Assessment of solitary pulmonary nodule

References

Key articles

American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria​: incidentally detected indeterminate pulmonary nodule. 2023 [internet publication].Full text

Callister ME, Baldwin DR, Akram AR, et al. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the investigation and management of pulmonary nodules. Thorax. 2015 Aug;70 Suppl 2:ii1-54.Full text  Abstract

MacMahon H, Naidich DP, Goo JM, et al. Guidelines for management of incidental pulmonary nodules detected on CT images: from the Fleischner Society 2017. Radiology. 2017 Jul;284(1):228-43.Full text  Abstract

Gould MK, Donington J, Lynch WR, et al. Evaluation of individuals with pulmonary nodules: when is it lung cancer? Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2013 May;143(5 Suppl):e93S-120.Full text  Abstract

Ruparel M, Quaife SL, Navani N, et al. Pulmonary nodules and CT screening: the past, present and future. Thorax. 2016 Apr;71(4):367-75.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

1. Aoki T, Nakata H, Watanabe H, et al. Evolution of peripheral lung adenocarcinomas: CT findings correlated with histology and tumor doubling time. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000 Mar;174(3):763-8.Full text  Abstract

2. González Maldonado S, Delorme S, Hüsing A, et al. Evaluation of prediction models for identifying malignancy in pulmonary nodules detected via low-dose computed tomography. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Feb 5;3(2):e1921221.Full text  Abstract

3. McWilliams A, Tammemagi MC, Mayo JR, et al. Probability of cancer in pulmonary nodules detected on first screening CT. N Engl J Med. 2013 Sep 5;369(10):910-9.Full text  Abstract

4. Madariaga ML, Lennes IT, Best T, et al. Multidisciplinary selection of pulmonary nodules for surgical resection: diagnostic results and long-term outcomes. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2020 Apr;159(4):1558-66.e3.Full text  Abstract

5. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria​: incidentally detected indeterminate pulmonary nodule. 2023 [internet publication].Full text

6. Rubins JB, Rubins HB. Temporal trends in the prevalence of malignancy in resected solitary pulmonary lesions. Chest. 1996 Jan;109(1):100-3. Abstract

7. Grogan EL, Weinstein JJ, Deppen SA, et al. Thoracic operations for pulmonary nodules are frequently not futile in patients with benign disease. J Thorac Oncol. 2011 Oct;6(10):1720-5.Full text  Abstract

8. Churg AM, Myers JL, Tazelaar HD, et al, eds. Thurlbeck's pathology of the lung. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Thieme; 2005.

9. Detterbeck FC, Gibson CJ. Turning gray: the natural history of lung cancer over time. J Thorac Oncol. 2008 Jul;3(7):781-92. Abstract

10. Klein JS, Braff S. Imaging evaluation of the solitary pulmonary nodule. Clin Chest Med. 2008 Mar;29(1):15-38, v. Abstract

11. Aberle DR, Adams AM, Berg CD, et al; National Lung Screening Trial Research Team. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. N Engl J Med. 2011 Aug 4;365(5):395-409.Full text  Abstract

12. Stern RG. The incidental solitary pulmonary nodule: algorithms, options, and patient choice. Am J Med. 2012 Mar;125(3):221-2.Full text

13. Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Diagnostic tests 4: likelihood ratios. BMJ. 2004 Jul 17;329(7458):168-9. Abstract

14. Gurney JW. Determining the likelihood of malignancy in solitary pulmonary nodules with Bayesian analysis. Part I. Theory. Radiology. 1993 Feb;186(2):405-13. Abstract

15. Cummings SR, Lillington GA, Richard RJ. Estimating the probability of malignancy in solitary pulmonary nodules: a Bayesian approach. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986 Sep;134(3):449-52. Abstract

16. Swensen SJ, Silverstein MD, Ilstrup DM, et al. The probability of malignancy in solitary pulmonary nodules: application to small radiologically indeterminate nodules. Arch Intern Med. 1997 Apr 28;157(8):849-55. Abstract

17. Iribarren C, Tekawa IS, Sidney S, et al. Effect of cigar smoking on the risk of cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cancer in men. N Engl J Med. 1999 Jun 10;340(23):1773-80.Full text  Abstract

18. Mannino DM, Aguayo SM, Petty TL, et al. Low lung function and incident lung cancer in the United States: data from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey follow-up. Arch Intern Med. 2003 Jun 23;163(12):1475-80.Full text  Abstract

19. Pope CA 3rd, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, et al. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA. 2002 Mar 6;287(9):1132-41.Full text  Abstract

20. Callister ME, Baldwin DR, Akram AR, et al. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the investigation and management of pulmonary nodules. Thorax. 2015 Aug;70 Suppl 2:ii1-54.Full text  Abstract

21. Lam S, Bryant H, Donahoe L, et al. Management of screen-detected lung nodules: a Canadian partnership against cancer guidance document. Can J Respir Crit Care Sleep Med. 2020 Oct;4(4):236-65.Full text

22. Yankelevitz DF, Henschke CI. Does 2-year stability imply that pulmonary nodules are benign? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997 Feb;168(2):325-8.Full text  Abstract

23. Xu DM, Gietema H, de Koning H, et al. Nodule management protocol of the NELSON randomised lung cancer screening trial. Lung Cancer. 2006 Nov;54(2):177-84. Abstract

