Assessment of hypokalaemia

Unwin RJ, Luft FC, Shirley DG. Pathophysiology and management of hypokalemia: a clinical perspective. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2011;7:75-84. Abstract

Pepin J, Shields C. Advances in diagnosis and management of hypokalemic and hyperkalemic emergencies. Emerg Med Pract. 2012;14:1-17. Abstract

Greenlee M, Wingo CS, McDonough AA, et al. Narrative review: evolving concepts in potassium homeostasis and hypokalemia. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150:619-625. Abstract

1. Unwin RJ, Luft FC, Shirley DG. Pathophysiology and management of hypokalemia: a clinical perspective. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2011;7:75-84. Abstract

2. Schrier RW, ed. Renal and electrolyte disorders, 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2003.

3. Liu T, Nagami GT, Everett ML, et al. Very low calorie diets and hypokalaemia: the importance of ammonium excretion. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005;20:642-646.Full text  Abstract

4. Clausen T, Flatman JA. Effect of insulin and epinephrine on Na+-K+-ATPase and glucose transport in soleus muscle. Am J Physiol. 1987;252:E492-E499. Abstract

5. Shannon M, Lovejoy FH. Hypokalemia after theophylline intoxication. The effects of acute vs chronic poisoning. Arch Intern Med. 1989;149:2725-2729. Abstract

6. Morgan DB, Young RM. Acute transient hypokalemia: a new interpretation of a common event. Lancet. 1982;2:751-752. Abstract

7. Adrogue HJ, Lederer ED, Suki WN, et al. Determinants of plasma potassium levels in diabetic ketoacidosis. Medicine (Baltimore). 1986;65:163-172. Abstract

8. Fontaine B, Lapie P, Plassart E, et al. Periodic paralysis and voltage-gated ion channels. Kidney Int. 1996;49:9-18. Abstract

9. Manoukian MA, Foote JA, Crapo LM. Clinical and metabolic features of thyrotoxic periodic paralysis in 24 episodes. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:601-606.Full text  Abstract

10. Kung AW. Clinical review: Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: a diagnostic challenge. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:2490-2495.Full text  Abstract

11. Rose BD, Post TW. Clinical physiology of acid-base and electrolyte disorders, 5th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2001:836-856.

12. Clemessy JL, Favier C, Borron SW, et al. Hypokalaemia related to acute chloroquine ingestion. Lancet. 1995;346:877-880. Abstract

13. Buse S, Blancher M, Viglino D, et al. The impact of hypothermia on serum potassium concentration: A systematic review. Resuscitation. 2017 Sep;118:35-42.Full text  Abstract

14. Ravipati P, Murray S, Yannopoulos D, et al. Impact of AKI in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest managed with VA ECMO. Kidney360. 2021 Nov 25;2(11):1827-30.Full text  Abstract

15. Older J, Older P, Colker J, et al. Secretory villous adenomas that cause depletion syndromes. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:879-880. Abstract

16. Agarwal R, Afzalpurkar R, Fordtran JS. Pathophysiology of potassium absorption and secretion by the human intestine. Gastroenterology. 1994;107:548-571. Abstract

17. Curran MP, Plosker GL. Oral sodium phosphate solution: A review of its use as a colorectal cleanser. Drugs. 2004;64:1697-1714. Abstract

18. Quinkler M, Stewart PM. Hypertension and the cortisol-cortisone shuttle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:2384-2392. Abstract

19. Pepin J, Shields C. Advances in diagnosis and management of hypokalemic and hyperkalemic emergencies. Emerg Med Pract. 2012;14:1-17. Abstract

20. Greenlee M, Wingo CS, McDonough AA, et al. Narrative review: evolving concepts in potassium homeostasis and hypokalemia. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150:619-625. Abstract

21. Adamidis A, Cantas-Orsdemir S, Tsirka A, et al. Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess in the Pediatric Population: Report of a Novel Pathogenic Variant of the 11β-HSD2 Gene and Systematic Review of the Literature. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2019 Mar;16(3):335-58.Full text  Abstract

