Lichen planus

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice bulletin no. 224: diagnosis and management of vulvar skin disorders. Jul 2020 [internet publication].Full text  Abstract

Edwards SK, Bates CM, Lewis F, et al. 2014 UK national guideline on the management of vulval conditions. Int J STD AIDS. 2015 Aug;26(9):611-24. Abstract

Ioannides D, Vakirlis E, Kemeny L, et al. European S1 guidelines on the management of lichen planus: a cooperation of the European Dermatology Forum with the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020 Jul;34(7):1403-14.Full text  Abstract

1. Pittelkow MR, Daoud MS. Lichen planus. In: Wolff K, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, et al, eds. Fitzpatrick's dermatology in general medicine. Vol One. 7th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.; 2008:244-255.

2. Boyd AS, Neldner KN. Lichen planus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991 Oct;25(4):593-619. Abstract

3. Dissemond J. Oral lichen planus: an overview. J Dermatolog Treat. 2004 Jun;15(3):136-40. Abstract

4. Goldstein AT, Metz A. Vulvar lichen planus. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Dec;48(4):818-23. Abstract

5. Mehregan DA, Van Hale HM, Muller SA. Lichen planopilaris: clinical and pathologic study of forty-five patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992 Dec;27(6 Pt 1):935-42. Abstract

6. Cevasco NC, Bergfeld WF, Remzi BK, et al. A case-series of 29 patients with lichen planopilaris: the Cleveland Clinic Foundation experience on evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007 Jul;57(1):47-53. Abstract

7. Scott MJ Jr, Scott MJ Sr. Ungual lichen planus: lichen planus of the nail. Arch Dermatol. 1979 Oct;115(10):1197-9. Abstract

8. Harewood GC, Murray JA, Cameron AJ. Esophageal lichen planus: the Mayo Clinic experience. Dis Esophagus. 1999;12(4):309-11. Abstract

9. Ber Rahman S, Ul Bari A, Mumtaz N. Unilateral Blaschkoid lichen planus involving the entire half of the body, a unique presentation. Dermatol Online J. 2007 Jul 13;13(3):36.Full text  Abstract

10. Rajeev S, Veena M, Mithilesh C. Unilateral multiple linear lichen planus along the lines of Blaschko: a report of two cases. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 1999;65:225-226.

11. Kabbash C, Laude TA, Weinberg JM, et al. Lichen planus in the lines of Blaschko. Pediatr Dermatol. 2002 Nov-Dec;19(6):541-5. Abstract

12. Mohrenschlager M, Engst R, Hein R, et al. Primary manifestations of a zosteriform lichen planus: isotopic response following herpes zoster sine herpete? Br J Dermatol. 2008 May;158(5):1145-6. Abstract

13. Kashima A, Tajiri A, Yamashita A, et al. Two Japanese cases of lichen planus pigmentosus-inversus. Int J Dermatol. 2007 Jul;46(7):740-2. Abstract

14. Peretz E, Grunwald MH, Halevy S. Annular plaque on the face. Actinic lichen planus (ALP). Arch Dermatol. 1999 Dec;135(12):1543, 1546. Abstract

15. Morales-Callaghan A Jr, Martinez G, Aragoneses H, et al. Annular atrophic lichen planus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005 May;52(5):906-8. Abstract

16. Akay BN, Arslan A, Cekirge S, et al. The first reported case of lichen planus following inactivated influenza vaccination. J Drugs Dermatol. 2007 May;6(5):536-8. Abstract

17. Agrawal A, Shenoi SD. Lichen planus secondary to hepatitis B vaccination. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2004 Jul-Aug;70(4):234-5.Full text  Abstract

18. Narasimhan M, Ramakrishnan R, Varri DS, et al. Lichen planus triggered by COVID-19 vaccination: a case series. J Family Med Prim Care. 2024 Jan;13(1):384-7.Full text  Abstract

19. Copeman PW, Schroeter AL, Kierland RR. An unusual variant of lupus erythematosus or lichen planus. Br J Dermatol. 1970 Aug;83(2):269-72. Abstract

