Actinic keratosis

de Berker D, McGregor JM, Mohd Mustapa MF, et al. British Association of Dermatologists' guidelines for the care of patients with actinic keratosis 2017. Br J Dermatol. 2017 Jan;176(1):20-43. Abstract

Eisen DB, Asgari MM, Bennett DD, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of actinic keratosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021 Oct;85(4):e209-33.Full text  Abstract

Berman B, Bienstock L, Kuritzky L, et al. Primary Care Education Consortium; Texas Academy of Family Physicians. Actinic keratoses: sequelae and treatments. Recommendations from a consensus panel. J Fam Pract. 2006 May;55(5):suppl 1-8. Abstract

European Dermatology Forum. Evidence and consensus based (S3) guidelines for the treatment of actinic keratosis. 2015 [internet publication].Full text

European Dermatology Forum. Evidence and consensus based (S3) guidelines for the treatment of actinic keratosis. 2015 [internet publication].Full text

Eisen DB, Dellavalle RP, Frazer-Green L, et al. Focused update: guidelines of care for the management of actinic keratosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2022 Aug;87(2):373-4.e5.Full text  Abstract

1. Moy R. Clinical presentation of actinic keratosis and squamous cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000 Jan;42(1 Pt 2):8-10. Abstract

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6. Chung HJ, McGuigan KL, Osley KL, et al. Pigmented solar (actinic) keratosis: an underrecognized collision lesion. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013 Apr;68(4):647-53. Abstract

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9. Hemminki K, Zhang H, Czene K. Time trends and familial risks in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Arch Dermatol. 2003 Jul;139(7):885-9.Full text  Abstract

10. Diepgen TL, Mahler V. The epidemiology of skin cancer. Br J Dermatol. 2002 Apr;146 Suppl 61:1-6. Abstract

11. Christenson LJ, Borrowman TA, Vachon CM, et al. Incidence of basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas in a population younger than 40 years. JAMA. 2005 Aug 10;294(6):681-90.Full text  Abstract

12. de Berker D, McGregor JM, Mohd Mustapa MF, et al. British Association of Dermatologists' guidelines for the care of patients with actinic keratosis 2017. Br J Dermatol. 2017 Jan;176(1):20-43. Abstract

13. Anwar J, Wrone DA, Kimyai-Asadi A, et al. The development of actinic keratosis into invasive squamous cell carcinoma: evidence and evolving classification schemes. Clin Dermatol. 2004 May-Jun;22(3):189-96. Abstract

14. Helfand M, Gorman AK, Mahon S, et al; US Department of Health and Human Services. Actinic keratoses: final report. May 2001 [internet publication].Full text

15. Lookingbill DP, Lookingbill GL, Leppard B. Actinic damage and skin cancer in albinos in northern Tanzania: findings in 164 patients enrolled in an outreach skin care program. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995 Apr;32(4):653-8. Abstract

16. Lehmann AR, Bridges BA. Sunlight-induced cancer: some new aspects and implications of the xeroderma pigmentosum model. Br J Dermatol. 1990 Apr;122 Suppl 35:115-9. Abstract

17. Lambert WC, Kuo HR, Lambert MW. Xeroderma pigmentosum. Dermatol Clin. 1995 Jan;13(1):169-209. Abstract

18. Luande J, Henschke CI, Mohammed N. The Tanzanian human albino skin. Natural history. Cancer. 1985 Apr 15;55(8):1823-8. Abstract

19. Memon AA, Tomenson JA, Bothwell J. Prevalence of solar damage and actinic keratosis in a Merseyside population. Br J Dermatol. 2000 Jun;142(6):1154-9. Abstract

20. Zagula-Mally ZW, Rosenberg EW, Kashgarian M. Frequency of skin cancer and solar keratoses in a rural southern county as determined by population sampling. Cancer. 1974 Aug;34(2):345-9. Abstract

21. Frost C, Williams G, Green A. High incidence and regression rates of solar keratoses in a Queensland community. J Invest Dermatol. 2000 Aug;115(2):273-7.Full text  Abstract

22. Green A, Beardmore G, Hart V, et al. Skin cancer in a Queensland population. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1988 Dec;19(6):1045-52. Abstract