24. Horeweg N, van Rosmalen J, Heuvelmans MA, et al. Lung cancer probability in patients with CT-detected pulmonary nodules: a prespecified analysis of data from the NELSON trial of low-dose CT screening. Lancet Oncol. 2014 Nov;15(12):1332-41. Abstract

25. Steele JD. The solitary pulmonary nodule: report of a cooperative study of resected asymptomatic solitary pulmonary nodules in males. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1963 Jul;46:21-39. Abstract

26. MacMahon H, Naidich DP, Goo JM, et al. Guidelines for management of incidental pulmonary nodules detected on CT images: from the Fleischner Society 2017. Radiology. 2017 Jul;284(1):228-43.Full text  Abstract

27. Bueno J, Landeras L, Chung JH. Updated Fleischner Society guidelines for managing incidental pulmonary nodules: common questions and challenging scenarios. Radiographics. 2018 Sep-Oct;38(5):1337-50. Abstract

28. Gould MK, Donington J, Lynch WR, et al. Evaluation of individuals with pulmonary nodules: when is it lung cancer? Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2013 May;143(5 Suppl):e93S-120.Full text  Abstract

29. Al-Ameri A, Malhotra P, Thygesen H, et al. Risk of malignancy in pulmonary nodules: a validation study of four prediction models. Lung Cancer. 2015 Jul;89(1):27-30. Abstract

30. Herder GJ, van Tinteren H, Golding RP, et al. Clinical prediction model to characterize pulmonary nodules: validation and added value of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Chest. 2005 Oct;128(4):2490-6. Abstract

31. Ruparel M, Quaife SL, Navani N, et al. Pulmonary nodules and CT screening: the past, present and future. Thorax. 2016 Apr;71(4):367-75.Full text  Abstract

32. Gould MK, Maclean CC, Kuschner WG, et al. Accuracy of positron emission tomography for diagnosis of pulmonary nodules and mass lesions: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2001 Feb 21;285(7):914-24. Abstract

33. Lowe VJ, Naunheim KS. Current role of positron emission tomography in thoracic oncology. Thorax. 1998 Aug;53(8):703-12.Full text  Abstract

34. Pieterman RM, van Putten JW, Meuzelaar JJ, et al. Preoperative staging of non-small cell lung cancer with positron-emission tomography. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jul 27;343(4):254-61.Full text  Abstract

35. Oudkerk M, Devaraj A, Vliegenthart R, et al. European position statement on lung cancer screening. Lancet Oncol. 2017 Dec;18(12):e754-66. Abstract

36. NHS England. Targeted screening for lung cancer with low radiation dose computed tomography. Nov 2022 [internet publication].Full text

37. Swensen SJ, Jett JR, Payne WS, et al. An integrated approach to evaluation of the solitary pulmonary nodule. Mayo Clin Proc. 1990 Feb;65(2):173-86. Abstract

38. Schreiber G, McCrory DC. Performance characteristics of different modalities for diagnosis of suspected lung cancer: summary of published evidence. Chest. 2003 Jan;123(suppl 1):115S-128S. Abstract

39. Hergott CA, Tremblay A. Role of bronchoscopy in the evaluation of solitary pulmonary nodules. Clin Chest Med. 2010 Mar;31(1):49-63. Abstract

40. Wang Memoli JS, Nietert PJ, Silvestri GA. Meta-analysis of guided bronchoscopy for the evaluation of the pulmonary nodule. Chest. 2012 Aug;142(2):385-93.Full text  Abstract

41. Herth FJ, Ernst A, Becker HD. Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial lung biopsy in solitary pulmonary nodules and peripheral lesions. Eur Respir J. 2002 Oct;20(4):972-4.Full text  Abstract

42. Baaklini WA, Reinoso MA, Gorin AB, et al. Diagnostic yield of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in evaluating solitary pulmonary nodules. Chest. 2000 Apr;117(4):1049-54. Abstract

43. Ost D, Fein A. Evaluation and management of the solitary pulmonary nodule. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Sep;162(3 Pt 1):782-7.Full text  Abstract

44. Lim E, Batchelor TJP, Dunning J, et al. Video-assisted thoracoscopic or open lobectomy in early-stage lung cancer. NEJM Evid. 2022 Jan 18;1(3).Full text

45. Tan BB, Flaherty KR, Kazerooni EA, et al. The solitary pulmonary nodule. Chest. 2003 Jan;123(1 Suppl):89S-96S. Abstract

46. Landreneau RJ, Hazelrigg SR, Ferson PF, et al. Thoracoscopic resection of 85 pulmonary lesions. Ann Thorac Surg. 1992 Sep;54(3):415-9. Abstract

47. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Metastatic malignant disease of unknown primary origin in adults: diagnosis and management. Apr 2023 [internet publication].Full text

48. Krämer A, Bochtler T, Pauli C, et al. Cancer of unknown primary: ESMO clinical practice guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2023 Mar;34(3):228-46.Full text  Abstract

49. Stevens DA, Moss RB, Kurup VP, et al. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in cystic fibrosis-state of the art: Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Consensus Conference. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Oct 1;37 Suppl 3:S225-64.Full text  Abstract

Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer