Anal fissure

Gilani A, Tierney G. Chronic anal fissure in adults. BMJ. 2022 Jan 12;376:e066834.

Lund JN, Nystrom PO, Coremans G, et al. An evidence-based treatment algorithm for anal fissure. Tech Coloproctol. 2006 Oct;10(3):177-80. Abstract

American Gastroenterological Association. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: diagnosis and care of patients with anal fissure. Gastroenterology. 2003 Jan;124(1):233-4.Full text

Davids JS, Hawkins AT, Bhama AR, et al. The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons clinical practice guidelines for the management of anal fissures. Dis Colon Rectum. 2023 Feb 1;66(2):190-9.Full text

Menteş BB, Irkörücü O, Akin M, et al. Comparison of botulinum toxin injection and lateral internal sphincterotomy for the treatment of chronic anal fissure. Dis Colon Rectum. 2003 Feb;46(2):232-7. Abstract

1. Ayatunde AA, Debrah SA. Current concepts in anal fissures. World J Surgery. 2006;30:2246-60. Abstract

2. Lund JN, Scholefield JH. Aetiology and treatment of anal fissure. Br J Surg. 1996;83:1335-1344. Abstract

3. Collins EE, Lund JN. A review of chronic anal fissure management. Tech Coloproctol. 2007 Sep;11(3):209-23. Abstract

4. Gilani A, Tierney G. Chronic anal fissure in adults. BMJ. 2022 Jan 12;376:e066834.

5. Mapel DW, Schum M, Von Worley A. The epidemiology and treatment of anal fissures in a population-based cohort. BMC Gastroenterol. 2014 Jul 16;14:129.Full text  Abstract

6. Schouten WR, Briel JW, Auwerda JJ, et al. Ischaemic nature of anal fissure. Br J Surg. 1996 Jan;83(1):63-5.Full text  Abstract

7. Lund JN. Nitric oxide deficiency in the internal anal sphincter of patients with chronic anal fissure. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2006;21:673-675. Abstract

8. Cross KL, Massey EJ, Fowler AL, et al; ACPGBI. The management of anal fissure: ACPGBI position statement. Colorectal Dis. 2008 Nov:10 Suppl 3:1-7.Full text

9. Klosterhalfen B, Vogel P, Rixen H, et al. Topography of the inferior rectal artery: a possible cause of chronic, primary anal fissure. Dis Colon Rectum. 1989;32:43-52. Abstract

10. Lund JN, Binch C, McGrath J, et al. Topographical distribution of blood supply to the anal canal. Br J Surg. 1999;86:496-498. Abstract

11. Lu Y, Kwaan MR, Lin AY. Diagnosis and treatment of anal fissures in 2021. JAMA. 2021 Feb 16;325(7):688-9.

12. Lund JN, Scholefield JH. A randomised, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of glyceryl trinitrate ointment in treatment of anal fissure. Lancet. 1997 Jan 4;349(9044):11-4. Abstract

13. Nelson RL, Thomas K, Morgan J, et al. Non surgical therapy for anal fissure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(2):CD003431.Full text  Abstract

14. Jensen SL. Diet and other risk factors for fissure-in-ano. Prospective case control study. Dis Colon Rectum. 1988;31:770-773. Abstract

15. Lock MR, Thompson JPS. Fissure-in-ano: the initial management and prognosis. Br J Surg. 1977 May;64(5):355-8. Abstract

16. Lund JN, Nystrom PO, Coremans G, et al. An evidence-based treatment algorithm for anal fissure. Tech Coloproctol. 2006 Oct;10(3):177-80. Abstract

17. Gough MJ, Lewis A. The conservative treatment of fissure-in-ano. Br J Surg. 1983;70:175-176. Abstract

18. American Gastroenterological Association. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: diagnosis and care of patients with anal fissure. Gastroenterology. 2003 Jan;124(1):233-4.Full text

19. Davids JS, Hawkins AT, Bhama AR, et al. The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons clinical practice guidelines for the management of anal fissures. Dis Colon Rectum. 2023 Feb 1;66(2):190-9.Full text

20. Altomare DF, Binda GA, Canuti S, et al. The management of patients with primary chronic anal fissure: a position paper. Tech Coloproctol. 2011 Jun;15(2):135-41.Full text  Abstract

21. Nasr M, Ezzat H, Elsebae M. Botulinum toxin injection versus lateral internal sphincterotomy in the treatment of chronic anal fissure: a randomized controlled trial. World J Surg. 2010 Nov;34(11):2730-4. Abstract

22. Menteş BB, Irkörücü O, Akin M, et al. Comparison of botulinum toxin injection and lateral internal sphincterotomy for the treatment of chronic anal fissure. Dis Colon Rectum. 2003 Feb;46(2):232-7. Abstract

23. Lewis TH, Corman ML, Prager ED, et al. Long term results of open and closed sphincterotomy for anal fissure. Dic Colon Rectum. 1988 May;31(5):368-71. Abstract

24. Jonas M, Scholefield JH. Anal fissure. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2001 Mar;30(1):167-81. Abstract

25. Shao WJ, Li GC, Zhang ZK. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing botulinum toxin injection with lateral internal sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2009 Sep;24(9):995-1000. Abstract

26. Schmidt-Lauber M. Blind, randomized clinical study on botulinum toxin in comparison with isosorbide dinitrate ointment for the treatment of anal fissures. Coloproctology. 2010;32:191-2.

27. Nelson RL, Chattopadhyay A, Brooks W, et al. Operative procedures for fissure in ano. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Nov 9;2011(11):CD002199.Full text  Abstract

28. Casillas S, Hull TL, Zutshi M, et al. Incontinence after a lateral internal sphincterotomy: are we underestimating it? Dis Colon Rectum. 2005 Jun;48(6):1193-9. Abstract

29. Yilmaz G, Tanrikulu Y. Short-term results of platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of chronic anal fissure: randomized controlled clinical study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2021 Jun 1;64(6):714-23. Abstract

30. Ebrahimibagha H, Zeinalpour A. Platelet-rich plasma improves acute and chronic anal fissure, a randomized control trial. Wound Repair Regen. 2023 Sep-Oct;31(5):655-62. Abstract

31. Alvandipour M, Ala S, Khalvati M, et al. Topical minoxidil versus topical diltiazem for chemical sphincterotomy of chronic anal fissure: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. World J Surg. 2018 Jul;42(7):2252-8.Full text  Abstract

32. Youssef T, Youssef M, Thabet W, et al. Randomized clinical trial of transcutaneous electrical posterior tibial nerve stimulation versus lateral internal sphincterotomy for treatment of chronic anal fissure. Int J Surg. 2015;22:143-148. Abstract

33. Wald A, Bharucha AE, Limketkai B, et al. ACG clinical guidelines: management of benign anorectal disorders. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021 Oct 1;116(10):1987-2008.Full text  Abstract

34. Tarasconi A, Perrone G, Davies J, et al. Anorectal emergencies: WSES-AAST guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2021 Sep 16;16(1):48.Full text  Abstract

35. Miller AS, Boyce K, Box B, et al. The Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland consensus guidelines in emergency colorectal surgery. Colorectal Dis. 2021 Feb;23(2):476-547.Full text  Abstract