Cellulitis and erysipelas

Raff AB, Kroshinsky D. Cellulitis: a review. JAMA. 2016 Jul 19;316(3):325-37. Abstract

Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15;59(2):e10-52.Full text  Abstract

American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: suspected osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, or soft tissue infection (excluding spine and diabetic foot). 2022 [internet publication].Full text

1. Gunderson CG. Cellulitis: definition, etiology, and clinical features. Am J Med. 2011 Dec;124(12):1113-22. Abstract

2. Mcnamara DR, Tleyjeh IM, Berbari EF, et al. Incidence of lower-extremity cellulitis: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007 Jul;82(7):817-21. Abstract

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4. Cranendonk DR, Lavrijsen APM, Prins JM, et al. Cellulitis: current insights into pathophysiology and clinical management. Neth J Med. 2017 Nov;75(9):366-78.Full text  Abstract

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6. Peterson RA, Polgreen LA, Cavanaugh JE, et al. Increasing incidence, cost, and seasonality in patients hospitalized for cellulitis. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2017 Winter;4(1):ofx008.Full text  Abstract

7. Hsu RJ, Chou CC, Liu JM, et al. The association of cellulitis incidence and meteorological factors in Taiwan. Epidemiol Infect. 2019 Jan;147:e138.Full text  Abstract

8. Manning L, Cannon J, Dyer J, et al. Seasonal and regional patterns of lower leg cellulitis in Western Australia. Intern Med J. 2019 Feb;49(2):212-6.Full text  Abstract

9. Kaye KS, Petty LA, Shorr AF, et al. Current epidemiology, etiology, and burden of acute skin infections in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2019 Apr 8;68(suppl 3):S193-9.Full text  Abstract

10. Pallin DJ, Egan DJ, Pelletier AJ, et al. Increased US emergency department visits for skin and soft tissue infections, and changes in antibiotic choices, during the emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Ann Emerg Med. 2008 Mar;51(3):291-8. Abstract

11. Qualls ML, Mooney MM, Camargo CA Jr, et al. Emergency department visit rates for abscess versus other skin infections during the emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 1997-2007. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Jul;55(1):103-5.Full text  Abstract

12. Raff AB, Kroshinsky D. Cellulitis: a review. JAMA. 2016 Jul 19;316(3):325-37. Abstract

13. Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15;59(2):e10-52.Full text  Abstract

14. Dalal A, Eskin-Schwartz M, Mimouni D, et al. Interventions for the prevention of recurrent erysipelas and cellulitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jun 20;(6):CD009758.Full text  Abstract

15. Jeng A, Beheshti M, Li J, et al. The role of beta-hemolytic streptococci in causing diffuse, nonculturable cellulitis: a prospective investigation. Medicine (Baltimore). 2010 Jul;89(4):217-26. Abstract

16. Ki V, Rotstein C. Bacterial skin and soft tissue infections in adults: A review of their epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and site of care. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2008 Mar;19(2):173-84.Full text  Abstract

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18. Okada N, Pentland AP, Falk P, et al. M Protein and protein F act as important determinants of cell-specific tropism of Streptococcus pyogenes in skin tissue. J Clin Invest. 1994 Sep;94(3):965-77.Full text  Abstract

19. Semel JD, Goldin H. Association of athlete's foot with cellulitis of the lower extremities: diagnostic value of bacterial cultures of ipsilateral interdigital space samples. Clin Infect Dis. 1996 Nov;23(5):1162-4. Abstract

20. Bjornsdottir S, Gottfredsson M, Thorisdottir AS, et al. Risk factors for acute cellulitis of the lower limb: a prospective case-control study. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Nov 15;41(10):1416-22.Full text  Abstract

21. Quirke M, Ayoub F, McCabe A, et al. Risk factors for nonpurulent leg cellulitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2017 Aug;177(2):382-94. Abstract

22. McNamara DR, Tleyjeh IM, Berbari EF, et al. A predictive model of recurrent lower extremity cellulitis in a population-based cohort. Arch Intern Med. 2007 Apr 9;167(7):709-15.Full text  Abstract

23. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cellulitis and erysipelas: antimicrobial prescribing. September 2019 [internet publication].Full text

24. Simon MS, Cody RL. Cellulitis after axillary lymph node dissection for carcinoma of the breast. Am J Med. 1992 Nov;93(5):543-8. Abstract

25. Dankert J, Bouma J. Recurrent acute leg cellulitis after hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1987 Aug;94(8):788-90. Abstract

26. Woo PC, Lum PN, Wong SS, et al. Cellulitis complicating lymphedema. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2000 Apr;19(4):294-7. Abstract

27. Karakaş M, Baba M, Aksungur VL, et al. Manifestation of cellulitis after saphenous venectomy for coronary bypass surgery. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2002 Sep;16(5):438-40. Abstract

28. Ko LN, Garza-Mayers AC, St John J, et al. Effect of dermatology consultation on outcomes for patients with presumed cellulitis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Dermatol. 2018 May 1;154(5):529-36.Full text  Abstract

29. Daum RS. Skin and soft-tissue infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med. 2007 Jul 26;357(4):380-90. [Dosage error in text; published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1357.] Abstract

30. Jackson KA, Bohm MK, Brooks JT, et al. Invasive methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infections among persons who inject drugs - six sites, 2005-2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018 Jun 8;67(22):625-8.Full text  Abstract

31. Edwards G, Freeman K, Llewelyn MJ, et al. What diagnostic strategies can help differentiate cellulitis from other causes of red legs in primary care? BMJ. 2020 Feb 12;368:m54. Abstract

32. Phoenix G, Das S, Joshi M. Diagnosis and management of cellulitis. BMJ. 2012 Aug 7;345:e4955. Abstract

33. Morris A. Cellulitis and erysipelas. Clin Evid. 2004 Dec;(12):2271-7. Abstract

34. Public Health England. UK standards for microbiology investigations: investigation of swabs from skin and superficial soft tissue infections. December 2018 [internet publication].Full text

35. Morris AD. Cellulitis and erysipelas. BMJ Clin Evid. 2008 Jan 2;2008:1708. Abstract

36. Clinical Resource Efficiency Support Team (CREST). Guidelines on the management of cellulitis in adults. June 2005 [internet publication].Full text

37. Moran GJ, Krishnadasan A, Gorwitz RJ, et al. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections among patients in the emergency department. New Engl J Med. 2006 Aug 17;355(7):666-74.Full text  Abstract

38. May LS, Rothman RE, Miller LG, et al. A randomized clinical trial comparing use of rapid molecular testing for Staphylococcus aureus for patients with cutaneous abscesses in the emergency department with standard of care. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2015 Dec;36(12):1423-30.Full text  Abstract

39. Toleman MS, Vipond IB, Brindle R. Specific PCR, bacterial culture, serology and pharyngeal sampling to enhance the aetiological diagnosis of cellulitis. J Med Microbiol. 2016 Jan;65(1):44-7. Abstract

40. Bailey E, Kroshinsky D. Cellulitis: diagnosis and management. Dermatol Ther. 2011 Mar-Apr;24(2):229-39. Abstract

41. Miller JM, Binnicker MJ, Campbell S, et al. Guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases: 2024 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society for Microbiology (ASM). Clin Infect Dis. 5 Mar 2024 [Epub ahead of print].Full text  Abstract

42. Simundic AM, Bölenius K, Cadamuro J, et al. Joint EFLM-COLABIOCLI recommendation for venous blood sampling. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2018;56(12):2015-38. Abstract

43. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: suspected osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, or soft tissue infection (excluding spine and diabetic foot). 2022 [internet publication].Full text

44. Subramaniam S, Bober J, Chao J, et al. Point-of-care ultrasound for diagnosis of abscess in skin and soft tissue infections. Acad Emerg Med. 2016 Nov;23(11):1298-306. Abstract