20. Nagao K, Chen KR. A case of lupus erythematosus/lichen planus overlap syndrome. J Dermatol. 2006 Mar;33(3):187-90. Abstract

21. Wagner G, Rose C, Sachse MM. Clinical variants of lichen planus. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2013 Apr;11(4):309-19.Full text  Abstract

22. Schwager Z, Stern M, Cohen J, et al. Clinical epidemiology and treatment of lichen planus: a retrospective review of 2 tertiary care centers. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019 Dec;81(6):1397-9.Full text

23. Pandhi D, Singal A, Bhattacharya SN. Lichen planus in childhood: a series of 316 patients. Pediatr Dermatol. 2014 Jan-Feb;31(1):59-67. Abstract

24. Balasubramaniam P, Ogboli M, Moss C. Lichen planus in children: review of 26 cases. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2008 Jul;33(4):457-9. Abstract

25. Schruf E, Biermann MH, Jacob J, et al. Lichen planus in Germany - epidemiology, treatment, and comorbidity. A retrospective claims data analysis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2022 Aug;20(8):1101-10.Full text  Abstract

26. Bhattacharya A, Kaur I, Kumar B. Lichen planus: a clinical and epidemiological study. J Dermatol. 2000 Sep;27(9):576-82. Abstract

27. Li C, Tang X, Zheng X, et al. Global prevalence and incidence estimates of oral lichen planus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol. 2020 Feb 1;156(2):172-81.Full text

28. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice bulletin no. 224: diagnosis and management of vulvar skin disorders. Jul 2020 [internet publication].Full text  Abstract

29. Gupta MK, Lipner SR. Review of nail lichen planus: epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Dermatol Clin. 2021 Apr;39(2):221-30. Abstract

30. Lodi G, Giuliani M, Majorana A, et al. Lichen planus and hepatitis C virus: a multicentre study of patients with oral lesions and a systematic review. Br J Dermatol. 2004 Dec;151(6):1172-81. Abstract

31. Yiannias JA, el-Azhary RA, Hand JH, et al. Relevant contact sensitivities in patients with the diagnosis of oral lichen planus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000 Feb;42(2 Pt 1):177-82. Abstract

32. Li D, Li J, Li C, et al. The association of thyroid disease and oral lichen planus: a literature review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2017 Nov 9:8:310.Full text  Abstract

33. Kazandjieva J, Tsankov N. Tattoos: dermatological complications. Clin Dermatol. 2007 Jul-Aug;25(4):375-82. Abstract

34. Maul JT, Guillet C, Oschmann A, et al. Cutaneous lichenoid drug eruptions: a narrative review evaluating demographics, clinical features and culprit medications. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2023 May;37(5):965-75.Full text  Abstract

35. Sklavounou-Andrikopoulou A, Chrysomali E, Iakovou M, et al. Elevated serum levels of the apoptosis related molecules TNF-alpha, Fas/Apo-1 and Bcl-2 in oral lichen planus. J Oral Pathol Med. 2004 Aug;33(7):386-90. Abstract

36. Rhodus NL, Cheng B, Ondrey F. Th1/Th2 cytokine ratio in tissue transudates from patients with oral lichen planus. Mediators Inflamm. 2007;2007:19854.Full text  Abstract

37. Wenzel J , Tuting T. An IFN-associated cytotoxic cellular immune response against viral, self-, or tumor antigens is a common pathogenetic feature in "interface dermatitis". J Invest Dermatol. 2008 Oct;128(10):2392-402. Abstract

38. Norris DA. Cytokine modulation of adhesion molecules in the regulation of immunologic cytotoxicity of epidermal targets. J Invest Dermatol. 1990 Dec;95(6 Suppl):111S-120S. Abstract

39. Chen X, Liu Z, Yue Q. The expression of TNF-alpha and ICAM-1 in lesions of lichen planus and its implication. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2007 Dec;27(6):739-41. Abstract