23. Cooper KD, Fox P, Neises G, et al. Effects of ultraviolet radiation on human epidermal cell alloantigen presentation: initial depression of Langerhans cell-dependent function is followed by the appearance of T6- Dr+ cells that enhance epidermal alloantigen presentation. J Immunol. 1985 Jan;134(1):129-37. Abstract

24. Granstein RD, Askari M, Whitaker D, et al. Epidermal cells in activation of suppressor lymphocytes: further characterization. J Immunol. 1987 Jun 15;138(12):4055-62. Abstract

25. Winkelmann, Baldes EJ, Zollman PE. Squamous cell tumors induced in hairless mice with ultraviolet light. J Invest Dermatol. 1960 Feb;34:131-8. Abstract

26. Nomura T, Nakajima H, Hongyo T, et al. Induction of cancer, actinic keratosis, and specific p53 mutations by UVB light in human skin maintained in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Cancer Res. 1997 Jun 1;57(11):2081-4.Full text  Abstract

27. Levine AJ, Momand J, Finlay CA. The p53 tumour suppressor gene. Nature. 1991 Jun 6;351(6326):453-6. Abstract

28. Fu W, Cockerell CJ. The actinic (solar) keratosis: a 21st-century perspective. Arch Dermatol. 2003 Jan;139(1):66-70. Abstract

29. Del Rosso JQ. Current regimens and guideline implications for the treatment of actinic keratosis: proceedings of a clinical roundtable at the 2011 Winter Clinical Dermatology Conference. Cutis. 2011 Jul;88(1):suppl 1-8. Abstract

30. Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW. p53 function and dysfunction. Cell. 1992 Aug 21;70(4):523-6. Abstract

31. Lane DP. Cancer. p53, guardian of the genome. Nature. 1992 Jul 2;358(6381):15-6. Abstract

32. Satchell AC, Barnetson RS, Halliday GM. Increased Fas ligand expression by T cells and tumour cells in the progression of actinic keratosis to squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol. 2004 Jul;151(1):42-9. Abstract

33. Clifford JL, Walch E, Yang X, et al. Suppression of type I interferon signaling proteins is an early event in squamous skin carcinogenesis. Clin Cancer Res. 2002 Jul;8(7):2067-72.Full text  Abstract

34. Yaar M, Karassik RL, Schnipper LE, et al. Effects of alpha and beta interferons on cultured human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 1985 Jul;85(1):70-4. Abstract

35. Bromberg JF, Horvath CM, Wen Z, et al. Transcriptionally active Stat1 is required for the antiproliferative effects of both interferon alpha and interferon gamma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Jul 23;93(15):7673-8.Full text  Abstract

36. Smit NP, Vink AA, Kolb RM, et al. Melanin offers protection against induction of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts by UVB in cultured human melanocytes. Photochem Photobiol. 2001 Sep;74(3):424-30. Abstract

37. Ortonne JP. Photoprotective properties of skin melanin. Br J Dermatol. 2002 Apr;146 Suppl 61:7-10. Abstract

38. Frost CA, Green AC. Epidemiology of solar keratoses. Br J Dermatol. 1994 Oct;131(4):455-64. Abstract

39. Giles GG, Marks R, Foley P. Incidence of non-melanocytic skin cancer treated in Australia. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1988 Jan 2;296(6614):13-7.Full text  Abstract

40. Marks R, Jolley D, Lectsas S, Foley P. The role of childhood exposure to sunlight in the development of solar keratoses and non-melanocytic skin cancer. Med J Aust. 1990 Jan 15;152(2):62-6. Abstract

41. Salasche SJ. Epidemiology of actinic keratoses and squamous cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000 Jan;42(1 Pt 2):4-7. Abstract

42. Stockfleth E, Ulrich C, Meyer T, et al. Epithelial malignancies in organ transplant patients: clinical presentation and new methods of treatment. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2002;160:251-8. Abstract

43. Ulrich C, Schmook T, Sachse MM, et al. Comparative epidemiology and pathogenic factors for nonmelanoma skin cancer in organ transplant patients. Dermatol Surg. 2004 Apr;30(4 Pt 2):622-7. Abstract

