Primary adrenal insufficiency

Bornstein SR, Allolio B, Arlt W, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of primary adrenal insufficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Feb;101(2):364-89.Full text  Abstract

Husebye ES, Pearce SH, Krone NP, et al. Adrenal insufficiency. Lancet. 2021 Feb 13;397(10274):613-29. Abstract

Betterle C, Presotto F, Furmaniak J. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of Addison's disease in adults. J Endocrinol Invest. 2019 Dec;42(12):1407-33. Abstract

Arlt W; Society for Endocrinology Clinical Committee. Society For Endocrinology endocrine emergency guidance: emergency management of acute adrenal insufficiency (adrenal crisis) in adult patients. Endocr Connect. 2016 Sep;5(5):G1-3.Full text  Abstract

1. Addison T. On the constitutional and local effects of disease of the supra-renal capsules. Br Foreign Med Chir Rev. 1856 Oct;18(36):404-13.Full text  Abstract

2. Bornstein SR, Allolio B, Arlt W, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of primary adrenal insufficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Feb;101(2):364-89.Full text  Abstract

3. Husebye ES, Pearce SH, Krone NP, et al. Adrenal insufficiency. Lancet. 2021 Feb 13;397(10274):613-29. Abstract

4. Hahner S, Ross RJ, Arlt W, et al. Adrenal insufficiency. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021 Mar 11;7(1):19. Abstract

5. Crowley RK, Argese N, Tomlinson JW, et al. Central hypoadrenalism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Nov;99(11):4027-36.Full text  Abstract

6. Barroso-Sousa R, Barry WT, Garrido-Castro AC, et al. Incidence of endocrine dysfunction following the use of different immune checkpoint inhibitor regimens: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol. 2018 Feb 1;4(2):173-82.Full text  Abstract

7. Takahashi Y. Mechanisms in endocrinology: autoimmune hypopituitarism: novel mechanistic insights. Eur J Endocrinol. 2020 Apr;182(4):R59-R66.Full text  Abstract

8. Barthel A, Benker G, Berens K, et al. An update on Addison's disease. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2019 Feb;127(2-03):165-75.Full text  Abstract

9. Betterle C, Presotto F, Furmaniak J. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of Addison's disease in adults. J Endocrinol Invest. 2019 Dec;42(12):1407-33. Abstract

10. Regan EA, Vaidya A, Margulies PL, et al. Primary adrenal insufficiency in the United States: diagnostic error and patient satisfaction with treatment. Diagnosis (Berl). 2019 Nov 26;6(4):343-50. Abstract

11. Jacobson DL, Gange SJ, Rose NR, et al. Epidemiology and estimated population burden of selected autoimmune diseases in the United States. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1997 Sep;84(3):223-43. Abstract

12. Wolff AB, Breivik L, Hufthammer KO, et al. The natural history of 21-hydroxylase autoantibodies in autoimmune Addison's disease. Eur J Endocrinol. 2021 Apr;184(4):607-15.Full text  Abstract

13. Dalin F, Nordling Eriksson G, Dahlqvist P, et al. Clinical and immunological characteristics of autoimmune Addison disease: a nationwide Swedish multicenter study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017 Feb 1;102(2):379-89.Full text  Abstract

14. Mofokeng TRP, Ndlovu KCZ, Beshyah SA, et al. Tiered healthcare in South Africa exposes deficiencies in management and more patients with infectious etiology of primary adrenal insufficiency. PLoS One. 2020 Nov 5;15(11):e0241845.Full text  Abstract

15. van Haren Noman S, Visser H, Muller AF, et al. Addison's disease caused by tuberculosis: diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties. Eur J Case Rep Intern Med. 2018 Aug 28;5(8):000911.Full text  Abstract

16. Lam KY, Lo CY. A critical examination of adrenal tuberculosis and a 28-year autopsy experience of active tuberculosis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2001 May;54(5):633-9. Abstract

17. Rosenberger LH, Smith PW, Sawyer RG, et al. Bilateral adrenal hemorrhage: the unrecognized cause of hemodynamic collapse associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Crit Care Med. 2011 Apr;39(4):833-8. Abstract

18. Ten S, New M, Maclaren N. Clinical review 130: Addison's disease 2001. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Jul;86(7):2909-22. Abstract

19. Chan CM, Mitchell AL, Shorr AF. Etomidate is associated with mortality and adrenal insufficiency in sepsis: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2012 Nov;40(11):2945-53. Abstract

20. de Filette J, Andreescu CE, Cools F, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of endocrine-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Horm Metab Res. 2019 Mar;51(3):145-56.Full text  Abstract

