Cytomegalovirus infection

References

Key articles

Razonable RR, Humar A. Cytomegalovirus in solid organ transplant recipients - guidelines of the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Clin Transplant. 2019 Sep;33(9):e13512. Abstract

HIV.gov, US National Institutes of Health. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV. Jul 2021 [internet publication].Full text

HIV.gov, US National Institutes of Health. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in children with and exposed to HIV. Aug 2023 [internet publication].Full text

Kotton CN, Kumar D, Caliendo AM, et al; The Transplantation Society International CMV Consensus Group. The third international consensus guidelines on the management of cytomegalovirus in solid-organ transplantation. Transplantation. 2018 Jun;102(6):900-31.Full text  Abstract

Rawlinson WD, Boppana SB, Fowler KB, et al. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy and the neonate: consensus recommendations for prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017 Jun;17(6):e177-88. Abstract

Reference articles

1. Razonable RR, Humar A. Cytomegalovirus in solid organ transplant recipients - guidelines of the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Clin Transplant. 2019 Sep;33(9):e13512. Abstract

2. HIV.gov, US National Institutes of Health. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV. Jul 2021 [internet publication].Full text

3. Razonable RR, Paya CV. Beta-herpesviruses in transplantation. Rev Med Microbiol. 2002;13:163-76.

4. Razonable RR, Rivero A, Brown RA, et al. Detection of simultaneous beta-herpesvirus infection in clinical syndromes due to defined cytomegalovirus infection. Clin Transplant. 2003 Apr;17(2):114-20. Abstract

5. Hayward GS, Ambinder R, Ciufo D, et al. Structural organization of human herpesvirus DNA molecules. J Invest Dermatol. 1984 Jul;83(1 suppl):29s-41s. Abstract

6. Ayre K, Warren BF, Jeffery K, et al. The role of CMV in steroid-resistant ulcerative colitis: a systematic review. J Crohns Colitis. 2009 Sep;3(3):141-8. Abstract

7. Limaye AP, Kirby KA, Rubenfeld GD, et al. Cytomegalovirus reactivation in critically ill immunocompetent patients. JAMA. 2008 Jul 23;300(4):413-22.Full text  Abstract

8. Michaels MG, Greenberg DP, Sabo DL, et al. Treatment of children with congenital cytomegalovirus infection with ganciclovir. Pediatric Infect Dis J. 2003 Jun;22(6):504-9. Abstract

9. Lagasse N, Dhooge I, Govaert P, et al. Congenital CMV infections and hearing loss. Acta Otorhinolaryngology Belg. 2000;54(4):431-6. Abstract

10. Revello M. Pathogenesis and prenatal diagnosis of congenital cytomegalovirus infection. J Clin Virol. 2004 Feb;29(2):71-83. Abstract

11. Fowler K, Mucha J, Neumann M, et al. A systematic literature review of the global seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus: possible implications for treatment, screening, and vaccine development. BMC Public Health. 2022 Sep 1;22(1):1659.Full text  Abstract

12. Kenneson A, Cannon MJ. Review and meta-analysis of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Rev Med Virol. 2007 Jul-Aug;17(4):253-76. Abstract

13. Kijpittayarit S, Eid AJ, Brown RA, et al. Relationship between Toll-like receptor 2 polymorphism and cytomegalovirus disease after liver transplantation. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 May 15;44(10):1315-20. Abstract

14. Compton T, Kurt-Jones EA, Boehme KW, et al. Human cytomegalovirus activates inflammatory cytokine responses via CD4 and Toll-like receptor 2. J Virol. 2003 Apr;77(8):4588-96.Full text  Abstract

15. Einsele H, Kapp M, Grigoleit GU. CMV-specific T cell therapy. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2008 Jan-Feb;40(1):71-5. Abstract

16. Eid AJ, Razonable RR. Cytomegalovirus in solid organ transplantation: advances lead to challenges and opportunities. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2007;12:610-17.

