Febrile seizure

References

Key articles

American Academy of Pediatrics: Subcommittee on Febrile Seizures. Clinical practice guideline: neurodiagnostic evaluation of the child with a simple febrile seizure. Pediatrics. 2011 Feb;127(2):389-94.Full text  Abstract

American Academy of Pediatrics. Febrile seizures: clinical practice guideline for the long-term management of the child with simple febrile seizures. Pediatrics. 2008 Jun;121(6):1281-6.Full text  Abstract

Natsume J, Hamano SI, Iyoda K, et al. New guidelines for management of febrile seizures in Japan. Brain Dev. 2017 Jan;39(1):2-9. Abstract

Offringa M, Newton R, Nevitt SJ, et al. Prophylactic drug management for febrile seizures in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Jun 16;(6):CD003031.Full text  Abstract

Wilmshurst JM, Gaillard WD, Vinayan KP, et al. Summary of recommendations for the management of infantile seizures: task force report for the ILAE Commission of Pediatrics. Epilepsia. 2015 Aug;56(8):1185-97.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

1. American Academy of Pediatrics: Subcommittee on Febrile Seizures. Clinical practice guideline: neurodiagnostic evaluation of the child with a simple febrile seizure. Pediatrics. 2011 Feb;127(2):389-94.Full text  Abstract

2. American Academy of Pediatrics. Febrile seizures: clinical practice guideline for the long-term management of the child with simple febrile seizures. Pediatrics. 2008 Jun;121(6):1281-6.Full text  Abstract

3. Fisher RS, Cross JH, French JA, et al. Operational classification of seizure types by the International League Against Epilepsy: position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia. 2017 Apr;58(4):522-30.Full text  Abstract

4. Patel N, Ram D, Swiderska N, et al. Febrile seizures. BMJ. 2015 Aug 18;351:h4240. Abstract

5. Hesdorffer DC, Benn EK, Bagiella E, et al: FEBSTAT Study Team. Distribution of febrile seizure duration and associations with development. Ann Neurol. 2011 Jul;70(1):93-100. Abstract

6. Waruiru C, Appleton R. Febrile seizures: an update. Arch Dis Child. 2004 Aug;89(8):751-6.Full text  Abstract

7. Millichap JG, Madsen JA, Aledort LM. Studies in febrile seizures V: a clinical and electroencephalographic study in unselected patients. Neurology. 1960 Jul;10:643-53. Abstract

8. Shinnar S, Pellock JM, Berg AT, et al. Short-term outcomes of children with febrile status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 2001 Jan;42(1):47-53. Abstract

9. Shinnar S, Hesdorffer DC, Nordli DR Jr, et al; FEBSTAT Study Team. Phenomenology of prolonged febrile seizures: results of the FEBSTAT study. Neurology. 2008 Jul 15;71(3):170-6. Abstract

10. Chiu SS, Tse CY, Lau YL, et al. Influenza A infection is an important cause of febrile seizures. Pediatrics. 2001 Oct;108(4):E63.Full text  Abstract

11. Millichap JG, Millichap JJ. Role of viral infections in the etiology of febrile seizures. Pediatr Neurol. 2006 Sep;35(3):165-72. Abstract

12. Millichap JG. Febrile convulsions. New York, NY: Macmillan Company; 1968.

13. Reid CA, Hildebrand MS, Mullen SA, et al. Synaptic Zn2+ and febrile seizure susceptibility. Br J Pharmacol. 2017 Jan;174(2):119-25.Full text  Abstract

14. Shah SS, Alpern ER, Zwerling L, et al. Low risk of bacteremia in children with febrile seizures. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002 May;156(5):469-72. Abstract

15. Bertolani MP, Portolani M, Marotti F, et al. A study of childhood febrile convulsions with particular reference to HHV-6 infection. Pathogenic considerations. Childs Nerv Syst. 1996 Sep;12(9):534-9. Abstract

16. Carman KB, Calik M, Karal Y, et al. Viral etiological causes of febrile seizures for respiratory pathogens (EFES Study). Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2019;15(2):496-502.Full text  Abstract

17. Chung B, Wong V. Relationship between five common viruses and febrile seizure in children. Arch Dis Child. 2007 Jul;92(7):589-93.Full text  Abstract

18. Epstein LG, Shinnar S, Hesdorffer DC, et al; FEBSTAT Study Team. Human herpesvirus 6 and 7 in febrile status epilepticus: the FEBSTAT study. Epilepsia. 2012 Sep;53(9):1481-8. Abstract

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20. Scheffer IE, Berkovic S, Capovilla G, et al. ILAE classification of the epilepsies: position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia. 2017 Apr;58(4):512-21.Full text  Abstract