21. Shekhda KM, Chua KLA, Rathore A, et al. Bilateral adrenal haemorrhages presenting as adrenal insufficiency. Chonnam Med J. 2021 May;57(2):152-3.Full text  Abstract

22. Badawy M, Gaballah AH, Ganeshan D, et al. Adrenal hemorrhage and hemorrhagic masses; diagnostic workup and imaging findings. Br J Radiol. 2021 Nov 1;94(1127):20210753. Abstract

23. Naletto L, Frigo AC, Ceccato F, et al. The natural history of autoimmune Addison's disease from the detection of autoantibodies to development of the disease: a long-term follow-up study on 143 patients. Eur J Endocrinol. 2019 Mar;180(3):223-34.Full text  Abstract

24. Elfstrom P, Montgomery SM, Kampe O, et al. Risk of primary adrenal insufficiency in patients with celiac disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Sep;92(9):3595-8.Full text  Abstract

25. Porter N, Beynon HL, Randeva HS. Endocrine and reproductive manifestations of sarcoidosis. QJM. 2003 Aug;96(8):553-61. Abstract

26. Arlt W; Society for Endocrinology Clinical Committee. Society For Endocrinology endocrine emergency guidance: emergency management of acute adrenal insufficiency (adrenal crisis) in adult patients. Endocr Connect. 2016 Sep;5(5):G1-3.Full text  Abstract

27. Karaca Z, Grossman A, Kelestimur F. Investigation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis: a contemporary synthesis. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2021 Jun;22(2):179-204. Abstract

28. Kazlauskaite R, Evans AT, Villabona CV, et al. Corticotropin tests for hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal insufficiency: a metaanalysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Nov;93(11):4245-53.Full text  Abstract

29. Javorsky BR, Raff H, Carroll TB, et al. New cutoffs for the biochemical diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency after ACTH stimulation using specific cortisol assays. J Endocr Soc. 2021 Apr 1;5(4):bvab022.Full text  Abstract

30. Cho HY, Kim JH, Kim SW, et al. Different cut-off values of the insulin tolerance test, the high-dose short Synacthen test (250 μg) and the low-dose short Synacthen test (1 μg) in assessing central adrenal insufficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2014 Jul;81(1):77-84. Abstract

31. Gonzalez-Gonzalez JG, De la Garza-Hernandez NE, Mancillas-Adame LG, et al. A high-sensitivity test in the assessment of adrenocortical insufficiency: 10 microg vs 250 microg cosyntropin dose assessment of adrenocortical insufficiency. J Endocrinol. 1998 Nov;159(2):275-80.Full text  Abstract

32. Ospina NS, Al Nofal A, Bancos I, et al. ACTH stimulation tests for the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Feb;101(2):427-34.Full text  Abstract

33. Nasrallah MP, Arafah BM. The value of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate measurements in the assessment of adrenal function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Nov;88(11):5293-8.Full text  Abstract

34. Sayyed Kassem L, El Sibai K, Chaiban J, et al. Measurements of serum DHEA and DHEA sulphate levels improve the accuracy of the low-dose cosyntropin test in the diagnosis of central adrenal insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Oct;97(10):3655-62.Full text  Abstract

35. Betterle C, Dal Pra C, Mantero F, et al. Autoimmune adrenal insufficiency and autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes: autoantibodies, autoantigens, and their applicability in diagnosis and disease prediction. Endocr Rev. 2002 Jun;23(3):327-64.Full text  Abstract

36. Erturk E, Jaffe CA, Barkan AL. Evaluation of the integrity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by insulin hypoglycemia test. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Jul;83(7):2350-4.Full text  Abstract

37. Fiad TM, Kirby JM, Cunningham SK, et al. The overnight single-dose metyrapone test is a simple and reliable index of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1994 May;40(5):603-9. Abstract

38. Rushworth RL, Torpy DJ, Falhammar H. Adrenal crisis. N Engl J Med. 2019 Aug 29;381(9):852-61. Abstract

39. Alshahrani MA, Bin Saeedan M, Alkhunaizan T, et al. Bilateral adrenal abnormalities: imaging review of different entities. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2019 Jan;44(1):154-79. Abstract

40. Arambewela M, Ross R, Pirzada O, et al. Tuberculosis as a differential for bilateral adrenal masses in the UK. BMJ Case Rep. 2019 May 28;12(5):e228532. Abstract

41. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Adrenal insufficiency & Addison’s disease. 2018 [internet publication].Full text

42. Dineen R, Thompson CJ, Sherlock M. Adrenal crisis: prevention and management in adult patients. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2019 Jun 13;10:2042018819848218.Full text  Abstract

