Langerhans cell histiocytosis

Haupt R, Minkov M, Astigarraga I, et al; Euro Histio Network. Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH): guidelines for diagnosis, clinical work-up, and treatment for patients till the age of 18 years. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013 Feb;60(2):175-84.Full text  Abstract

Goyal G, Tazi A, Go RS, et al. International expert consensus recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of Langerhans cell histiocytosis in adults. Blood. 2022 Apr 28;139(17):2601-21.Full text  Abstract

Rodriguez-Galindo C, Allen CE. Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Blood. 2020 Apr 16;135(16):1319-31.Full text  Abstract

National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: histiocytic neoplasms [internet publication].Full text

1. Emile JF, Abla O, Fraitag S, et al. Revised classification of histiocytoses and neoplasms of the macrophage-dendritic cell lineages. Blood. 2016 Jun 2;127(22):2672-81.Full text  Abstract

2. Haupt R, Minkov M, Astigarraga I, et al; Euro Histio Network. Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH): guidelines for diagnosis, clinical work-up, and treatment for patients till the age of 18 years. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013 Feb;60(2):175-84.Full text  Abstract

3. Allen CE, Merad M, McClain KL. Langerhans-cell histiocytosis. N Engl J Med. 2018 Aug 30;379(9):856-68.Full text  Abstract

4. Goyal G, Tazi A, Go RS, et al. International expert consensus recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of Langerhans cell histiocytosis in adults. Blood. 2022 Apr 28;139(17):2601-21.Full text  Abstract

5. Salotti J, Nanduri V, Pearce MS, et al. Incidence and clinical features of Langerhans cell histiocytosis in the UK and Ireland. Arch Dis Child. 2009 May;94(5):376-80. Abstract

6. Carstensen H, Ornvold K. The epidemiology of Langerhans cell histiocytosis in children in Denmark, 1975-89. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1993;21:387-8.

7. Karis J, Bernstrand C, Fadeel B, et al. The incidence of Langerhans cell histiocytosis in children in Stockholm County, Sweden 1992-2001. Proceedings of the XIX meeting of the Histiocyte Society. Philadelphia, PA: Histiocyte Society; 2003:21.

8. Alston RD, Tatevossian RG, McNally RJ, et al. Incidence and survival of childhood Langerhans cell histiocytosis in Northwest England from 1954 to 1998. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007 May;48(5):555-60. Abstract

9. Berry DH, Becton DL. Natural history of histiocytosis X. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 1987 Mar;1(1):23-34. Abstract

10. Stuurman KE, Lau L, Doda W, et al. Evaluation of the natural history and long term complications of patients with Langerhans cell histiocystosis of bone. Proceedings of the XIX meeting of the Histiocyte Society. Philadelphia, PA: Histiocyte Society; 2003.

11. Ribeiro KB, Degar B, Antoneli CB, et al. Ethnicity, race, and socioeconomic status influence incidence of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2015 Jun;62(6):982-7. Abstract

12. Arico M, Girschikofsky M, Genereau T, et al. Langerhans cell histiocytosis in adults. Report from the International Registry of the Histiocyte Society. Eur J Cancer. 2003 Nov;39(16):2341-8. Abstract

13. Berres ML, Merad M, Allen CE. Progress in understanding the pathogenesis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis: back to Histiocytosis X? Br J Haematol. 2015 Apr;169(1):3-13.Full text  Abstract

14. Rodriguez-Galindo C, Allen CE. Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Blood. 2020 Apr 16;135(16):1319-31.Full text  Abstract

15. Badalian-Very G, Vergilio JA, Degar BA, et al. Recurrent BRAF mutations in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Blood. 2010 Sep 16;116(11):1919-23.Full text  Abstract

16. Berres ML, Lim KP, Peters T, et al. BRAF-V600E expression in precursor versus differentiated dendritic cells defines clinically distinct LCH risk groups. J Exp Med. 2014 Apr 7;211(4):669-83.Full text  Abstract

17. Nelson DS, van Halteren A, Quispel WT, et al. MAP2K1 and MAP3K1 mutations in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2015 Jun;54(6):361-8. Abstract

18. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Gene. BCL2L like 1. Gene id: 598. Dec 2022 [internet publication].Full text

19. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Gene. C-C motif chemokine receptor 7. Gene id: 1236. Oct 2022 [internet publication].Full text

20. Radzikowska E. Pulmonary Langerhans' cell histiocytosis in adults. Adv Respir Med. 2017;85(5):277-89.Full text  Abstract

21. Senechal B, Elain G, Jeziorski E, et al. Expansion of regulatory T cells in patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis. PLoS Med. 2007 Aug;4(8):e253.Full text  Abstract

22. Murakami I, Wada N, Nakashima J, et al. Merkel cell polyomavirus and Langerhans cell neoplasm. Cell Commun Signal. 2018 Aug 22;16(1):49.Full text  Abstract

23. Bernstrand C, Cederlund K, Sandstedt B, et al. Pulmonary abnormalities at long-term follow-up of patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2001 Apr;36(4):459-68. Abstract

24. Bhatia S, Nesbit ME Jr, Egeler RM, et al. Epidemiologic study of Langerhans cell histiocytosis in children. J Pediatr. 1997 May;130(5):774-84. Abstract

25. Gadner H, Grois N, Pötschger U, et al. Improved outcome in multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis is associated with therapy intensification. Blood. 2008 Mar 1;111(5):2556-62.Full text  Abstract

26. Kilpatrick SE, Wenger DE, Gilchrist GS, et al. Langerhans' cell histiocytosis (Histiocytosis X) of bone. A clinicopathologic analysis of 263 pediatric and adult cases. Cancer. 1995 Dec 15;76(12):2471-84.Full text  Abstract

27. Grois N, Potschger U, Prosch H, et al. Risk factors for diabetes insipidus in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2006 Feb;46(2):228-33. Abstract

28. Lau L, Krafchik B, Trebo MM, et al. Cutaneous Langerhans cell histiocytosis in children under one year. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2006 Jan;46(1):66-71. Abstract

29. Munn S, Chu AC. Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the skin. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 1998 Apr;12(2):269-86. Abstract

30. Poompuen S, Chaiyarit J, Techasatian L. Diverse cutaneous manifestation of Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a 10-year retrospective cohort study. Eur J Pediatr. 2019 May;178(5):771-6. Abstract

31. National Organization for Rare Disorders. Langerhans cell histiocytosis. 2021 [internet publication].Full text

32. Hashimoto K, Bale GF, Hawkins HK, et al. Congenital self-healing reticulohistiocytosis (Hashimoto-Pritzker type). Int J Dermatol. 1986 Oct;25(8):516-23. Abstract

33. Hamdan M, Qiao JC, Fikfak V. Adult-onset perianal Langerhans cell histiocytosis presenting as pruritus ani: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep. 2021 Jul 22;15(1):357.Full text  Abstract

34. Suri HS, Yi ES, Nowakowski GS, et al. Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2012 Mar 19;7:16.Full text  Abstract

35. Vassallo R, Ryu JH, Schroeder DR, et al. Clinical outcomes of pulmonary Langerhans'-cell histiocytosis in adults. N Engl J Med. 2002 Feb 14;346(7):484-90.Full text  Abstract

36. Yeh EA, Greenberg J, Abla O, et al; North American Consortium for Histiocytosis. Evaluation and treatment of Langerhans cell histiocytosis patients with central nervous system abnormalities: current views and new vistas. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2018 Jan;65(1):e26784.Full text  Abstract

37. Barthez MA, Araujo E, Donadieu J. Langerhans cell histiocytosis and the central nervous system in childhood: evolution and prognostic factors. Results of a collaborative study. J Child Neurol. 2000 Mar;15(3):150-6. Abstract

38. Edelweiss M, Medeiros LJ, Suster S, et al. Lymph node involvement by Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 20 cases. Hum Pathol. 2007 Oct;38(10):1463-9. Abstract

39. Kakkar S, Kapila K, Verma K. Langerhans cell histiocytosis in lymph nodes. Cytomorphologic diagnosis and pitfalls. Acta Cytol. 2001 May-Jun;45(3):327-32. Abstract

40. Mogul M, Hartman G, Donaldson S, et al. Langerhans' cell histiocytosis presenting with the superior vena cava syndrome: a case report. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1993;21(6):456-9. Abstract

41. Ziogas IA, Kakos CD, Wu WK, et al. Liver transplantation for Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a US population-based analysis and systematic review of the literature. Liver Transpl. 2021 Aug;27(8):1181-90. Abstract

42. Leung AKC, Lam JM, Leong KF. Childhood Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a disease with many faces. World J Pediatr. 2019 Dec;15(6):536-45. Abstract

43. McClain K, Ramsay NK, Robison L, et al. Bone marrow involvement in histiocytosis X. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1983;11(3):167-71. Abstract

44. Willis B, Ablin A, Weinberg V, et al. Disease course and late sequelae of Langerhans' cell histiocytosis: 25-year experience at the University of California, San Francisco. J Clin Oncol. 1996 Jul;14(7):2073-82. Abstract

45. Nanduri V, Titgemeyer C, Brock P. Long term outcome of orbital involvement in Langerhans' cell histiocytosis. In: Proceedings of the XVII meeting of the Histiocyte Society. Stresa, Italy; 2001:176.

46. Lakatos K, Sterlich K, Pötschger U, et al. Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the orbit: spectrum of clinical and imaging findings. J Pediatr. 2021 Mar;230:174-81;e1. Abstract

47. McCullough WP, Pollock AN. Langerhans cell histiocytosis presenting as chronic otitis externa. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2017 Jan;33(1):67-9. Abstract

48. Guo Y, Ning F, Wang G, et al. Retrospective study of Langerhans cell histiocytosis in ear, nose and neck. Am J Otolaryngol. 2020 Mar-Apr;41(2):102369. Abstract

49. Nanduri VR, Pritchard J, Chong WK, et al. Labyrinthine involvement in Langerhans' cell histiocytosis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1998 Nov 15;46(1-2):109-15. Abstract

50. Neves-Silva R, Fernandes DT, Fonseca FP, et al. Oral manifestations of Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a case series. Spec Care Dentist. 2018 Nov;38(6):426-33. Abstract

51. Egeler RM, Schipper ME, Heymans HS. Gastrointestinal involvement in Langerhans' cell histiocytosis (Histiocytosis X): a clinical report of three cases. Eur J Pediatr. 1990 Feb;149(5):325-9. Abstract

52. Burnett A, Carney D, Mukhopadhyay S, et al. Thyroid involvement with Langerhans cell histiocytosis in a 3-year-old male. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008 Mar;50(3):726-7. Abstract

53. Goyal G, Young JR, Koster MJ, et al. The Mayo Clinic Histiocytosis Working Group consensus statement for the diagnosis and evaluation of adult patients with histiocytic neoplasms: Erdheim-Chester disease, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, and Rosai-Dorfman disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 2019 Oct;94(10):2054-71.Full text  Abstract

54. Girschikofsky M, Arico M, Castillo D, et al. Management of adult patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis: recommendations from an expert panel on behalf of Euro-Histio-Net. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2013 May 14;8:72.Full text  Abstract

55. Azouz EM, Saigal G, Rodriguez MM, et al. Langerhans' cell histiocytosis: pathology, imaging and treatment of skeletal involvement. Pediatr Radiol. 2005 Feb;35(2):103-15. Abstract

56. Lacronique J, Roth C, Battesti JP, et al. Chest radiological features of pulmonary histiocytosis X: a report based on 50 adult cases. Thorax. 1982 Feb;37(2):104-9.Full text  Abstract

57. Porto L, Schöning S, Hattingen E, et al. Central nervous system imaging in childhood Langerhans cell histiocytosis - a reference center analysis. Radiol Oncol. 2015 Sep;49(3):242-9.Full text  Abstract

58. Ribeiro MJ, Idbaih A, Thomas C, et al. 18F-FDG PET in neurodegenerative Langerhans cell histiocytosis: results and potential interest for an early diagnosis of the disease.J Neurol. 2008 Apr;255(4):575-80. Abstract

59. Kobayashi T, Koga Y, Ishimura M, et al. Fever and skin involvement at diagnosis predicting the intractable Langerhans cell histiocytosis: 40 case-series in a single center. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2018 Apr;40(3):e148-53. Abstract

60. Prayer D, Grois N, Prosch H, et al. MR imaging presentation of intracranial disease associated with Langerhans cell histiocytosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004 May;25(5):880-91.Full text  Abstract

61. Al-Ali H, Yabis AA, Issa E, et al. Hypercalcemia in Langerhans' cell granulomatosis with elevated 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol) level. Bone. 2002 Jan;30(1):331-4. Abstract

62. Yap WM, Chuah KL, Tan PH. Langerhans cell histiocytosis involving the thyroid and parathyroid glands. Mod Pathol. 2001 Feb;14(2):111-5.Full text  Abstract

63. Geissmann F, Lepelletier Y, Fraitag S, et al. Differentiation of Langerhans cells in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Blood. 2001 Mar 1;97(5):1241-8. Abstract