21. Millichap JG. Studies in febrile seizures. I. Height of body temperature as a measure of the febrile seizure threshold. Pediatrics. 1959 Jan;23(1 Pt 1):76-85. Abstract

22. Berg AT, Shinnar S, Shapiro ED, et al. Risk factors for a first febrile seizure: a matched case-control study. Epilepsia. 1995 Apr;36(4):334-41. Abstract

23. van Stuijvenberg M, Steyerberg EW, Derksen-Lubsen G, et al. Temperature, age, and recurrence of febrile seizure. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1998 Dec;152(12):1170-5. Abstract

24. Millichap JG, Millichap JJ. Influenza virus and febrile convulsions. J Infect Dis. 2004 Feb 1;189(3):564. Abstract

25. Saghazadeh A, Mastrangelo M, Rezaei N. Genetic background of febrile seizures. Rev Neurosci. 2014;25(1):129-61. Abstract

26. Mefford HC. Heating up: the genetics of febrile seizures. Sci Trans Med. 2014 Nov;6(263):263ec200.Full text

27. Kwon A, Kwak BO, Kim K, et al. Cytokine levels in febrile seizure patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Seizure. 2018 Jul;59:5-10. Abstract

28. Barlow WE, Davis RL, Glasser JW, et al. CDC and Prevention Vaccine Safety Datalink Working Group. The risk of seizures after receipt of whole-cell pertussis or measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2001 Aug 30;345(9):656-61. Abstract

29. Di Pietrantonj C, Rivetti A, Marchione P, et al. Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Nov 22;(11):CD004407.Full text  Abstract

30. Le Saux N, Barrowman NJ, Moore DL, et al. Decrease in hospital admissions for febrile seizures and reports of hypotonic-hyporesponsive episodes presenting to hospital emergency departments since switching to acellular pertussis vaccine in Canada: a report from IMPACT. Pediatrics. 2003 Nov;112(5):e348.Full text  Abstract

31. Klein NP, Fireman B, Yih WK, et al. Measles-mumps-rubella-varicella combination vaccine and the risk of febrile seizures. Pediatrics. 2010 Jul;126(1):e1-8. Abstract

32. Sun Y, Christensen J, Hviid A, et al. Risk of febrile seizures and epilepsy after vaccination with diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, inactivated poliovirus, and Haemophilus influenzae type B. JAMA. 2012 Feb 22;307(8):823-31. Abstract

33. Rowhani-Rahbar A, Fireman B, Lewis E, et al. Effect of age on the risk of fever and seizures following immunization with measles-containing vaccines in children. JAMA Pediatr. 2013 Dec;167(12):1111-7. Abstract

34. Vestergaard M, Wisborg K, Henriksen TB, et al. Prenatal exposure to cigarettes, alcohol, and coffee and the risk for febrile seizures. Pediatrics. 2005 Nov;116(5):1089-94. Abstract

35. Daoud AS, Batieha A, Abu-Ekteish F, et al. Iron status: a possible risk factor for the first febrile seizure. Epilepsia. 2002 Jul;43(7):740-3. Abstract

36. Kwak BO, Kim K, Kim SN, et al. Relationship between iron deficiency anemia and febrile seizures in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Seizure. 2017 Nov;52:27-34. Abstract

37. Habibian N, Alipour A, Rezaianzadeh A. Association between iron deficiency anemia and febrile convulsion in 3- to 60-month-old children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Iran J Med Sci. 2014 Nov;39(6):496-505.Full text  Abstract

38. Nelson KB, Ellenberg JH. Prenatal and perinatal antecedents of febrile seizures. Ann Neurol. 1990 Feb;27(2):127-31. Abstract

39. Visser AM, Jaddoe VW, Hofman A, et al. Fetal growth retardation and risk of febrile seizures. Pediatrics. 2010 Oct;126(4):e919-25. Abstract

40. Forsgren L, Sidenvall R, Blomquist HK, et al. Pre- and perinatal factors in febrile convulsions. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1991 Feb;80(2):218-25. Abstract

41. Millichap JJ, Millichap JG. Methods of investigation and management of infections causing febrile seizures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008 Dec;39(6):381-6. Abstract

42. Fetveit A. Assessment of febrile seizures in children. Eur J Pediatr. 2008 Jan;167(1):17-27. Abstract

43. Graves RC, Oehler K, Tingle LE. Febrile seizures: risks, evaluation, and prognosis. Am Fam Physician. 2012 Jan 15;85(2):149-53.Full text  Abstract