17. Razonable RR, Rivero A, Rodriguez A, et al. Allograft rejection predicts the occurrence of late-onset cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease among CMV-mismatched solid organ transplant patients receiving prophylaxis with oral ganciclovir. J Infect Dis. 2001 Dec 1;184(11):1461-4. Abstract

18. Boeckh M, Nichols WG. The impact of cytomegalovirus serostatus of donor and recipient before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the era of antiviral prophylaxis and preemptive therapy. Blood. 2004 Mar 15;103(6):2003-8. Abstract

19. Tedesco-Silva H, Felipe C, Ferreira A, et al. Reduced incidence of cytomegalovirus infection in kidney transplant recipients receiving everolimus and reduced tacrolimus doses. Am J Transplant. 2015 Oct;15(10):2655-64.Full text  Abstract

20. Tedesco-Silva H, Pascual J, Viklicky O, et al. Safety of everolimus with reduced calcineurin inhibitor exposure in de novo kidney transplants: an analysis from the randomized TRANSFORM study. Transplantation. 2019 Sep;103(9):1953-63.Full text  Abstract

21. Kaminski H, Kamar N, Thaunat O, et al. Incidence of cytomegalovirus infection in seropositive kidney transplant recipients treated with everolimus: a randomized, open-label, multicenter phase 4 trial. Am J Transplant. 2022 May;22(5):1430-41.Full text  Abstract

22. Weng MT, Tung CC, Lee YS, et al. Cytomegalovirus colitis in hospitalized inflammatory bowel disease patients in Taiwan: a referral center study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2017 Feb 13;17(1):28.Full text  Abstract

23. Razonable RR. Epidemiology of cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2005 Apr 15;62(8 suppl 1):S7-13. Abstract

24. Boucoiran I, Yudin M, Poliquin V, et al. Guideline No. 420: Cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2021 Jul;43(7):893-908. Abstract

25. Nichols WG, Price TH, Gooley T, et al. Transfusion-transmitted cytomegalovirus infection after receipt of leukoreduced blood products. Blood. 2003 May 15;101(10):4195-200.Full text  Abstract

26. HIV.gov, US National Institutes of Health. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in children with and exposed to HIV. Aug 2023 [internet publication].Full text

27. Ljungman P, Griffiths P, Paya C. Definitions of cytomegalovirus infection and disease in transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis. 2002 Apr 15;34(8):1094-7.Full text  Abstract

28. Razonable RR, Åsberg A, Rollag H, et al. Virologic suppression measured by a cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA test calibrated to the World Health Organization international standard is predictive of CMV disease resolution in transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Jun;56(11):1546-53.Full text  Abstract

29. Preiksaitis JK, Hayden RT, Tong Y, et al. Are we there yet? Impact of the first International Standard for cytomegalovirus DNA on the harmonization of results reported on plasma samples. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Sep 1;63(5):583-9. Abstract

30. Eid AJ, Bakri SJ, Kijpittayarit S, et al. Clinical features and outcomes of cytomegalovirus retinitis after transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis. 2008 Feb;10(1):13-8. Abstract

31. Razonable RR, Paya CV, Smith TF. Role of the laboratory in the diagnosis and management of cytomegalovirus infection in hematopoietic and solid organ transplant recipients. J Clin Microbiol. 2002 Mar;40(3):746-52.Full text  Abstract

32. Wohl DA, Kendall MA, Andersen J, et al; A5030 Study Team. Low rate of CMV end-organ disease in HIV-infected patients despite low CD4+ cell counts and CMV viremia: results of ACTG protocol A5030. HIV Clin Trials. 2009 May-Jun;10(3):143-52.Full text  Abstract

33. Boppana SB, Rivera LB, Fowler KB, et al. Intrauterine transmission of cytomegalovirus to infants of women with preconceptional immunity. N Engl J Med. 2001 May 3;344(18):1366-71.Full text  Abstract