40. Bennion SD, Middleton MH, David-Bajar KM, et al. In three types of interface dermatitis, different patterns of expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) indicate different triggers of disease. J Invest Dermatol. 1995 Jul;105(1 Suppl):71S-79S. Abstract

41. Hussein MR. Evaluation of angiogenesis in normal and lichen planus skin by CD34 protein immunohistochemistry: preliminary findings. Cell Biol Int. 2007 Oct;31(10):1292-5. Abstract

42. García-Pola M, Rodríguez-Fonseca L, Suárez-Fernández C, et al. Bidirectional association between lichen planus and hepatitis C-an update systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2023 Sep 5;12(18):5777.Full text  Abstract

43. Jin X, Wang J, Zhu L, et al. Association between -308 G/A polymorphism in TNF-α gene and lichen planus: a meta-analysis. J Dermatol Sci. 2012 Dec;68(3):127-34. Abstract

44. Manolache L, Seceleanu-Petrescu D, Benea V. Lichen planus patients and stressful events. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2008 Apr;22(4):437-41. Abstract

45. Halevy S, Shai A. Lichenoid drug eruptions. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993 Aug;29(2 Pt 1):249-55. Abstract

46. van der Meijden WI, Boffa MJ, Ter Harmsel B, et al. 2021 European guideline for the management of vulval conditions. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2022 Jul;36(7):952-72.Full text  Abstract

47. Tziotzios C, Lee JYW, Brier T, et al. Lichen planus and lichenoid dermatoses: clinical overview and molecular basis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018 Nov;79(5):789-804. Abstract

48. Asarch A, Gottlieb AB, Lee J, et al. Lichen planus-like eruptions: an emerging side effect of tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonists. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009 Jul;61(1):104-11. Abstract

49. Vazquez-Lopez F, Gomez-Diez S, Sanchez J, et al. Dermoscopy of active lichen planus. Arch Dermatol. 2007 Aug;143(8):1092. Abstract

50. Day T, Wilkinson E, Rowan D, et al. Clinicopathologic diagnostic criteria for vulvar lichen planus. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2020 Jul;24(3):317-29.Full text  Abstract

51. Edwards SK, Bates CM, Lewis F, et al. 2014 UK national guideline on the management of vulval conditions. Int J STD AIDS. 2015 Aug;26(9):611-24. Abstract

52. Kulthanan K, Jiamton S, Varothai S, et al. Direct immunofluorescence study in patients with lichen planus. Int J Dermatol. 2007 Dec;46(12):1237-41. Abstract

53. Fellner MJ. Lichen planus. Int J Dermatol. 1980 Mar;19(2):71-5. Abstract

54. Weedon D. Skin pathology. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Limited; 2002.

55. Ioannides D, Vakirlis E, Kemeny L, et al. European S1 guidelines on the management of lichen planus: a cooperation of the European Dermatology Forum with the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020 Jul;34(7):1403-14.Full text  Abstract

56. Errichetti E, Figini M, Croatto M, et al. Therapeutic management of classic lichen planopilaris: a systematic review. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2018 Feb 27:11:91-102.Full text  Abstract

57. Kellet JK, Ead RD. Treatment of lichen planus with short course of oral prednisolone. Br J Dermatol. 1990 Oct;123(4):550-1. Abstract

58. Laurberg G, Geiger JM, Hjorth N, et al. Treatment of lichen planus with acitretin: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 65 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991 Mar;24(3):434-7. Abstract

59. Pavlotsky F, Nathansohn N, Kriger G, et al. Ultraviolet-B treatment for cutaneous lichen planus: our experience with 50 patients. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2008 Apr;24(2):83-6. Abstract

60. Saricaoglu H, Karadogan SK, Baskan EB, et al. Narrowband UVB therapy in the treatment of lichen planus. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2003 Oct;19(5):265-7. Abstract

61. Taneja A, Taylor CR. Narrow-band UVB for lichen planus treatment. Int J Dermatol. 2002 May;41(5):282-3. Abstract

62. Gonzalez E, Momtaz-T K, Freedman S. Bilateral comparison of generalized lichen planus treated with psoralens and ultraviolet A. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1984 Jun;10(6):958-61. Abstract

63. Husein-ElAhmed H, Gieler U, Steinhoff M. Lichen planus: a comprehensive evidence-based analysis of medical treatment. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2019 Oct;33(10):1847-62. Abstract

64. Pigatto PD, Chiappino G, Bigardi A, et al. Cyclosporin A for treatment of severe lichen planus. Br J Dermatol. 1990 Jan;122(1):121-3. Abstract

65. Ho VC, Gupta AK, Ellis CN, et al. Treatment of severe lichen planus with cyclosporine. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990 Jan;22(1):64-8. Abstract

66. Atzmony L, Reiter O, Hodak E, et al. Treatments for cutaneous lichen planus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2016 Feb;17(1):11-22. Abstract

67. Assouly P, Reygagne P. Lichen planopilaris: update on diagnosis and treatment. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2009 Mar;28(1):3-10. Abstract

68. Kang H, Alzolibani AA, Otberg N, et al. Lichen planopilaris. Dermatol Ther. 2008 Jul-Aug;21(4):249-56. Abstract

69. Chieregato C, Zini A, Barba A, et al. Lichen planopilaris: report of 30 cases and review of the literature. Int J Dermatol. 2003 May;42(5):342-5. Abstract

70. Mirmirani P, Willey A, Price VH. Short course of oral cyclosporine in lichen planopilaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003 Oct;49(4):667-71. Abstract

71. Tursen U, Api H, Kaya T, et al. Treatment of lichen planopilaris with mycophenolate mofetil. Dermatol Online J. 2004 Jul 15;10(1):24. Abstract

72. Scully C, Carrozzo M. Oral mucosal disease: Lichen planus. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 Jan;46(1):15-21. Abstract

73. Reddy RL, Reddy RS, Ramesh T, et al. Randomized trial of aloe vera gel vs triamcinolone acetonide ointment in the treatment of oral lichen planus. Quintessence Int. 2012 Oct;43(9):793-800. Abstract

74. Davari P, Hsiao HH, Fazel N. Mucosal lichen planus: an evidence-based treatment update. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2014 Jul;15(3):181-95. Abstract

75. Sandhu S, Klein BA, Al-Hadlaq M, et al. Oral lichen planus: comparative efficacy and treatment costs-a systematic review. BMC Oral Health. 2022 May 6;22(1):161.Full text  Abstract

76. Lodi G, Manfredi M, Mercadante V, et al. Interventions for treating oral lichen planus: corticosteroid therapies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Feb 28;2(2):CD001168.Full text  Abstract

77. Petruzzi M, Lucchese A, Lajolo C, et al. Topical retinoids in oral lichen planus treatment: an overview. Dermatology. 2013;226(1):61-7. Abstract

78. Sun SL, Liu JJ, Zhong B, et al. Topical calcineurin inhibitors in the treatment of oral lichen planus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2019 Dec;181(6):1166-76. Abstract

79. Mattsson U, Magnusson B, Jontell M. Squamous cell carcinoma in a patient with oral lichen planus treated with topical application of tacrolimus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010 Jul;110(1):e19-25. Abstract

80. Jin X, Lu S, Xing X, et al. Thalidomide: features and potential significance in oral precancerous conditions and oral cancer. J Oral Pathol Med. 2013 May;42(5):355-62. Abstract

81. Goldstein AT, Thaci D, Luger T. Topical calcineurin inhibitors for the treatment of vulvar dermatoses. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2009 Sep;146(1):22-9. Abstract

82. Iorizzo M, Tosti A, Starace M, et al. Isolated nail lichen planus: an expert consensus on treatment of the classical form. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020 Dec;83(6):1717-23. Abstract

83. Tosti A, Peluso AM, Fanti PA, et al. Nail lichen planus: clinical and pathological study of twenty-four patients. J Am Acad Derm. 1993 May;28(5 Pt 1):724-30. Abstract

84. Goulden V, Ling TC, Babakinejad P, et al. British Association of Dermatologists and British Photodermatology Group guidelines for narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy 2022. Br J Dermatol. 2022 Sep;187(3):295-308.Full text