45. Barbic D, Chenkin J, Cho DD, et al. In patients presenting to the emergency department with skin and soft tissue infections what is the diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care ultrasonography for the diagnosis of abscess compared to the current standard of care? A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2017 Jan 10;7(1):e013688.Full text  Abstract

46. Ali SZ, Srinivasan S, Peh WC. MRI in necrotizing fasciitis of the extremities. Br J Radiol. 2014 Jan;87(1033):20130560.Full text  Abstract

47. Schmid MR, Kossmann T, Duewell S. Differentiation of necrotizing fasciitis and cellulitis using MR imaging. Am J Roentgenol. 1998 Mar;170(3):615-20.Full text  Abstract

48. McHenry CR, Piotrowski JJ, Petrinic D. Determinants of mortality for necrotizing soft-tissue infections. Ann Surg. 1995 May;221(5):558-63Full text  Abstract

49. Wormser GP, Dattwyler RJ, Shapiro ED, et al. The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Nov 1;43(9):1089-134.Full text  Abstract

50. Lantos PM, Rumbaugh J, Bockenstedt LK, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), American Academy of Neurology (AAN), and American College of Rheumatology (ACR): 2020 guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of Lyme disease. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2021 Oct;73(1):1-9.Full text

51. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Lyme disease. October 2018 [internet publication].Full text

52. Falagas ME, Vergidis PI. Narrative review: diseases that masquerade as infectious cellulitis. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Jan 4;142(1):47-55. Abstract

53. Fitzpatrick TB, Johnson RA, Wolff K. Color atlas & synopsis of clinical dermatology: common and serious diseases. 4th ed. New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies; 2001.

54. Aberer W, Konrad K, Wolff K. Wells' syndrome is a distinctive disease entity and not a histologic diagnosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1988 Jan;18(1 Pt 1):105-14. Abstract

55. Callen JP. Neutrophilic dermatoses. Dermatol Clin. 2002 Jul;20(3):409-19. Abstract

56. Rapini RP, Warner NB. Relapsing polychondritis. Clin Dermatol. 2006 Nov-Dec;24(6):482-5. Abstract

57. Fine A, Zacharias J. Calciphylaxis is usually non-ulcerating: risk factors, outcome and therapy. Kidney Int. 2002 Jun;61(6):2210-7.Full text  Abstract

58. Kirsner RS, Pardes JB, Eaglstein WH, et al. The clinical spectrum of lipodermatosclerosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993 Apr;28(4):623-7. Abstract

59. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Evidence review for pneumonia (hospital acquired): antimicrobial prescribing guideline. NICE guideline NG139 evidence review. September 2019 [internet publication].Full text

60. Swartz MN. Clinical practice: cellulitis. N Engl J Med. 2004 Feb 26;350(9):904-12. Abstract

61. Sartelli M, Guirao X, Hardcastle TC, et al. 2018 WSES/SIS-E consensus conference: recommendations for the management of skin and soft-tissue infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2018;13:58.Full text  Abstract

62. Lee RA, Centor RM, Humphrey LL, et al. Appropriate use of short-course antibiotics in common infections: best practice advice from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2021 Jun;174(6):822-7.Full text  Abstract

63. Sharkey AR, King SW, Ramsden AJ, et al. Do surgical interventions for limb lymphoedema reduce cellulitis attack frequency? Microsurgery. 2017 May;37(4):348-53. Abstract

64. Webb E, Neeman T, Bowden FJ, et al. Compression Therapy to Prevent Recurrent Cellulitis of the Leg. N Engl J Med. 2020 Aug 13;383(7):630-639. Abstract

65. Webster J, Osborne S, Rickard CM, et al. Clinically-indicated replacement versus routine replacement of peripheral venous catheters. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jan 23;(1):CD007798.Full text  Abstract

66. Brindle R, Williams OM, Barton E, et al. Assessment of antibiotic treatment of cellulitis and erysipelas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol. 2019 Jun 12;155(9):1033-40.Full text  Abstract

67. Bergkvist PI, Sjöbeck K. Antibiotic and prednisolone therapy of erysipelas: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. Scand J Infect Dis. 1997;29(4):377-82. Abstract