34. Donner C, Liesnard C, Brancart F, et al. Accuracy of amniotic fluid testing before 21 weeks' gestation in prenatal diagnosis of congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Prenat Diagn. 1994 Nov;14(11):1055-9. Abstract

35. Humar A, Michaels M; AST ID Working Group on Infectious Disease Monitoring. American Society of Transplantation recommendations for screening, monitoring and reporting of infectious complications in immunosuppression trials in recipients of organ transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2006 Feb;6(2):262-74.Full text  Abstract

36. Ljungman P, Boeckh M, Hirsch HH, et al; Disease Definitions Working Group of the Cytomegalovirus Drug Development Forum. Definitions of cytomegalovirus infection and disease in transplant patients for use in clinical trials. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Jan 1;64(1):87-91. Abstract

37. Chemaly RF, Chou S, Einsele H, et al. Definitions of resistant and refractory cytomegalovirus infection and disease in transplant recipients for use in clinical trials. Clin Infect Dis. 2019 Apr 8;68(8):1420-26.Full text  Abstract

38. Kotton CN, Kumar D, Caliendo AM, et al; The Transplantation Society International CMV Consensus Group. The third international consensus guidelines on the management of cytomegalovirus in solid-organ transplantation. Transplantation. 2018 Jun;102(6):900-31.Full text  Abstract

39. Asberg A, Humar A, Rollag H, et al. Oral valganciclovir is noninferior to intravenous ganciclovir for the treatment of cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2007 Sep;7(9):2106-13. Abstract

40. Muller M, Wandel S, Colebunders R, et al; IeDEA Southern and Central Africa. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in patients starting antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010 Apr;10(4):251-61. Abstract

41. Kuppermann BD, Quiceno JI, Flores-Aguilar M, et al. Intravitreal ganciclovir concentration after intravenous administration in AIDS patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis: implications for therapy. J Infect Dis. 1993 Dec;168(6):1506-9. Abstract

42. Avery RK, Alain S, Alexander BD, et al. Maribavir for refractory cytomegalovirus infections with or without resistance post-transplant: results from a phase 3 randomized clinical trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2022 Sep 10;75(4):690-701.Full text  Abstract

43. Rawlinson WD, Boppana SB, Fowler KB, et al. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy and the neonate: consensus recommendations for prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017 Jun;17(6):e177-88. Abstract

44. Kimberlin DW, Jester PM, Sánchez PJ, et al; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Collaborative Antiviral Study Group. Valganciclovir for symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus disease. N Engl J Med. 2015 Mar 5;372(10):933-43.Full text  Abstract

45. Kimberlin DW, Lin CY, Sanchez PJ, et al. Effect of ganciclovir therapy on hearing in symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus disease involving the central nervous system: a randomized, controlled trial. J Pediatr. 2003 Jul;143(1):16-25. Abstract

46. Oliver SE, Cloud GA, Sánchez PJ, et al; National Institute of Allergy, Infectious Diseases Collaborative Antiviral Study Group. Neurodevelopmental outcomes following ganciclovir therapy in symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infections involving the central nervous system. J Clin Virol. 2009 Dec;(46 suppl 4):S22-6. Abstract

47. Bonaros N, Mayer B, Schachner T, et al. CMV-hyperimmune globulin for preventing cytomegalovirus infection and disease in solid organ transplant recipients: a meta-analysis. Clin Transplant. 2008 Jan-Feb;22(1):89-97. Abstract

48. Marty FM, Winston DJ, Rowley SD, et al. CMX001 to prevent cytomegalovirus disease in hematopoietic-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2013 Sep 26;369(13):1227-36. Abstract

49. Marty FM, Winston DJ, Chemaly RF, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial of oral brincidofovir for cytomegalovirus prophylaxis in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2019 Feb;25(2):369-81.Full text  Abstract

