West Nile virus

References

Key articles

Hayes EB, Sejvar JJ, Zaki SR, et al. Virology, pathology, and clinical manifestations of West Nile virus disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:1174-1179. Abstract

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. West Nile virus surveillance and control guidelines. April 2022 [internet publication].Full text

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. West Nile virus disease therapeutics: review of the literature for healthcare providers. February 2018 [internet publication].Full text

Reference articles

1. Mostashari F, Bunning ML, Kitsutani PT, et al. Epidemic West Nile encephalitis, New York, 1999: results of a household-based seroepidemiological survey. Lancet. 2001;358:261-264. Abstract

2. Pridjian G, Sirois PA, McRae S, et al. Prospective study of pregnancy and newborn outcomes in mothers with West nile illness during pregnancy. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2016;106:716-723.Full text  Abstract

3. Campbell GL, Marfin AA, Lanciotti RS, et al. West Nile virus. Lancet Infect Dis. 2002;2:519-529. Abstract

4. Petersen LR, Marfin AA. West Nile virus: a primer for the clinician. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:173-179.Full text  Abstract

5. Nash D, Mostashari F, Fine A, et al. The outbreak of West Nile virus infection in the New York City area in 1999. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1807-1814.Full text  Abstract

6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Provisional surveillance summary of the West Nile virus epidemic - United States, January-November 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002;51:1129-1133.Full text  Abstract

7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. West Nile virus and other domestic nationally notifiable arboviral diseases- United States, 2020. May 2022 [internet publication].Full text

8. McDonald E, Martin SW, Landry K, et al. West Nile virus and other domestic nationally notifiable arboviral diseases - United States, 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019 Aug 9;68(31):673-678.Full text  Abstract

9. Kretschmer M, Ruberto I, Townsend J, et al. Unprecedented outbreak of West Nile virus - Maricopa County, Arizona, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023 Apr 28;72(17):452-57.Full text  Abstract

10. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Epidemiological update: West Nile virus transmission season in Europe, 2022. Jun 2023 [internet publication].Full text

11. Public Health England. HAIRS risk assessment: West Nile virus. Dec 2020 [internet publication].Full text  Abstract

12. Hayes EB, Komar N, Nasci RS, et al. Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of West Nile virus disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:1167-1173. Abstract

13. Beasley DW, Davis CT, Whiteman M, et al. Molecular determinants of virulence of West Nile virus in North America. Arch Virol Suppl. 2004;(18):35-41. Abstract

14. Groves JA, Shafi H, Nomura JH, et al. A probable case of West Nile virus transfusion transmission. Transfusion. 2017 Mar;57(3pt2):850-856. Abstract

15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Laboratory-acquired West Nile virus infections - United States, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002;51:1133-1135.Full text  Abstract

16. Iwamoto M, Jernigan DB, Guasch A, et al. Transmission of West Nile virus from an organ donor to four transplant recipients. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:2196-2203.Full text  Abstract

17. Biggerstaff BJ, Petersen LR. Estimated risk of West Nile virus transmission through blood transfusion in the United States, 2002. Transfusion. 2003;43:1007-1017. Abstract

18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Intrauterine West Nile virus infection - New York, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002;51:1135-1136.Full text  Abstract

19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Possible West Nile virus transmission to an infant through breast-feeding - Michigan, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002;51:877-878.Full text  Abstract

20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. West Nile virus: clinical evaluation & disease. Apr 2023 [internet publication].Full text

21. Hayes EB, Sejvar JJ, Zaki SR, et al. Virology, pathology, and clinical manifestations of West Nile virus disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:1174-1179. Abstract

22. Sampson BA, Ambrosi C, Charlot A, et al. The pathology of human West Nile Virus infection. Hum Pathol. 2000;31:527-531. Abstract

23. Shieh WJ, Guarner J, Layton M, et al. The role of pathology in an investigation of an outbreak of West Nile encephalitis in New York, 1999. Emerg Infect Dis. 2000;6:370-372.Full text  Abstract

24. Kumar D, Prasad GV, Zaltzman J, et al. Community-acquired West Nile virus infection in solid-organ transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2004;77:399-402. Abstract

25. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). West Nile virus infections in organ transplant recipients - New York and Pennsylvania, August-September, 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005;54:1021-1023.Full text  Abstract

26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. West Nile virus: treatment & prevention. Aug 2023 [internet publication].Full text

27. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Arboviral diseases, neuroinvasive and non-neuroinvasive 2015 case definition. 2015 [internet publication].Full text