44. Najaf-Zadeh A, Dubos F, Hue V, et al. Risk of bacterial meningitis in young children with a first seizure in the context of fever: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e55270.Full text  Abstract

45. Guedj R, Chappuy H, Titomanlio L, et al. Do all children who present with a complex febrile seizure need a lumbar puncture? Ann Emerg Med. 2017 Jul;70(1):52-62. Abstract

46. Joint Working Group of the Research Unit of the Royal College of Physicians and the British Paediatric Association. Guidelines for the management of convulsions with fever. BMJ. 1991 Sep 14;303(6803):634-6.Full text  Abstract

47. Shaked O, Peña BM, Linares MY, et al. Simple febrile seizures: are the AAP guidelines regarding lumbar puncture being followed? Pediatr Emerg Care. 2009 Jan;25(1):8-11. Abstract

48. Kimia AA, Capraro AJ, Hummel D, et al. Utility of lumbar puncture for first simple febrile seizure among children 6 to 18 months of age. Pediatrics. 2009 Jan;123(1):6-12. Abstract

49. Chung S. Febrile seizures. Korean J Pediatr. 2014 Sep;57(9):384-95.Full text  Abstract

50. Oluwabusi T, Sood SK. Update on the management of simple febrile seizures: emphasis on minimal intervention. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2012 Apr;24(2):259-65. Abstract

51. Mittal R. Recent advances in febrile seizures. Indian J Pediatr. 2014 Sep;81(9):909-16. Abstract

52. Nordli DR Jr, Moshe SL, Shinnar S, et al. Acute EEG findings in children with febrile status epilepticus: results of the FEBSTAT study. Neurology. 2012 Nov 27;79(22):2180-6. Abstract

53. Shah PB, James S, Elayaraja S. EEG for children with complex febrile seizures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Apr 9;(4):CD009196.Full text  Abstract

54. Lavi R, Yarnitsky D, Rowe JM, et al. Standard vs atraumatic Whitacre needle for diagnostic lumbar puncture: a randomized trial. Neurology. 2006 Oct 24;67(8):1492-4. Abstract

55. Arendt K, Demaerschalk BM, Wingerchuk DM, Camann W. Atraumatic lumbar puncture needles: after all these years, are we still missing the point? Neurologist. 2009 Jan;15(1):17-20. Abstract

56. Nath S, Koziarz A, Badhiwala JH, et al. Atraumatic versus conventional lumbar puncture needles: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Mar 24;391(10126):1197-204. Abstract

57. Rochwerg B, Almenawer SA, Siemieniuk RAC, et al. Atraumatic (pencil-point) versus conventional needles for lumbar puncture: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 May 22;361:k1920.Full text  Abstract

58. Ahmed SV, Jayawarna C, Jude E. Post lumbar puncture headache: diagnosis and management. Postgrad Med J. 2006 Nov;82(973):713-6.Full text  Abstract

59. Arevalo-Rodriguez I, Ciapponi A, Roqué i Figuls M, et al. Posture and fluids for preventing post-dural puncture headache. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Mar 7;(3):CD009199.Full text  Abstract

60. Simundic AM, Bölenius K, Cadamuro J, et al. Joint EFLM-COLABIOCLI recommendation for venous blood sampling. Clin Chem Lab Med 2018;56(12):2015-38. Abstract

61. Capovilla G, Mastrangelo M, Romeo A, et al. Recommendations for the management of "febrile seizures": Ad Hoc Task Force of LICE Guidelines Commission. Epilepsia. 2009 Jan;50(1 suppl):S2-6.Full text  Abstract

62. Kanemura H, Mizorogi S, Aoyagi K, et al. EEG characteristics predict subsequent epilepsy in children with febrile seizure. Brain Dev. 2012 Apr;34(4):302-7. Abstract

63. Natsume J, Hamano SI, Iyoda K, et al. New guidelines for management of febrile seizures in Japan. Brain Dev. 2017 Jan;39(1):2-9. Abstract

64. Maytal J, Steele R, Eviatar L, et al. The value of early postictal EEG in children with complex febrile seizures. Epilepsia. 2000 Feb;41(2):219-21.Full text  Abstract

65. Cuestas E. Is routine EEG helpful in the management of complex febrile seizures? Arch Dis Child. 2004 Mar;89(3):290.Full text  Abstract

66. Scott RC, King MD, Gadian DG, et al. Hippocampal abnormalities after prolonged febrile convulsion: a longitudinal MRI study. Brain. 2003 Nov;126(Pt 11):2551-7. Abstract

67. Scott RC. Consequences of febrile seizures in childhood. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2014 Dec;26(6):662-7. Abstract

