Blepharitis

Lin A, Ahmad S, Amescua G, et al. Blepharitis preferred practice pattern®. Ophthalmology. 2024 Apr;131(4):P50-86.Full text

American Academy of Ophthalmology. Cornea/external disease summary benchmarks - 2023. Dec 2023 [internet publication].Full text

1. Lin A, Ahmad S, Amescua G, et al. Blepharitis preferred practice pattern®. Ophthalmology. 2024 Apr;131(4):P50-86.Full text

2. McCulley JP, Dougherty JM, Deneau DG. Classification of chronic blepharitis. Ophthalmology. 1982 Oct;89(10):1173-80. Abstract

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5. Driver PJ, Lemp MA. Meibomian gland dysfunction. Surv Ophthalmol. 1996 Mar-Apr;40(5):343-67. Abstract

6. Lemp MA, Nichols KK. Blepharitis in the United States 2009: a survey-based perspective on prevalence and treatment. Ocul Surf. 2009 Apr;7(2 suppl):S1-S14.Full text  Abstract

7. Lemp MA, Crews LA, Bron AJ, et al. Distribution of aqueous-deficient and evaporative dry eye in a clinic-based patient cohort: a retrospective study. Cornea. 2012 May;31(5):472-8. Abstract

8. Rim TH, Kang MJ, Choi M, et al. Ten-year incidence and prevalence of clinically diagnosed blepharitis in South Korea: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2017 Jul;45(5):448-454.Full text  Abstract

9. Boel C, Westerveld E, Kloos D, et al. Refining the diagnostic technique to determine prevalence of Demodex mites in eyelash hair follicles within standard ophthalmic practice: a single-center outpatient clinical study. Clin Ophthalmol. 2023;17:2027-36.Full text  Abstract

10. Trattler W, Karpecki P, Rapoport Y, et al. The prevalence of Demodex blepharitis in US eye care clinic patients as determined by collarettes: a pathognomonic sign. Clin Ophthalmol. 2022;16:1153-64.Full text  Abstract

11. Dougherty JM, McCulley JP. Comparative bacteriology of chronic blepharitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1984 Aug;68(8):524-8.Full text  Abstract

12. Groden LR, Murphy B, Rodnite J, et al. Lid flora in blepharitis. Cornea. 1991 Jan;10(1):50-3. Abstract

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14. Chhadva P, Goldhardt R, Galor A. Meibomian gland disease: the role of gland dysfunction in dry eye disease. Ophthalmology. 2017 Nov;124(11s):S20-6.Full text  Abstract

15. Schaumberg DA, Nichols JJ, Papas EB, et al. The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the subcommittee on the epidemiology of, and associated risk factors for, MGD. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Mar;52(4):1994-2005.Full text  Abstract

16. Luo X, Li J, Chen C, et al. Ocular demodicosis as a potential cause of ocular surface inflammation. Cornea. 2017 Nov;36 Suppl 1(suppl 1):S9-14. Abstract

17. Liu J, Sheha H, Tseng SC. Pathogenic role of Demodex mites in blepharitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010 Oct;10(5):505-10. Abstract

18. Biernat MM, Rusiecka-Ziółkowska J, Piątkowska E, et al. Occurrence of Demodex species in patients with blepharitis and in healthy individuals: a 10-year observational study. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2018 Nov;62(6):628-33. Abstract

19. Udomwech L, Phasuk N. Multiple eyelid signs are suggestive of Demodex infestation. Clin Ophthalmol. 2021 Feb 17;15:671-8.Full text  Abstract

20. Putnam CM. Diagnosis and management of blepharitis: an optometrist's perspective. Clin Optom (Auckl). 2016 Aug 8;8:71-8.Full text  Abstract

21. Dougherty JM, McCulley JP. Bacterial lipases and chronic blepharitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1986;27(4):486-91.Full text  Abstract

22. Shine WE, Silvany R, McCulley JP. Relation of cholesterol-stimulated Staphylococcus aureus growth to chronic blepharitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1993 Jun;34(7):2291-6.Full text  Abstract

23. Ficker L, Ramakrishnan M, Seal D, et al. Role of cell-mediated immunity to staphylococci in blepharitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991 Apr 15;111(4):473-9. Abstract

24. Amano S, Shimazaki J, Yokoi N, et al. Meibomian gland dysfunction Clinical Practice Guidelines. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2023 Jul;67(4):448-539.Full text  Abstract

25. Mathers WD, Shields WJ, Sachdev MS, et al. Meibomian gland dysfunction in chronic blepharitis. Cornea. 1991 Jul;10(4):277-85. Abstract

26. Jester JV, Nicolaides N, Smith RE. Meibomian gland dysfunction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1989 May;30(5):927-35.Full text  Abstract

27. Dougherty JM, McCulley JP. Analysis of the free fatty acid component of meibomian secretions in chronic blepharitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1986 Jan;27(1):52-6.Full text  Abstract

28. Shine WE, McCulley JP. The role of cholesterol in chronic blepharitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1991 Jul;32(8):2272-80.Full text  Abstract

29. Shine WE, McCulley JP. Meibomianitis: polar lipid abnormalities. Cornea. 2004 Nov;23(8):781-3. Abstract

30. Shah PP, Stein RL, Perry HD. Update on the management of Demodex blepharitis. Cornea. 2022 Aug 1;41(8):934-9. Abstract

31. Zeytun E, Karakurt Y. Prevalence and load of Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis (Acari: Demodicidae) in patients with chronic blepharitis in the province of Erzincan, Turkey. J Med Entomol. 2019 Jan 8;56(1):2-9.Full text  Abstract

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33. Akpek EK, Polcharoen W, Chan R, et al. Ocular surface neoplasia masquerading as chronic blepharoconjunctivitis. Cornea. 1999 May;18(3):282-8. Abstract

34. Brownstein B, Codere F, Jackson WB. Masquerade syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1980 Mar;87(3):259-62.

35. Gao YY, Di Pascuale M, Li W, et al. High prevalence of Demodex in eyelashes with cylindrical dandruff. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005 Sep;46(9):3089-94.Full text  Abstract

36. Ayres BD, Donnenfeld E, Farid M, et al. Clinical diagnosis and management of Demodex blepharitis: the Demodex Expert Panel on Treatment and Eyelid Health (DEPTH). Eye (Lond). 2023 Oct;37(15):3249-55.Full text  Abstract

37. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Cornea/external disease summary benchmarks - 2023. Dec 2023 [internet publication].Full text

38. Key JE. A comparative study of eyelid cleaning regimens in chronic blepharitis. CLAO J. 1996 Jul;22(3):209-12. Abstract

39. Macsai MS. The role of omega-3 dietary supplementation in blepharitis and meibomian gland dysfunction (an AOS thesis). Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2008;106:336-56.Full text  Abstract

40. Dry Eye Assessment and Management Study Research Group., Asbell PA, Maguire MG, et al. n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation for the Treatment of Dry Eye Disease. N Engl J Med. 2018 May 3;378(18):1681-1690.Full text  Abstract

41. Bowman RW, Dougherty JM, McCulley JP. Chronic blepharitis and dry eyes. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1987 Spring;27(1):27-35. Abstract

42. Perry HD, Doshi-Carnevale S, Donnenfeld ED, et al. Efficacy of commercially available topical cyclosporine A 0.05% in the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction. Cornea. 2006 Feb;25(2):171-5. Abstract

43. Lindsley K, Matsumura S, Hatef E, Akpek EK. Interventions for chronic blepharitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 May 16;(5):CD005556.Full text  Abstract

44. O'Gallagher M, Bunce C, Hingorani M et al. Topical treatment for blepharokeratoconjunctivitis (BKC) in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Feb 7;2:CD011965.Full text

45. Smolin G, Okumoto M. Staphylococcal blepharitis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1977 May;95(5):812-6. Abstract

46. Tao T, Tao L. Systematic review and meta-analysis of treating meibomian gland dysfunction with azithromycin. Eye (Lond). 2020 Oct;34(10):1797-808.Full text  Abstract

47. Dursun K, Kim MC, Solomon A, et al. Treatment of recalcitrant recurrent corneal erosions with inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase-9, doxycycline, and corticosteroids. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001 Jul;132(1):8-13. Abstract

48. Farid M, Ayres BD, Donnenfeld E, et al. Delphi panel consensus regarding current clinical practice management options for Demodex blepharitis. Clin Ophthalmol. 2023;17:667-79.Full text  Abstract

49. Savla K, Le JT, Pucker AD. Tea tree oil for Demodex blepharitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Jun 20;6:CD013333.Full text  Abstract

50. Lam NSK, Long XX, Li X, et al. Comparison of the efficacy of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil with other current pharmacological management in human demodicosis: a systematic review. Parasitology. 2020 Dec;147(14):1587-613.Full text  Abstract

51. Tharmarajah B, Coroneo MT. Corneal effects of tea tree oil. Cornea. 2021 Oct 1;40(10):1363-4. Abstract

52. Yeu E, Wirta DL, Karpecki P, et al. Lotilaner ophthalmic solution, 0.25%, for the treatment of Demodex blepharitis: results of a prospective, randomized, vehicle-controlled, double-masked, pivotal trial (Saturn-1). Cornea. 2023 Apr 1;42(4):435-43.Full text  Abstract

53. Gaddie IB, Donnenfeld ED, Karpecki P, et al. Lotilaner ophthalmic solution 0.25% for Demodex blepharitis: randomized, vehicle-controlled, multicenter, phase 3 trial (Saturn-2). Ophthalmology. 2023 Oct;130(10):1015-23.Full text  Abstract

54. Yeu E, Holdbrook M, Baba SN, et al. Treatment of Demodex blepharitis: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-masked clinical trial comparing topical lotilaner ophthalmic solution, 0.25% eyedrops to vehicle. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2023 Oct;31(8):1653-61.Full text  Abstract

55. Onghanseng N, Ng SM, Halim MS, et al. Oral antibiotics for chronic blepharitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Jun 9;6(6):CD013697.Full text  Abstract

56. Gruber GC, Callen JP. Systemic complications of commonly used dermatologic drugs. Cutis. 1978 Jun;21(6):825-9. Abstract

57. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Referral of persons with possible eye diseases or injury - 2014​. 2014 [internet publication].Full text

58. Tauber J, Berdy GJ, Wirta DL, et al. NOV03 for dry eye disease associated with meibomian gland dysfunction: results of the randomized phase 3 GOBI study. Ophthalmology. 2023 May;130(5):516-24.Full text  Abstract

59. Sheppard JD, Kurata F, Epitropoulos AT, et al. NOV03 for signs and symptoms of dry eye disease associated with meibomian gland dysfunction: the randomized phase 3 MOJAVE study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2023 Aug;252:265-74.Full text  Abstract