28. Lee BY, Biggerstaff BJ. Screening the United States blood supply for West Nile Virus: a question of blood, dollars, and sense. PLoS Med. 2006;3:e99.Full text  Abstract

29. Korves CT, Goldie SJ, Murray MB. Cost-effectiveness of alternative blood-screening strategies for West Nile Virus in the United States. PLoS Med. 2006;3:e21.Full text  Abstract

30. National Institutes of Health. NIH-funded vaccine for West Nile virus enters human clinical trials. July 2015 [internet publication].Full text

31. Pierce KK, Whitehead SS, Kirkpatrick BD, et al. A live attenuated chimeric West Nile virus vaccine, rWN/DEN4Δ30, is well tolerated and immunogenic in flavivirus-naive older adult volunteers. J Infect Dis. 2017 Jan 1;215(1):52-55.Full text  Abstract

32. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. West Nile virus surveillance and control guidelines. April 2022 [internet publication].Full text

33. Chan CK, Limstrom SA, Tarasewicz DG, et al. Ocular features of West Nile virus infection in North America: a study of 14 eyes. Ophthalmology. 2006;113:1539-1546. Abstract

34. Sejvar JJ, Bode AV, Marfin AA, et al. West Nile virus-associated flaccid paralysis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:1021-1027.Full text  Abstract

35. Miller JM, Binnicker MJ, Campbell S, et al. A Guide to Utilization of the Microbiology Laboratory for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases: 2018 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Society for Microbiology. Clin Infect Dis. 2018 Aug 31;67(6):e1-e94.Full text  Abstract

36. Marfin AA, Gubler DJ. West Nile encephalitis: an emerging disease in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:1713-1719. Abstract

37. Martin DA, Muth DA, Brown T, et al. Standardization of immunoglobulin M capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for routine diagnosis of arboviral infections. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:1823-1826.Full text  Abstract

38. Roehrig JT, Nash D, Maldin B, et al. Persistence of virus-reactive serum immunoglobulin M antibody in confirmed West Nile virus encephalitis cases. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:376-379.Full text  Abstract

39. Kapoor H, Signs K, Somsel P, et al. Persistence of West Nile Virus (WNV) IgM antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with CNS disease. J Clin Virol. 2004;31:289-291. Abstract

40. Lustig Y, Mannasse B, Koren R, et al. Superiority of West Nile virus RNA detection in whole blood for diagnosis of acute infection. J Clin Microbiol. 2016;54:2294-2297.Full text  Abstract

41. Lanciotti RS, Kerst AJ, Nasci RS, et al. Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:4066-4071.Full text  Abstract

42. Sejvar JJ, Haddad MB, Tierney BC, et al. Neurologic manifestations and outcome of West Nile virus infection. JAMA. 2003;290:511-515. Erratum in: JAMA. 2003;290:1318.Full text  Abstract

43. Watson JT, Pertel PE, Jones RC, et al. Clinical characteristics and functional outcomes of West Nile Fever. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141:360-365. Abstract

44. Hayes EB, Gubler DJ. West Nile virus: epidemiology and clinical features of an emerging epidemic in the United States. Ann Rev Med. 2006;57:181-194. Abstract

45. Sejvar JJ, Leis AA, Stokic DS, et al. Acute flaccid paralysis and West Nile virus infection. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:788-793.Full text  Abstract

46. Li J, Loeb JA, Shy ME, et al. Asymmetric flaccid paralysis: a neuromuscular presentation of West Nile virus infection. Ann Neurol. 2003;53:703-710. Abstract

47. Weiss D, Carr D, Kellachan J, et al. Clinical findings of West Nile virus infection in hospitalized patients, New York and New Jersey, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001 Jul-Aug;7(4):654-8.Full text  Abstract

48. Pepperell C, Rau N, Krajden S, et al. West Nile virus infection in 2002: morbidity and mortality among patients admitted to hospital in southcentral Ontario. CMAJ. 2003 May 27;168(11):1399-405. Abstract

49. Ferguson DD, Gershman K, LeBailly A, et al. Characteristics of the rash associated with West Nile virus fever. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:1204-1207. Abstract

50. Georges AJ, Lesbordes JL, Georges-Courbot MC, et al. Fatal hepatitis from West Nile virus. Ann Inst Pasteur Virol. 1987;138:237-244.