64. Dehner LP. Juvenile xanthogranulomas in the first two decades of life: a clinicopathologic study of 174 cases with cutaneous and extracutaneous manifestations. Am J Surg Pathol. 2003 May;27(5):579-93. Abstract

65. Foucar E, Rosai J, Dorfman R. Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai-Dorfman disease): review of the entity. Semin Diagn Pathol. 1990 Feb;7(1):19-73. Abstract

66. Wang KH, Cheng CJ, Hu CH, et al. Coexistence of localized Langerhans cell histiocytosis and cutaneous Rosai-Dorfman disease. Br J Dermatol. 2002 Oct;147(4):770-4. Abstract

67. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: histiocytic neoplasms [internet publication].Full text

68. Gadner H, Minkov M, Grois N, et al. Therapy prolongation improves outcome in multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Blood. 2013 Jun 20;121(25):5006-14.Full text  Abstract

69. Büchler T, Cervinek L, Belohlavek O, et al. Langerhans cell histiocytosis with central nervous system involvement: follow-up by FDG-PET during treatment with cladribine. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2005 Mar;44(3):286-8. Abstract

70. Watts J, Files B. Langerhans cell histiocytosis: central nervous system involvement treated successfully with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2001 Apr-May;18(3):199-204. Abstract

71. Dhall G, Finlay JL, Dunkel IJ, et al. Analysis of outcome for patients with mass lesions of the central nervous system due to Langerhans cell histiocytosis treated with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008 Jan;50(1):72-9.Full text  Abstract

72. Ng Wing Tin S, Martin-Duverneuil N, Idbaih A, et al. Efficacy of vinblastine in central nervous system Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a nationwide retrospective study. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2011 Dec 12;6:83.Full text  Abstract

73. Mammano S, Candiotto S, Balsano M. Cast and brace treatment of eosinophilic granuloma of the spine: long-term follow-up. J Pediatr Orthop. 1997 Nov-Dec;17(6):821-7. Abstract

74. Cantu MA, Lupo PJ, Bilgi M, et al. Optimal therapy for adults with Langerhans cell histiocytosis bone lesions. PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e43257.Full text  Abstract

75. Goyal G, Abeykoon JP, Hu M, et al. Single-agent cladribine as an effective front-line therapy for adults with Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Am J Hematol. 2021 May 1;96(5):E146-50.Full text  Abstract

76. Hazim AZ, Ruan GJ, Ravindran A, et al. Efficacy of BRAF-inhibitor therapy in BRAF V600E-mutated adult Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Oncologist. 2020 Dec;25(12):1001-4.Full text  Abstract

77. Diamond EL, Subbiah V, Lockhart AC, et al. Vemurafenib for BRAF V600-mutant Erdheim-Chester disease and Langerhans cell histiocytosis: analysis of data from the histology-independent, phase 2, open-label VE-BASKET Study. JAMA Oncol. 2018 Mar 1;4(3):384-8.Full text  Abstract

78. Putters TF, de Visscher JG, van Veen A, et al. Intralesional infiltration of corticosteroids in the treatment of localised Langerhans' cell histiocytosis of the mandible: report of known cases and three new cases. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005 Jul;34(5):571-5. Abstract

79. Kotecha R, Venkatramani R, Jubran RF, et al. Clinical outcomes of radiation therapy in the management of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Am J Clin Oncol. 2014 Dec;37(6):592-6. Abstract

80. Allen CE, Ladisch S, McClain KL. How I treat Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Blood. 2015 Jul 2;126(1):26-35.Full text  Abstract

81. Simko SJ, Garmezy B, Abhyankar H, et al. Differentiating skin-limited and multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis. J Pediatr. 2014 Nov;165(5):990-6.Full text  Abstract

82. Hoeger PH, Nanduri VR, Harper JI, et al. Long term follow up of topical mustine treatment for cutaneous Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Arch Dis Child. 2000 Jun;82(6):483-7. Abstract

83. Dodd E, Hook K. Topical imiquimod for the treatment of childhood cutaneous Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2016 May;33(3):e184-5. Abstract

84. Imashuku S, Kobayashi M, Nishii Y, et al. Topical imiquimod for the treatment of relapsed cutaneous Langerhans cell histiocytosis after chemotherapy in an elderly patient. Case Rep Dermatol Med. 2018;2018:1680871.Full text  Abstract