44. Thompson SC, Jolley D, Marks R. Reduction of solar keratoses by regular sunscreen use. N Engl J Med. 1993 Oct 14;329(16):1147-51. Abstract

45. Naylor MF, Boyd A, Smith DW, et al. High sun protection factor sunscreens in the suppression of actinic neoplasia. Arch Dermatol. 1995 Feb;131(2):170-5. Abstract

46. Rigel DS. Photoprotection: a 21st century perspective. Br J Dermatol. 2002 Apr;146 Suppl 61:34-7. Abstract

47. Darlington S, Williams G, Neale R, et al. A randomized controlled trial to assess sunscreen application and beta carotene supplementation in the prevention of solar keratoses. Arch Dermatol. 2003 Apr;139(4):451-5.Full text  Abstract

48. Eisen DB, Asgari MM, Bennett DD, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of actinic keratosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021 Oct;85(4):e209-33.Full text  Abstract

49. Black HS, Herd JA, Goldberg LH, et al. Effect of a low-fat diet on the incidence of actinic keratosis. N Engl J Med. 1994 May 5;330(18):1272-5. Abstract

50. Zalaudek I, Giacomel J, Argenziano G, et al. Dermoscopy of facial nonpigmented actinic keratosis. Br J Dermatol. 2006 Nov;155(5):951-6. Abstract

51. Zalaudek I, Giacomel J, Schmid K, et al. Dermatoscopy of facial actinic keratosis, intraepidermal carcinoma, and invasive squamous cell carcinoma: A progression model. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012 Apr;66(4):589-97. Abstract

52. Quaedvlieg PJ, Tirsi E, Thissen MR, et al. Actinic keratosis: how to differentiate the good from the bad ones? Eur J Dermatol. 2006 Jul-Aug;16(4):335-9. Abstract

53. Elder DE, Elenitsas R, Johnson Jr. BL, et al. Lever's histopathology of the skin. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005.

54. Stolz W, Braun-Falco O, Bilek P, et al. Color atlas of dermatoscopy. 1st ed. London, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd; 1994.

55. Menzies SW, Crotty KA, Ingvar C, et al. An atlas of surface microscopy of pigmented skin lesions. 1st ed. Sydney, Australia: McGraw-Hill Book Company Australia Pty Limited; 1996.

56. Donnelly AM, Halbert AR, Rohr JB. Discoid lupus erythematosus. Australas J Dermatol. 1995 Feb;36(1):3-10; quiz 11-2. Abstract

57. Weber F, Fritsch P. Clinical differential diagnosis of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. In: Kuhn A, Lehmann P, Ruzica T, eds. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2005.

58. Kontos AP, Jirsari M, Jacobsen G, et al. Immunoglobulin M predominance in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J Cutan Pathol. 2005 May;32(5):352-5. Abstract

59. Zedek DC, Smith ET Jr, Hitchcock MG, et al. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus simulating squamous neoplasia: the clinicopathologic conundrum and histopathologic pitfalls. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007 Jun;56(6):1013-20. Abstract

60. Perniciaro C, Randle HW, Perry HO. Hypertrophic discoid lupus erythematosus resembling squamous cell carcinoma. Dermatol Surg. 1995 Mar;21(3):255-7. Abstract

61. Uitto J, Santa-Cruz DJ, Eisen AZ, et al. Verrucous lesion in patients with discoid lupus erythematosus. Clinical, histopathological and immunofluorescence studies. Br J Dermatol. 1978 May;98(5):507-20. Abstract

62. Patel P, Werth V. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a review. Dermatol Clin. 2002 Jul;20(3):373-85. Abstract

63. Reid C. Drug treatment of cutaneous lupus. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2000 Nov-Dec;1(6):375-9. Abstract

64. Tebbe B, Orfanos CE. Epidemiology and socioeconomic impact of skin disease in lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 1997 Feb 1;6(2):96-104. Abstract

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66. Telfer NR, Chalmers RJ, Whale K, et al. The role of streptococcal infection in the initiation of guttate psoriasis. Arch Dermatol. 1992 Jan;128(1):39-42. Abstract

67. Christophers E, Kiene P. Guttate and plaque psoriasis. Dermatol Clin. 1995 Oct;13(4):751-6. Abstract

68. Mehregan DR, Hamzavi F, Brown K. Large cell acanthoma. Int J Dermatol. 2003 Jan;42(1):36-9. Abstract

69. Roewert HJ, Ackerman AB. Large-cell acanthoma is a solar lentigo. Am J Dermatopathol. 1992 Apr;14(2):122-32. Abstract

70. Sanchez Yus E, del Rio E, Requena L. Large-cell acanthoma is a distinctive condition. Am J Dermatopathol. 1992 Apr;14(2):140-7. Abstract

71. Rahbari H, Pinkus H. Large cell acanthoma. One of the actinic keratoses. Arch Dermatol. 1978 Jan;114(1):49-52. Abstract

72. Sanchez Yus E, de Diego V, Urrutia S. Large cell acanthoma. A cytologic variant of Bowen's disease? Am J Dermatopathol. 1988 Jun;10(3):197-208. Abstract

73. Uhlenhake EE, Sangueza OP, Lee AD, et al. Spreading pigmented actinic keratosis: a review. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010 Sep;63(3):499-506. Abstract

74. Yantsos VA, Conrad N, Zabawski E, et al. Incipient intraepidermal cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a proposal for reclassifying and grading solar (actinic) keratoses. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 1999 Mar;18(1):3-14. Abstract

75. Carag HR, Prieto VG, Yballe LS, et al. Utility of step sections: demonstration of additional pathological findings in biopsy samples initially diagnosed as actinic keratosis. Arch Dermatol. 2000 Apr;136(4):471-5.Full text  Abstract

76. Scurry J. Grading of actinic keratoses. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001 Jun;44(6):1052-3. Abstract

77. Berman B, Bienstock L, Kuritzky L, et al. Primary Care Education Consortium; Texas Academy of Family Physicians. Actinic keratoses: sequelae and treatments. Recommendations from a consensus panel. J Fam Pract. 2006 May;55(5):suppl 1-8. Abstract

78. European Dermatology Forum. Evidence and consensus based (S3) guidelines for the treatment of actinic keratosis. 2015 [internet publication].Full text

79. European Dermatology Forum. Evidence and consensus based (S3) guidelines for the treatment of actinic keratosis. 2015 [internet publication].Full text

80. Chiarello SE. Cryopeeling (extensive cryosurgery) for treatment of actinic keratoses: an update and comparison. Dermatol Surg. 2000 Aug;26(8):728-32. Abstract

81. Gupta AK, Paquet M, Villanueva E, et al. Interventions for actinic keratoses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Dec 12;12(12):CD004415.Full text  Abstract

82. Patel G, Armstrong AW, Eisen DB. Efficacy of photodynamic therapy vs other interventions in randomized clinical trials for the treatment of actinic keratoses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol. 2014 Dec;150(12):1281-8.Full text  Abstract

83. Brian Jiang SI, Kempers S, Rich P, et al. A randomized, vehicle-controlled phase 3 study of aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for the treatment of actinic keratoses on the upper extremities. Dermatol Surg. 2019 Jul;45(7):890-7. Abstract

84. Touma D, Yaar M, Whitehead S, et al. A trial of short incubation, broad-area photodynamic therapy for facial actinic keratoses and diffuse photodamage. Arch Dermatol. 2004 Jan;140(1):33-40.Full text  Abstract

85. Braathen LR, Szeimies RM, Basset-Seguin N, et al; International Society for Photodynamic Therapy in Dermatology. Guidelines on the use of photodynamic therapy for nonmelanoma skin cancer: an international consensus. International Society for Photodynamic Therapy in Dermatology, 2005. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007 Jan;56(1):125-43. Abstract

86. Piacquadio DJ, Chen DM, Farber HF, et al. Photodynamic therapy with aminolevulinic acid topical solution and visible blue light in the treatment of multiple actinic keratoses of the face and scalp: investigator-blinded, phase 3, multicenter trials. Arch Dermatol. 2004 Jan;140(1):41-6.Full text  Abstract