51. Perelman A, Stern J. Acute pancreatitis in West Nile fever. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1974;23:1150-1152. Abstract

52. Carson PJ, Konewko P, Wold KS, et al. Long-term clinical and neuropsychological outcomes of West Nile virus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:723-730. Abstract

53. Leis AA, Stokic DS. Neuromuscular manifestations of human West Nile virus infection. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2005;7:15-22. Abstract

54. Jeha LE, Sila CA, Lederman RJ. West Nile virus infection: a new acute paralytic illness. Neurology. 2003;61:55-59. Abstract

55. Ahmed S, Libman R, Wesson K, et al. Guillain-Barre syndrome: an unusual presentation of West Nile virus infection. Neurology. 2000;55:144-146. Abstract

56. Rawal A, Gavin PJ, Sturgis CD. Cerebrospinal fluid cytology in seasonal epidemic West Nile virus meningo-encephalitis. Diagn Cytopathol. 2006;34:127-129. Abstract

57. Tyler KL, Pape J, Goody RJ, et al. CSF findings in 250 patients with serologically confirmed West Nile virus meningitis and encephalitis. Neurology. 2006;66:361-365. Abstract

58. Aksamit AJ. Herpes simplex encephalitis in adults and older children. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2005;7:145-150. Abstract

59. Cinque P, Cleator GM, Weber T, et al. The role of laboratory investigation in the diagnosis and management of patients with suspected herpes simplex encephalitis: a consensus report. The EU Concerted Action on Virus Meningitis and Encephalitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1996;61:339-345.Full text  Abstract

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62. Fitch MT, van de Beek D. Emergency diagnosis and treatment of adult meningitis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007;7:191-200. Abstract

63. Bicanic T, Harrison TS. Cryptococcal meningitis. Br Med Bull. 2005 Apr 18;72:99-118.Full text  Abstract

64. Bhigjee AI, Padayachee R, Paruk H, et al. Diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis: clinical and laboratory parameters. Int J Infect Dis. 2007;11:348-354. Abstract

65. Sejvar JJ, Marfin AA. Manifestations of West Nile neuroinvasive disease. Rev Med Virol. 2006;16:209-224. Abstract

66. Wilske B, Fingerle V, Schulte-Spechtel U. Microbiological and serological diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2007;49:13-21. Abstract

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69. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases: Rocky mountain spotted fever and other spotted fever group rickettsioses, ehrlichioses, and anaplasmosis — United States. June 2017 [internet publication].Full text  Abstract

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71. Tatter SB. Neurosurgical management of brain tumors. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 1999;9:779-799. Abstract

72. Kastrup O, Wanke I, Maschke M. Neuroimaging of infections. NeuroRx. 2005;2:324-332.Full text  Abstract

73. Castillo PR, Miller DA, Meschia JF. Choice of neuroimaging in perioperative acute stroke management. Neurol Clin. 2006;24:807-820. Abstract

74. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. West Nile virus: information for healthcare providers. Apr 2023 [internet publication].Full text

75. Hayes EB. West Nile virus disease in children. Pediatric Infect Dis J. 2006;25:1065-1066. Abstract

76. Rimon A, Straussberg R, Amir J. West Nile encephalitis mimicking herpes encephalitis. Pediatr Neurol. 2006;35:62-64. Abstract

77. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. West Nile virus disease therapeutics: review of the literature for healthcare providers. February 2018 [internet publication].Full text

78. Chowers MY, Lang R, Nassar F, et al. Clinical characteristics of the West Nile fever outbreak, Israel, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7:675-678. Abstract

79. Hart J Jr, Tillman G, Kraut MA, et al. West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease: neurological manifestations and prospective longitudinal outcomes. BMC Infect Dis. 2014 May 9;14:248.Full text  Abstract

80. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Possible persistence of west nile virus infection. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text

81. Petersen LR, Marfin AA, Gubler DJ. West Nile virus. JAMA. 2003;290:524-528. Abstract

82. Gelfand MS. West Nile virus infection. What you need to know about this emerging threat. Postgrad Med. 2003;114:31-38. Abstract

83. Bosanko CM, Gilroy J, Wang AM, et al. West Nile virus encephalitis involving the substantia nigra: neuroimaging and pathologic findings with literature review. Arch Neurol. 2003;60:1448-1452.Full text  Abstract

84. Johnson RT, Cornblath DR. Poliomyelitis and flaviviruses. Ann Neurol. 2003;53:691-692. Abstract

85. Zaltzman R, Klein C, Gordon CR. Opsoclonus myoclonus ataxia associated with West Nile virus infection: A dramatic presentation with benign prognosis? J Neurol Sci. 2017;376:38-41. Abstract

86. Samaan Z, McDermid Vaz S, et al. Neuropsychological Impact of West Nile virus infection: an extensive neuropsychiatric assessment of 49 cases in Canada. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0158364.Full text  Abstract

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