;60(suppl):3S-59S.Full text  Abstract

53. Noppeney T, Nullen H. Compression therapy following invasive treatment in phlebology. Phlebologie. 2011;40:15-19.