50. Chemaly RF, Ullmann AJ, Stoelben S, et al; AIC246 Study Team. Letermovir for cytomegalovirus prophylaxis in hematopoietic-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2014 May 8;370(19):1781-9. Abstract

51. Marty FM, Ljungman P, Chemaly RF, et al. Letermovir prophylaxis for cytomegalovirus in hematopoietic-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2017 Dec 21;377(25):2433-44.Full text  Abstract

52. Stoelben S, Arns W, Renders L, et al. Preemptive treatment of cytomegalovirus infection in kidney transplant recipients with letermovir: results of a Phase 2a study. Transpl Int. 2014 Jan;27(1):77-86.Full text  Abstract

53. Limaye AP, Budde K, Humar A, et al. Letermovir vs valganciclovir for prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus in high-risk kidney transplant recipients: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2023 Jun 6;e239106.Full text  Abstract

54. Pass RF, Zhang C, Evans A, et al. Vaccine prevention of maternal cytomegalovirus infection. N Engl J Med. 2009 Mar 19;360(12):1191-9.Full text  Abstract

55. Griffiths PD, Stanton A, McCarrell E, et al. Cytomegalovirus glycoprotein-B vaccine with MF59 adjuvant in transplant recipients: a phase 2 randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011 Apr 9;377(9773):1256-63.Full text  Abstract

56. Kharfan-Dabaja MA, Boeckh M, Wilck MB, et al. A novel therapeutic cytomegalovirus DNA vaccine in allogeneic haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012 Apr;12(4):290-9. Abstract

57. Vincenti F, Budde K, Merville P, et al. A randomized, phase 2 study of ASP0113, a DNA-based vaccine, for the prevention of CMV in CMV-seronegative kidney transplant recipients receiving a kidney from a CMV-seropositive donor. Am J Transplant. 2018 Dec;18(12):2945-54.Full text  Abstract

58. Nakamura R, La Rosa C, Longmate J, et al. Viraemia, immunogenicity, and survival outcomes of cytomegalovirus chimeric epitope vaccine supplemented with PF03512676 (CMVPepVax) in allogeneic haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation: randomised phase 1b trial. Lancet Haematol. 2016 Feb;3(2):e87-98.Full text  Abstract

59. Scheinberg P, Melenhorst JJ, Brenchley JM, et al. The transfer of adaptive immunity to cytomegalovirus (CMV) during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is dependent on the specificity and phenotype of CMV-specific T cells in the donor. Blood. 2009 Dec 3;114(24):5071-80. Abstract

60. Snyder LD, Chan C, Kwon D, et al. Polyfunctional T-cell signatures to predict protection from cytomegalovirus after lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016 Jan 1;193(1):78-85. Abstract

61. Manuel O, Husain S, Kumar D, et al. Assessment of cytomegalovirus-specific cell-mediated immunity for the prediction of cytomegalovirus disease in high-risk solid-organ transplant recipients: a multicenter cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Mar;56(6):817-24.Full text  Abstract

62. Ljungman P, de la Camara R, Robin C, et al. Guidelines for the management of cytomegalovirus infection in patients with haematological malignancies and after stem cell transplantation from the 2017 European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia (ECIL 7). Lancet Infect Dis. 2019 Aug;19(8):e260-e272. Abstract

63. Ljungman P, de la Camara R, Cordonnier C, et al; European Conference on Infections in Leukemia. Management of CMV, HHV-6, HHV-7 and Kaposi-sarcoma herpesvirus (HHV-8) infections in patients with hematological malignancies and after SCT. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2008 Aug;42(4):227-40. Abstract

64. Khalil A, Heath P, Jones C, et al; Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: update on treatment: Scientific Impact Paper no. 56. BJOG. 2018 Jan;125(1):e1-11.Full text  Abstract

65. Chen S, Pawelec G, Trompet S, et al. Associations of cytomegalovirus infection with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in multiple observational cohort studies of older adults. J Infect Dis. 2021 Feb 3;223(2):238-46.Full text  Abstract