87. Fayter D, Corbett M, Heirs M, et al. A systematic review of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of pre-cancerous skin conditions, Barrett's oesophagus and cancers of the biliary tract, brain, head and neck, lung, oesophagus and skin. Health Technol Assess. 2010 Jul;14(37):1-288. Abstract

88. Morton CA, Szeimies RM, Basset-Seguin N, et al. European Dermatology Forum guidelines on topical photodynamic therapy 2019 part 1: treatment delivery and established indications - actinic keratoses, Bowen's disease and basal cell carcinomas. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2019 Dec;33(12):2225-38.Full text  Abstract

89. Jiang AJ, Soon SL, Rullan P, et al. Chemical peels as field therapy for actinic keratoses: a systematic review. Dermatol Surg. 2021 Oct 1;47(10):1343-6. Abstract

90. Holzer G, Pinkowicz A, Radakovic S, et al. Randomized controlled trial comparing 35% trichloroacetic acid peel and 5-aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for treating multiple actinic keratosis. Br J Dermatol. 2017 May;176(5):1155-61. Abstract

91. Jansen MHE, Kessels JPHM, Nelemans PJ, et al. Randomized trial of four treatment approaches for actinic keratosis. N Engl J Med. 2019 Mar 7;380(10):935-46.Full text  Abstract

92. Krawtchenko N, Roewert-Huber J, Ulrich M, et al. A randomised study of topical 5% imiquimod vs. topical 5-fluorouracil vs. cryosurgery in immunocompetent patients with actinic keratoses: a comparison of clinical and histological outcomes including 1-year follow-up. Br J Dermatol. 2007 Dec;157 (Suppl 2):34-40. Abstract

93. Stockfleth E, Zwingers T, Willers C. Recurrence rates and patient assessed outcomes of 0.5% 5-fluorouracil in combination with salicylic acid treating actinic keratoses. Eur J Dermatol. 2012 May-Jun;22(3):370-4. Abstract

94. Kaur RR, Alikhan A, Maibach HI. Comparison of topical 5-fluorouracil formulations in actinic keratosis treatment. J Dermatolog Treat. 2010 Sep;21(5):267-71. Abstract

95. Loven K, Stein L, Furst K, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy and tolerability of 0.5% fluorouracil cream and 5% fluorouracil cream applied to each side of the face in patients with actinic keratosis. Clin Ther. 2002 Jun;24(6):990-1000. Abstract

96. Swanson N, Abramovits W, Berman B, et al. Imiquimod 2.5% and 3.75% for the treatment of actinic keratoses: results of two placebo-controlled studies of daily application to the face and balding scalp for two 2-week cycles. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010 Apr;62(4):582-90. Abstract

97. Hanke CW, Beer KR, Stockfleth E, et al. Imiquimod 2.5% and 3.75% for the treatment of actinic keratoses: results of two placebo-controlled studies of daily application to the face and balding scalp for two 3-week cycles. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010 Apr;62(4):573-81. Abstract

98. Stockfleth E, Christophers E, Benninghoff B, et al. Low incidence of new actinic keratoses after topical 5% imiquimod cream treatment: a long-term follow-up study. Arch Dermatol. 2004 Dec;140(12):1542. Abstract

99. Lee PK, Harwell WB, Loven KH, et al. Long-term clinical outcomes following treatment of actinic keratosis with imiquimod 5% cream. Dermatol Surg. 2005 Jun;31(6):659-64. Abstract

100. Gebauer K, Brown P, Varigos G. Topical diclofenac in hyaluronan gel for the treatment of solar keratoses. Australas J Dermatol. 2003 Feb;44(1):40-3. Abstract

101. Wolf JE Jr, Taylor JR, Tschen E, et al. Topical 3.0% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronan gel in the treatment of actinic keratoses. Int J Dermatol. 2001 Nov;40(11):709-13. Abstract

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103. Berman B, Villa AM, Ramirez CC. Mechanisms of action of new treatment modalities for actinic keratosis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2006 Feb;5(2):167-73. Abstract

104. Smith SR, Morhenn VB, Piacquadio DJ. Bilateral comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of 3% diclofenac sodium gel and 5% 5-fluorouracil cream in the treatment of actinic keratoses of the face and scalp. J Drugs Dermatol. 2006 Feb;5(2):156-9. Abstract

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