22. Clase CM, Carrero JJ, Ellison DH, et al. Potassium homeostasis and management of dyskalemia in kidney diseases: conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference. Kidney Int. 2020 Jan;97(1):42-61.Full text  Abstract

23. Fan P, Lu YT, Yang KQ, et al. Apparent mineralocorticoid excess caused by novel compound heterozygous mutations in HSD11B2 and characterized by early-onset hypertension and hypokalemia. Endocrine. 2020 Dec;70(3):607-15.Full text  Abstract

24. McHugh J, Nagabathula R, Kyithar MP. A life-threatening case of pseudo-aldosteronism secondary to excessive liquorice ingestion. BMC Endocr Disord. 2021 Aug 6;21(1):158.Full text  Abstract

25. Perazella MA, Eisen RN, Frederick WG, et al. Renal failure and severe hypokalemia associated with acute myelomonocytic leukemia. Am J Kidney Dis. 1993;22:462-467. Abstract

26. Blanchard A, Bockenhauer D, Bolignano D, et al. Gitelman syndrome: consensus and guidance from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference. Kidney Int. 2017 Jan;91(1):24-33.Full text  Abstract

27. Fulchiero R, Seo-Mayer P. Bartter Syndrome and Gitelman Syndrome. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2019 Feb;66(1):121-34.Full text  Abstract

28. Konrad M, Nijenhuis T, Ariceta G, et al. Diagnosis and management of Bartter syndrome: executive summary of the consensus and recommendations from the European Rare Kidney Disease Reference Network Working Group for Tubular Disorders. Kidney Int. 2021 Feb;99(2):324-35.Full text  Abstract

29. Mohr JA, Clark RM, Waack TC, et al. Nafcillin-associated hypokalemia. JAMA. 1979;242:544. Abstract

30. Carlisle EJ, Donnelly SM, Vasuvattakul S, et al. Glue-sniffing and distal renal tubular acidosis: Sticking to the facts. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1991;1:1019-1027.Full text  Abstract

31. Carlisle EJ, Donnelly SM, Ethier JH, et al. Modulation of the secretion of potassium by accompanying anions in humans. Kidney Int. 1991;39:1206-1212. Abstract

32. Douglas JB, Healy JK. Nephrotoxic effects of amphotericin B, including renal tubular acidosis. Am J Med. 1969;46:154-162. Abstract

33. Whang R, Whang DD, Ryan MP. Refractory potassium depletion. A consequence of magnesium deficiency. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152:40-45. Abstract

34. US Department of Health and Human Services. National Institutes of Health. Magnesium: fact sheet for health professionals. June 2022 [internet publication].Full text

35. Huang CL, Kuo E. Mechanism of hypokalemia in magnesium deficiency. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007 Oct;18(10):2649-52.Full text  Abstract

36. Hariprasad MK, Eisinger RP, Nadler IM, et al. Hyponatremia in psychogenic polydipsia. Arch Intern Med. 1980;140:1639-1642. Abstract

37. Godek SF, Godek JJ, Bartolozzi AR. Hydration status in college football players during consecutive days of twice-a-day preseason practices. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33:843-851. Abstract

38. Dave S, Honney S, Raymond J, et al. An unusual presentation of cystic fibrosis in an adult. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;45:e41-e44. Abstract

39. Elisaf M, Liberopoulos E, Bairaktari E, et al. Hypokalaemia in alcoholic patients. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2002 Mar;21(1):73-6.Full text  Abstract

40. Rostand SG. Profound hypokalemia in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Arch Intern Med. 1983;143:377-378. Abstract

41. Córdoba JP, Larrarte C, Medina MC. Experience in therapeutic plasma exchange by membrane filtration at an academic center in Colombia: Registry of the first 500 sessions. J Clin Apher. 2015 Dec;30(6):347-52.Full text  Abstract

42. Orlin JB, Berkman EM. Partial plasma exchange using albumin replacement: Removal and recovery of normal plasma constituents. Blood. 1980;56:1055-1059.Full text  Abstract

43. Tetti M, Monticone S, Burrello J, et al. Liddle syndrome: review of the literature and description of a new case. Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Mar 11;19(3):812Full text  Abstract