85. Kwon OS, Cho KH, Song KY. Primary cutaneous Langerhans cell histiocytosis treated with photochemotherapy. J Dermatol. 1997 Jan;24(1):54-6. Abstract

86. Sakai H, Ibe M, Takahashi H, et al. Satisfactory remission achieved by PUVA therapy in Langerhans cell hisiocytosis in an elderly patient. J Dermatol. 1996 Jan;23(1):42-6. Abstract

87. Steen AE, Steen KH, Bauer R, et al. Successful treatment of cutaneous Langerhans cell histiocytosis with low-dose methotrexate. Br J Dermatol. 2001 Jul;145(1):137-40. Abstract

88. McClain KL, Kozinetz CA. A phase II trial using thalidomide for Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007 Jan;48(1):44-9. Abstract

89. Sander CS, Kaatz M, Elsner P. Successful treatment of cutaneous langerhans cell histiocytosis with thalidomide. Dermatology. 2004;208(2):149-52. Abstract

90. Zinn DJ, Grimes AB, Lin H, et al. Hydroxyurea: a new old therapy for Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Blood. 2016 Nov 17;128(20):2462-5.Full text  Abstract

91. Lo WC, Chen CC, Tsai CC, et al. Isolated adult Langerhans' cell histiocytosis in cervical lymph nodes: should it be treated? J Laryngol Otol. 2009 Sep;123(9):1055-7. Abstract

92. Grobost V, Khouatra C, Lazor R, et al. Effectiveness of cladribine therapy in patients with pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2014 Nov 30;9:191.Full text  Abstract

93. Donadieu J, Rolon MA, Pion I, et al. Incidence of growth hormone deficiency in pediatric-onset Langerhans cell histiocytosis: efficacy and safety of growth hormone treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Feb;89(2):604-9.Full text  Abstract

94. Imashuku S, Ishida S, Koike K, et al. Cerebellar ataxia in pediatric patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2004 Nov;26(11):735-9. Abstract

95. Idbaih A, Donadieu J, Barthez MA, et al. Retinoic acid therapy in "degenerative-like" neuro-Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a prospective pilot study. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2004 Jul;43(1):55-8. Abstract

96. Allen CE, Flores R, Rauch R, et al. Neurodegenerative central nervous system Langerhans cell histiocytosis and coincident hydrocephalus treated with vincristine/cytosine arabinoside. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010 Mar;54(3):416-23.Full text  Abstract

97. Donadieu J, Armari-Alla C, Templier I, et al. First use of vemurafenib in children LCH with neurodegenerative LCH. Paper presented at: 30th Annual Histiocyte Society Meeting. Oct 28-30, 2014, Toronto, Canada. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2015 May;62(suppl 1):S1-18.Full text

98. Donadieu J, Bernard F, van Noesel M, et al. Cladribine and cytarabine in refractory multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis: results of an international phase 2 study. Blood. 2015 Sep 17;126(12):1415-23.Full text  Abstract

99. Kolenová A, Schwentner R, Jug G, et al. Targeted inhibition of the MAPK pathway: emerging salvage option for progressive life-threatening multisystem LCH. Blood Adv. 2017 Feb 14;1(6):352-6.Full text  Abstract

100. Montella L, Merola C, Merola G, et al. Zoledronic acid in treatment of bone lesions by Langerhans cell histiocytosis. J Bone Miner Metab. 2009;27(1):110-3. Abstract

101. Donadieu J, Larabi IA, Tardieu M, et al. Vemurafenib for refractory multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis in children: an international observational study. J Clin Oncol. 2019 Nov 1;37(31):2857-65.Full text  Abstract

102. Jenness DD, Spatrick P. Down regulation of the alpha-factor pheromone receptor in S. cerevisiae. Cell. 1986 Aug 1;46(3):345-53. Abstract

103. Caselli D, Arico M; EBMT Paediatric Working Party. The role of BMT in childhood histiocytoses. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2008 Jun;41(suppl 2):S8-13. Abstract

104. Veys PA, Nanduri V, Baker KS, et al. Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for refractory Langerhans cell histiocytosis: outcome by intensity of conditioning. Br J Haematol. 2015 Jun;169(5):711-8.Full text  Abstract

105. Ingram W, Desai SR, Gibbs JS, et al. Reduced-intensity conditioned allogeneic haematopoietic transplantation in an adult with Langerhans' cell histiocytosis and thrombocytopenia with absent radii. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2006 Apr;37(7):713-5. Abstract