43. Nowotny H, Ahmed SF, Bensing S, et al. Therapy options for adrenal insufficiency and recommendations for the management of adrenal crisis. Endocrine. 2021 Mar;71(3):586-94.Full text  Abstract

44. Flad TM, Conway JD, Cunningham SK, et al. The role of plasma renin activity in evaluating the adequacy of mineralocorticoid replacement in primary adrenal insufficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1996 Nov;45(5):529-34. Abstract

45. Prete A, Taylor AE, Bancos I, et al. Prevention of adrenal crisis: cortisol responses to major stress compared to stress dose hydrocortisone delivery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Jul 1;105(7):2262-74.Full text  Abstract

46. Woodcock T, Barker P, Daniel S, et al. Guidelines for the management of glucocorticoids during the peri-operative period for patients with adrenal insufficiency: guidelines from the Association of Anaesthetists, the Royal College of Physicians and the Society for Endocrinology UK. Anaesthesia. 2020 May;75(5):654-63.Full text  Abstract

47. Liu MM, Reidy AB, Saatee S, et al. Perioperative steroid management: approaches based on current evidence. Anesthesiology. 2017 Jul;127(1):166-72.Full text  Abstract

48. Yong SL, Coulthard P, Wrzosek A. Supplemental perioperative steroids for surgical patients with adrenal insufficiency. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Dec 12;12:CD005367.Full text  Abstract

49. Arafah BM. Perioperative glucocorticoid therapy for patients with adrenal insufficiency: dosing based on pharmacokinetic data. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Mar 1;105(3):dgaa042. Abstract

50. Bothou C, Anand G, Li D, et al. Current management and outcome of pregnancies in women with adrenal insufficiency: experience from a multicenter survey. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Aug 1;105(8):dgaa266. Abstract

51. Alkatib AA, Cosma M, Elamin MB, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials of DHEA treatment effects on quality of life in women with adrenal insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Oct;94(10):3676-81.Full text  Abstract

52. Arlt W, Callies F, van Vlijmen JC, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone replacement in women with adrenal insufficiency. N Engl J Med. 1999 Sep 30;341(14):1013-20. Abstract

53. Gebre-Medhin G, Husebye ES, Mallmin H, et al. Oral dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) replacement therapy in women with Addison's disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2000 Jun;52(6):775-80. Abstract

54. Løvås K, Gebre-Medhin G, Trovik TS, et al. Replacement of dehydroepiandrosterone in adrenal failure: no benefit for subjective health status and sexuality in a 9-month, randomized, parallel group clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Mar;88(3):1112-8.Full text  Abstract

55. Isidori AM, Venneri MA, Graziadio C, et al. Effect of once-daily, modified-release hydrocortisone versus standard glucocorticoid therapy on metabolism and innate immunity in patients with adrenal insufficiency (DREAM): a single-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018 Mar;6(3):173-85. Abstract

56. Giordano R, Guaraldi F, Marinazzo E, et al. Improvement of anthropometric and metabolic parameters, and quality of life following treatment with dual-release hydrocortisone in patients with Addison's disease. Endocrine. 2016 Feb;51(2):360-8. Abstract

57. Oksnes M, Björnsdottir S, Isaksson M, et al. Continuous subcutaneous hydrocortisone infusion versus oral hydrocortisone replacement for treatment of addison's disease: a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 May;99(5):1665-74.Full text  Abstract

58. Pearce SHS, Gan EH, Napier C. Management of endocrine disease: residual adrenal function in Addison's disease. Eur J Endocrinol. 2021 Feb;184(2):R61-7.Full text  Abstract

59. Napier C, Gan EH, Mitchell AL, et al. Residual adrenal function in autoimmune addison's disease-effect of dual therapy with rituximab and depot tetracosactide. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Apr 1;105(4):dgz287.Full text  Abstract

60. Repping-Wuts HJ, Stikkelbroeck NM, Noordzij A, et al. A glucocorticoid education group meeting: an effective strategy for improving self-management to prevent adrenal crisis. Eur J Endocrinol. 2013 Jul;169(1):17-22.Full text  Abstract

61. Burger-Stritt S, Eff A, Quinkler M, et al. Standardised patient education in adrenal insufficiency: a prospective multi-centre evaluation. Eur J Endocrinol. 2020 Aug;183(2):119-27.Full text  Abstract

62. Keil MF, Van Ryzin C. The key to adrenal insufficiency education: repetition, repetition, repetition. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2017 Jun;14(suppl 2):448-53. Abstract