44. Kardalas E, Paschou SA, Anagnostis P, et al. Hypokalemia: a clinical update. Endocr Connect. 2018 Apr;7(4):R135-R146.Full text  Abstract

45. Martin KJ, González EA, Slatopolsky E. Clinical consequences and management of hypomagnesemia. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009 Nov;20(11):2291-5.Full text  Abstract

46. Tsuji H, Venditti FJ Jr, Evans JC, et al. The associations of levels of serum potassium and magnesium with ventricular premature complexes (the Framingham Heart Study). Am J Cardiol. 1994;74:232-235. Abstract

47. Riemenschneider T, Bohle A. Morphologic aspects of low-potassium and low-sodium nephropathy. Clin Nephrol. 1983;19:271-279. Abstract

48. Chaudhry MA, Wayangankar S. Thyrotoxic Periodic Paralysis: A Concise Review of the Literature. Curr Rheumatol Rev. 2016;12(3):190-4.Full text  Abstract

49. Negrotto L, Barroso FA. Focal hypokalemic paralysis: Report of 2 cases and review of the literature. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis. 2012;14:21-27. Abstract

50. Veltri KT, Mason C. Medication-induced hypokalemia. P T. 2015 Mar;40(3):185-90.Full text  Abstract

51. Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, et al. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009 Jul;32(7):1335-43.Full text  Abstract

52. Basok AB, Haviv YS, Rogachev B, et al. Renal tubular acidosis type I with prominent hypokalemia and nephrolithiasis as a presentation of Sjögren's/Systemic Lupus Erythematosus disease. Case Rep Nephrol Dial. 2021 May-Aug;11(2):247-53.Full text  Abstract

53. Vasquez-Rios G, Westrich DJ Jr, Philip I, et al. Distal renal tubular acidosis and severe hypokalemia: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep. 2019 Apr 26;13(1):103.Full text  Abstract

54. Barathidasan GS, Krishnamurthy S, Karunakar P, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus complicated by a Gitelman-like syndrome in an 8-year-old girl. CEN Case Rep. 2020 May;9(2):129-32.Full text  Abstract

55. Sterns RH, Cox M, Feig PU, et al. Internal potassium balance and the control of the plasma potassium concentration. Medicine (Baltimore). 1981;60:339-354. Abstract

56. Liamis G, Liberopoulos E, Barkas F, et al. Spurious electrolyte disorders: a diagnostic challenge for clinicians. Am J Nephrol. 2013;38(1):50-7.Full text  Abstract

57. Fleseriu M, Auchus R, Bancos I, et al. Consensus on diagnosis and management of Cushing's disease: a guideline update. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Dec;9(12):847-75.Full text  Abstract

58. Schwartz WB, Relman AS. Metabolic and renal studies in chronic potassium depletion resulting from overuse of laxatives. J Clin Invest. 1953;32:258-271.Full text  Abstract

59. Oster JR, Materson BJ, Rogers AI. Laxative abuse syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 1980;74:451-458. Abstract

60. Ewe K, Karbach U. Factitious diarrhea. Clin Gastroenterol. 1986;15:723-740. Abstract

61. Carey RM. Diagnosing and Managing Primary Aldosteronism in Hypertensive Patients: a Case-Based Approach. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2016 Oct;18(10):97.Full text  Abstract

62. Funder JW, Carey RM, Mantero F, et al. The Management of Primary Aldosteronism: Case Detection, Diagnosis, and Treatment: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 May;101(5):1889-916.Full text  Abstract

63. Weinberger MH, Fineberg NS. The diagnosis of primary aldosteronism and separation of two major subtypes. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:2125-2129. Abstract

64. Dominic JA, Koch M, Guthrie GP Jr., et al. Primary aldosteronism presenting as myoglobinuric acute renal failure. Arch Intern Med. 1978;138:1433-1434. Abstract

65. Torpy DJ, Mullen N, Ilias I, et al. Association of hypertension and hypokalemia with Cushing’s syndrome caused by ectopic ACTH secretion: a series of 58 cases. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002;970:134-144. Abstract