106. Xicoy B, Ribera JM, Batlle M, et al. Sustained remission in an adult patient with Langerhans cell histiocytosis following T-cell depleted allogenic cell transplantation [in Spanish]. Med Clin (Barc). 2006 Nov 11;127(18):716. Abstract

107. Woo KI, Harris GJ. Eosinophilic granuloma of the orbit: understanding the paradox of aggressive destruction responsive to minimal intervention. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003 Nov;19(6):429-39. Abstract

108. Egeler RM, Thompson RC Jr, Voute PA, et al. Intralesional infiltration of corticosteroids in localized Langerhans' cell histiocytosis. J Pediatr Orthop. 1992 Nov-Dec;12(6):811-4. Abstract

109. Titgemeyer C, Grois N, Minkov M, et al. Pattern and course of single-system disease in Langerhans cell histiocytosis data from the DAL-HX 83- and 90-study. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2001 Aug;37(2):108-14. Abstract

110. ClinicalTrials.gov. A combination of vemurafenib, cytarabine and 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine in children with LCH and BRAF V600E mutation. NCT03585686. Apr 2020 [internet publication].Full text

111. Diamond EL, Durham BH, Ulaner GA, et al. Efficacy of MEK inhibition in patients with histiocytic neoplasms. Nature. 2019 Mar;567(7749):521-4.Full text  Abstract

112. Messinger YH, Bostrom BC, Olson DR, et al. Langerhans cell histiocytosis with BRAF p.N486_P490del or MAP2K1 p.K57_G61del treated by the MEK inhibitor trametinib. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2020 Dec;67(12):e28712. Abstract

113. Papapanagiotou M, Griewank KG, Hillen U, et al. Trametinib-induced remission of an MEK1-mutated Langerhans cell histiocytosis. JCO Precision Oncol. 2017 Nov;1:1-5.Full text  Abstract

114. ClinicalTrials.gov. Cobimetinib in refractory Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), and other histiocytic disorders (NACHO-COBI). NCT04079179. Nov 2022 [internet publication].Full text

115. Mogulkoc N, Veral A, Bishop PW, et al. Pulmonary Langerhans' cell histiocytosis; radiologic resolution following smoking cessation. Chest. 1999 May;115(5):1452-5. Abstract

116. Gadner H, Grois N, Arico M, et al. A randomized trial of treatment for multisystem Langerhans' cell histiocytosis. J Pediatr. 2001 May;138(5):728-34. Abstract

117. Goyal G, Shah MV, Hook CC, et al. Adult disseminated Langerhans cell histiocytosis: incidence, racial disparities and long-term outcomes. Br J Haematol. 2018 Aug;182(4):579-81.Full text  Abstract

118. Nanduri VR, Pritchard J, Levitt G, et al. Long term morbidity and health related quality of life after multi-system Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Eur J Cancer. 2006 Oct;42(15):2563-9. Abstract

119. Boussemart L, Routier E, Mateus C, et al. Prospective study of cutaneous side-effects associated with the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib: a study of 42 patients. Ann Oncol. 2013 Jun;24(6):1691-7.Full text  Abstract

120. Ottaviano F, Finlay JL. Diabetes insipidus and Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a case report of reversibility with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2003 Jul;25(7):575-7. Abstract

121. Nanduri VR, Bareille P, Pritchard J, et al. Growth and endocrine disorders in multisystem Langerhans' cell histiocytosis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2000 Oct;53(4):509-15. Abstract

122. Preece MA. The effect of administered corticosteroids on the growth of children. Postgrad Med J. 1976 Oct;52(612):625-30.Full text  Abstract

123. Howarth DM, Gilchrist GS, Mullan BP, et al. Langerhans cell histiocytosis: diagnosis, natural history, management, and outcome. Cancer. 1999 May 15;85(10):2278-90.Full text  Abstract

124. Nanduri VR, Lillywhite L, Chapman C, et al. Cognitive outcome of long-term survivors of multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a single-institution, cross-sectional study. J Clin Oncol. 2003 Aug 1;21(15):2961-7. Abstract

125. Braier J, Ciocca M, Latella A, et al. Cholestasis, sclerosing cholangitis, and liver transplantation in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2002 Mar;38(3):178-82. Abstract

126. Braier J, Chantada G, Rosso D, et al. Langerhans cell histiocytosis: retrospective evaluation of 123 patients at a single institution. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1999 Sep-Oct;16(5):377-85. Abstract

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