85. Carbone M, Conrotto D, Carrozzo M, et al. Topical corticosteroids in association with miconazole and chlorhexidine in the long-term management of atrophic-erosive oral lichen planus: a placebo-controlled and comparative study between clobetasol and fluocinonide. Oral Dis. 1999 Jan;5(1):44-9. Abstract

86. Lozada-Nur F, Miranda C, Maliksi R. Double-blind clinical trial of 0.05% clobetasol propionate (corrected from proprionate) ointment in orabase and 0.05% fluocinonide ointment in orabase in the treatment of patients with oral vesiculoerosive diseases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1994 Jun;77(6):598-604. Abstract

87. Thongprasom K, Luengvisut P, Wongwatanakij A, et al. Clinical evaluation in treatment of oral lichen planus with topical fluocinolone acetonide: a 2-year follow-up. J Oral Pathol Med. 2003 Jul;32(6):315-22. Abstract

88. Tyldesley WR, Harding SM. Betamethasone valerate aerosol in the treatment of oral lichen planus. Br J Dermatol. 1977 Jun;96(6):659-62. Abstract

89. Voute AB, Schulten EA, Langendijk PN, et al. Fluocinonide in an adhesive base for treatment of oral lichen planus: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1993 Feb;75(2):181-5. Abstract

90. Ekelem C, Juhasz M, Khera P, et al. Utility of Naltrexone Treatment for Chronic Inflammatory Dermatologic Conditions: A Systematic Review. JAMA Dermatol. 2019 Feb 1;155(2):229-36.Full text  Abstract

91. Xiong C, Li Q, Lin M, et al. The efficacy of topical intralesional BCG-PSN injection in the treatment of erosive oral lichen planus: a randomized controlled trial. J Oral Pathol Med. 2009 Aug;38(7):551-8. Abstract

92. Hanna R, Dalvi S, Tomov G, et al. Emerging potential of phototherapy in management of symptomatic oral lichen planus: a systematic review of randomised controlled clinical trials. J Biophotonics. 2023 Jul;16(7):e202300046. Abstract

93. Hoseinpour Jajarm H, Asadi R, Bardideh E, et al. The effects of photodynamic and low-level laser therapy for treatment of oral lichen planus-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2018 Sep;23:254-60. Abstract

94. Mostafa WZ. Lichen planus of the nail: treatment with antimalarials. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989 Feb;20(2 pt 1):289-90. Abstract

95. Irla N, Schneiter T, Haneke E, et al. Nail lichen planus: successful treatment with etanercept. Case Rep Dermatol. 2010 Oct 21;2(3):173-6.Full text  Abstract

96. Sigurgeirsson B, Lindelof B. Lichen planus and malignancy: an epidemiologic study of 2071 patients and a review of the literature. Arch Dermatol. 1991 Nov;127(11):1684-8. Abstract

97. Cooper SM, Wojnarowska F. Influence of treatment of erosive lichen planus of the vulva on its prognosis. Arch Dermatol. 2006 Mar;142(3):289-94.Full text  Abstract

98. Gonzalez-Moles MA, Scully C, Gil-Montoya JA. Oral lichen planus: controversies surrounding malignant transformation. Oral Dis. 2008 Apr;14(3):229-43. Abstract

99. Leis M, Singh A, Li C, et al. Risk of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma in lichen sclerosus and lichen planus: a systematic review. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2022 Feb;44(2):182-92. Abstract

100. Offen E, Allison JR. What is the malignant transformation potential of oral lichen planus? Evid Based Dent. 2022 Mar;23(1):36-7. Abstract

101. Iocca O, Sollecito TP, Alawi F, et al. Potentially malignant disorders of the oral cavity and oral dysplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of malignant transformation rate by subtype. Head Neck. 2020 Mar;42(3):539-55. Abstract

102. Cheng H, Oakley A, Conaglen JV, et al. Quality of life and sexual distress in women with erosive vulvovaginal lichen planus. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2017 Apr;21(2):145-9. Abstract