66. Manuel O, Kralidis G, Mueller NJ, et al; Swiss Transplant Cohort Study. Impact of antiviral preventive strategies on the incidence and outcomes of cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2013 Sep;13(9):2402-10.Full text  Abstract

67. Martin-Gandul C, Mueller NJ, Pascual M, et al. The impact of infection on chronic allograft dysfunction and allograft survival after solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2015 Dec;15(12):3024-40.Full text  Abstract

68. American Society of Transplantation, American Society of Transplant Surgeons. Cytomegalovirus. Am J Transplant. 2004;4(suppl 10):51-8.Full text

69. Preiksaitis JK, Brennan DC, Fishman J, et al. Canadian society of transplantation consensus workshop on cytomegalovirus management in solid organ transplantation final report. Am J Transplant. 2005 Feb;5(2):218-27.Full text  Abstract

70. Humar A, Lebranchu Y, Vincenti F, et al. The efficacy and safety of 200 days valganciclovir cytomegalovirus prophylaxis in high-risk kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2010 May;10(5):1228-37. Abstract

71. Hodson EM, Jones CA, Webster AC, et al. Antiviral medications to prevent cytomegalovirus disease and early death in recipients of solid organ transplants: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Lancet. 2005 Jun 18-24;365(9477):2105-15. Abstract

72. Kalil AC, Levitsky J, Lyden E, et al. Meta-analysis: the efficacy of strategies to prevent organ disease by cytomegalovirus in solid organ transplant recipients. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Dec 20;143(12):870-80. Abstract

73. Small LN, Lau J, Snydman DR. Preventing post-organ transplant cytomegalovirus disease with ganciclovir: a meta-analysis comparing prophylactic and preemptive therapies. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Oct 1;43(7):869-80. Abstract

74. Paya C, Humar A, Dominguez E, et al. Efficacy and safety of valganciclovir vs. oral ganciclovir for prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2004 Apr;4(4):611-20. Abstract

75. Hodson EM, Ladhani M, Webster AC, et al. Antiviral medications for preventing cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(2):CD003774.Full text  Abstract

76. Spector SA, McKinley GF, Lalezari JP, et al. Oral ganciclovir for the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in persons with AIDS. N Engl J Med. 1996 Jun 6;334(23):1491-7.Full text  Abstract

77. Brosgart CL, Louis TA, Hillman DW, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the safety and efficacy of oral ganciclovir for prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus disease in HIV-infected individuals. Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS. AIDS. 1998 Feb 12;12(3):269-77. Abstract

78. Shahar-Nissan K, Pardo J, Peled O, et al. Valaciclovir to prevent vertical transmission of cytomegalovirus after maternal primary infection during pregnancy: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2020 Sep 12;396(10253):779-85. Abstract

79. Revello MG, Lazzarotto T, Guerra B, et al; CHIP Study Group. A randomized trial of hyperimmune globulin to prevent congenital cytomegalovirus. N Engl J Med. 2014 Apr 3;370(14):1316-26.Full text  Abstract

80. Hughes BL, Clifton RG, Rouse DJ, et al; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal–Fetal Medicine Units Network. A trial of hyperimmune globulin to prevent congenital cytomegalovirus infection. N Engl J Med. 2021 Jul 29;385(5):436-44. Abstract

81. Strippoli GF, Hodson EM, Jones C, et al. Preemptive treatment of cytomegalovirus viremia to prevent cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2006 Jan 27;81(2):139-45. Abstract

82. Owers DS, Webster AC, Strippoli GF, et al. Pre-emptive treatment for cytomegalovirus viraemia to prevent cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(2):CD005133.Full text  Abstract

83. Singh N, Winston DJ, Razonable RR, et al. Effect of preemptive therapy vs antiviral prophylaxis on cytomegalovirus disease in seronegative liver transplant recipients with seropositive donors: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2020 Apr 14;323(14):1378-87.Full text  Abstract

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