68. Kiviranta T, Airaksinen EM. Low sodium levels in serum are associated with subsequent febrile seizures. Acta Paediatr. 1995 Dec;84(12):1372-4. Abstract

69. King D, King A. Question 2: should children who have a febrile seizure be screened for iron deficiency? Arch Dis Child. 2014 Oct;99(10):960-4. Abstract

70. Clarke M, Newton RW, Klapper PE, et al. Childhood encephalopathy: viruses, immune response, and outcome. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2006 Apr;48(4):294-300. Abstract

71. Audenaert D, Van Broeckhoven C, De Jonghe P. Genes and loci involved in febrile seizures and related epilepsy syndromes. Hum Mutat. 2006 May;27(5):391-401. Abstract

72. Nordli DR Jr. Idiopathic generalized epilepsies recognized by the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2005 Nov 18;46(9 suppl):48-56.Full text  Abstract

73. Yalcin AD, Toydemir HE, Forta H. Hot-water epilepsy: clinical and electroencephalographic features of 25 cases. Epilepsy Behav. 2006 Aug;9(1):89-94. Abstract

74. Breningstall GN. Breath-holding spells. Pediatr Neurol. 1996 Feb;14(2):91-7. Abstract

75. Cendes F, Sankar R. Vaccinations and febrile seizures. Epilepsia. 2011 May;52(3 suppl):23-5.Full text  Abstract

76. Korff C, Laux L, Kelley K, et al. Dravet syndrome (severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy): a retrospective study of 16 patients. J Child Neurol. 2007 Feb;22(2):185-94. Abstract

77. Dunlop S, Taitz J. Retrospective review of the management of simple febrile convulsions at a tertiary paediatric institution. J Paediatr Child Health. 2005 Dec;41(12):647-51. Abstract

78. Kimia AA, Bachur RG, Torres A, et al. Febrile seizures: emergency medicine perspective. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2015 Jun;27(3):292-7. Abstract

79. Warden CR, Zibulewsky J, Mace S, et al. Evaluation and management of febrile seizures in the out-of-hospital and emergency department settings. Ann Emerg Med. 2003 Feb;41(2):215-22. Abstract

80. Rosenbloom E, Finkelstein Y, Adams-Webber T, et al. Do antipyretics prevent the recurrence of febrile seizures in children? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials and meta-analysis. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2013 Nov;17(6):585-8. Abstract

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82. Offringa M, Newton R, Nevitt SJ, et al. Prophylactic drug management for febrile seizures in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Jun 16;(6):CD003031.Full text  Abstract

83. Purssell E. Treating fever in children: paracetamol or ibuprofen? Br J Community Nurs. 2002 Jun;7(6):316-20. Abstract

84. Wilmshurst JM, Gaillard WD, Vinayan KP, et al. Summary of recommendations for the management of infantile seizures: task force report for the ILAE Commission of Pediatrics. Epilepsia. 2015 Aug;56(8):1185-97.Full text  Abstract

85. Masuko AH, Castro AA, Santos GR, et al. Intermittent diazepam and continuous phenobarbital to treat recurrence of febrile seizures: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2003 Dec;61(4):897-901.Full text  Abstract

86. Baumann RJ, Duffner PK; American Academy of Pediatrics. Treatment of children with simple febrile seizures: the AAP practice parameter. Pediatr Neurol. 2000 Jul;23(1):11-7. Abstract

87. Hirabayashi Y, Okumura A, Kondo T, et al. Efficacy of a diazepam suppository at preventing febrile seizure recurrence during a single febrile illness. Brain Dev. 2009 Jun;31(6):414-8. Abstract

88. Whelan H, Harmelink M, Chou E, et al. Complex febrile seizures: a systematic review. Dis Mon. 2017 Jan;63(1):5-23.Full text  Abstract

89. Lowenstein DH, Bleck T, Macdonald RL. It’s time to revise the definition of status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 1999 Jan;40(1):120-2. Abstract

90. Glauser T, Shinnar S, Gloss D, et al. Evidence-based guideline: treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children and adults: report of the guideline committee of the American Epilepsy Society. Epilepsy Curr. 2016 Jan-Feb;16(1):48-61.Full text  Abstract

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92. Bassan H, Barzilay M, Shinnar S, et al. Prolonged febrile seizures, clinical characteristics, and acute management. Epilepsia. 2013 Jun;54(6):1092-8. Abstract

93. Camfield P, Camfield C. Febrile seizures and genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+). Epileptic Disord. 2015 Jun;17(2):124-33. Abstract

94. Rajadhyaksha S, Shah KN. Controversies in febrile seizures. Indian J Pediatr. 2000 Jan;67(1 suppl):S71-9. Abstract

95. Sadleir LG, Scheffer IE. Febrile seizures. BMJ. 2007 Feb 10;334(7588):307-11.Full text  Abstract

96. Gupta A. Febrile seizures. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2016 Feb;22(1 Epilepsy):51-9. Abstract

97. Berg AT, Shinnar S, Darefsky AS, et al. Predictors of recurrent febrile seizures: a prospective cohort study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997 Apr;151(4):371-8. Abstract

98. Wheless JW, Clarke DF, Carpenter D. Treatment of pediatric epilepsy: expert opinion, 2005. J Child Neurol. 2005 Dec;20(1 suppl):S1-56. Abstract

99. Cross JH. Fever and fever-related epilepsies. Epilepsia. 2012 Sep;53(4 suppl):3-8.Full text  Abstract

100. Vestergaard M, Christensen J. Register-based studies on febrile seizures in Denmark. Brain Dev. 2009 May;31(5):372-7. Abstract

101. Chungath M, Shorvon S. The mortality and morbidity of febrile seizures. Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 2008 Nov;4(11):610-21. Abstract

102. Holm IA, Poduri A, Crandall L, et al. Inheritance of febrile seizures in sudden unexplained death in toddlers. Pediatr Neurol. 2012 Apr;46(4):235-9.Full text  Abstract

103. Knudsen FU. Febrile seizures: treatment and prognosis. Epilepsia. 2000 Jan;41(1):2-9. Abstract

104. Huang CC, Chang YC. The long-term effects of febrile seizures on the hippocampal neuronal plasticity - clinical and experimental evidence. Brain Dev. 2009 May;31(5):383-7. Abstract

105. Hesdorffer DC, Chan S, Tian H, et al. Are MRI-detected brain abnormalities associated with febrile seizure type? Epilepsia. 2008 May;49(5):765-71.Full text  Abstract

106. Auer T, Barsi P, Bone B, et al. History of simple febrile seizures is associated with hippocampal abnormalities in adults. Epilepsia. 2008 Sep;49(9):1562-9.Full text  Abstract

107. Ahmad S, Marsh ED. Febrile status epilepticus: current state of clinical and basic research. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2010 Sep;17(3):150-4. Abstract

108. Dreier JW, Pedersen CB, Cotsapas C, et al. Childhood seizures and risk of psychiatric disorders in adolescence and early adulthood: a Danish nationwide cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2019 Feb;3(2):99-108.Full text  Abstract

109. Vestergaard M, Pedersen CB, Sidenius P, et al. The long-term risk of epilepsy after febrile seizures in susceptible subgroups. Am J Epidemiol. 2007 Apr 15;165(8):911-8.Full text  Abstract

110. Neligan A, Bell GS, Giavasi C, et al. Long-term risk of developing epilepsy after febrile seizures: a prospective cohort study. Neurology. 2012 Apr 10;78(15):1166-70. Abstract

111. Pavlidou E, Panteliadis C. Prognostic factors for subsequent epilepsy in children with febrile seizures. Epilepsia. 2013 Dec;54(12):2101-7. Abstract

112. Sapir D, Leitner Y, Harel S, et al. Unprovoked seizures after complex febrile seizures. Brain Dev. 2000 Dec;22(8):484-6. Abstract

113. Okumura A, Ishiguro Y, Sofue A, et al. Treatment and outcome in patients with febrile convulsion associated with epileptiform discharges on electroencephalography. Brain Dev. 2004 Jun;26(4):241-4. Abstract

114. Cendes F. Febrile seizures and mesial temporal sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol. 2004 Apr;17(2):161-4. Abstract

115. Chang YC, Huang CC, Huang SC. Long-term neuroplasticity effects of febrile seizures in the developing brain. Chang Gung Med J. 2008 Mar-Apr;31(2):125-35. Abstract

116. Baulac S, Gourfinkel-An I, Nabbout R, et al. Fever, genes, and epilepsy. Lancet Neurol. 2004 Jul;3(7):421-30. Abstract

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118. Bender RA, Dubé C, Baram TZ. Febrile seizures and mechanisms of epileptogenesis: insights from an animal model. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2004;548:213-25.Full text  Abstract

119. Leaffer EB, Hinton VJ, Hesdorffer DC. Longitudinal assessment of skill development in children with first febrile seizure. Epilepsy Behav. 2013 Jul;28(1):83-7.Full text  Abstract

120. Martinos MM, Yoong M, Patil S, et al. Recognition memory is impaired in children after prolonged febrile seizures. Brain. 2012 Oct;135(Pt 10):3153-64.Full text  Abstract

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