Viral meningitis

References

Key articles

McGill F, Heyderman RS, Michael BD, et al. The UK joint specialist societies guideline on the diagnosis and management of acute meningitis and meningococcal sepsis in immunocompetent adults. J Infect. 2016 Apr;72(4):405-38.Full text  Abstract

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Viral meningitis. May 2021 [internet publication].Full text

Miller JM, Binnicker MJ, Campbell S, et al. A guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases: 2018 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Society for Microbiology. Clin Infect Dis. 2018 Aug 31;67(6):e1-e94.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

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3. McGill F, Heyderman RS, Michael BD, et al. The UK joint specialist societies guideline on the diagnosis and management of acute meningitis and meningococcal sepsis in immunocompetent adults. J Infect. 2016 Apr;72(4):405-38.Full text  Abstract

4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Viral meningitis. May 2021 [internet publication].Full text

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26. Sukhai RN, Munneke R. Enteroviral meningitis with a petechial rash in three children. Eur J Pediatr. 2002 Apr;161(4):226-7. Abstract

27. O'Sullivan CE, Aksamit AJ, Harrington JR, et al. Clinical spectrum and laboratory characteristics associated with detection of herpes simplex virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid. Mayo Clin Proc. 2003 Nov;78(11):1347-52. Abstract

28. Hasbun R, Abrahams J, Jekel J, et al. Computed tomography of the head before lumbar puncture in adults with suspected meningitis. N Engl J Med. 2001 Dec 13;345(24):1727-33.Full text  Abstract

29. Miller JM, Binnicker MJ, Campbell S, et al. A guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases: 2018 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Society for Microbiology. Clin Infect Dis. 2018 Aug 31;67(6):e1-e94.Full text  Abstract

30. Vuorinen T, Vainionpaa R, Hyypia T. Five years' experience of reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in daily diagnosis of enterovirus and rhinovirus infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Aug 1;37(3):452-5.Full text  Abstract

31. Boivin G. Diagnosis of herpes virus infections of the central nervous system. Herpes. 2004 Jun;11(Suppl 2):A48-A56. Abstract

32. Sakushima K, Hayashino Y, Kawaguchi T, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of cerebrospinal fluid lactate for differentiating bacterial meningitis from aseptic meningitis: a meta-analysis. J Infect. 2011 Apr;62(4):255-62. Abstract

33. Huy NT, Thao NT, Diep DT, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentration to distinguish bacterial from aseptic meningitis: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2010 Dec 31;14(6):R240.Full text  Abstract

34. Levy M, Wong E, Fried D. Diseases that mimic meningitis: analysis of 650 lumbar punctures. Clin Pediatr. 1990 May;29(5):254-5, 258-61. Abstract

35. Perez Mendez C, Ona Navarro M, Ballesteros Garcia S, et al. Enteroviral meningitis. Clinical and laboratory findings in a series of 60 children [in Spanish]. An Esp Pediatr. 2001 Jul;55(1):11-4. Abstract

36. Attia J, Hatala R, Cook DJ, et al. Does this adult patient have acute meningitis? JAMA. 1999 Jul 14;282(2):175-81. Abstract

37. Uchihara T, Tsukagoshi H. Jolt accentuation of headache: the most sensitive sign of CSF pleocytosis. Headache. 1991 Mar;31(3):167-71. Abstract

38. Puxty JAH, Fox RA, Horan MA. The frequency of physical signs usually attributed to meningeal irritation in elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1983 Oct;31(10):590-2. Abstract

39. Bernit BE, de Lamballerie X, Zandotti C, et al. Prospective investigation of a large outbreak of meningitis due to Echovirus 30 during summer 2000 in Marseilles, France. Medicine (Baltimore). 2004 Jul;83(4):245-53. Abstract

40. Negrini B, Kelleher KJ, Wald ER. Cerebrospinal fluid findings in aseptic versus bacterial meningitis. Pediatrics. 2000 Feb;105(2):316-9. Abstract

41. Spanos A, Harrell FE Jr, Durack DT. Differential diagnosis of acute meningitis. An analysis of the predictive value of initial observations. JAMA. 1989 Nov 17;262(19):2700-7. Abstract

42. Sawyer MH, Holland D, Aintablian N, et al. Diagnosis of enteroviral central nervous system infection by polymerase chain reaction during a large community outbreak. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994 Mar;13(3):177-82. Abstract

43. Yerly S, Gervaix A, Simonet V, et al. Rapid and sensitive detection of enteroviruses in specimens from patients with aseptic meningitis. J Clin Microbiol. 1996 Jan;34(1):199-201.Full text  Abstract

44. Gerdes LU, Jorgensen PE, Nexo E, et al. C-reactive protein and bacterial meningitis: a meta-analysis. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1998 Aug;58(5):383-93. Abstract

45. Jereb M, Muzlovic I, Hojker S, et al. Predictive value of serum and cerebrospinal fluid procalcitonin levels for the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. Infection. 2001 Aug;29(4):209-12. Abstract

46. Atallah CJ, Panossian VS, Atallah NJ, et al. Extra-pulmonary applications of procalcitonin: an updated literature review. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2022 May;22(5):537-44. Abstract

47. Henry BM, Roy J, Ramakrishnan PK, et al. Procalcitonin as a serum biomarker for differentiation of bacterial meningitis from viral meningitis in children: evidence from a meta-analysis. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2016 Jul;55(8):749-64. Abstract

48. Vikse J, Henry BM, Roy J, et al. The role of serum procalcitonin in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2015 Sep;38:68-76.Full text  Abstract

49. Bihan K, Weiss N, Théophile H, et al. Drug-induced aseptic meningitis: 329 cases from the French pharmacovigilance database analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2019 Nov;85(11):2540-46.Full text  Abstract

50. Nannini S, Koshenkova L, Baloglu S, et al. Immune-related aseptic meningitis and strategies to manage immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: a systematic review. J Neurooncol. 2022 May;157(3):533-50.Full text  Abstract

51. Wang N, Bertalan MS, Brastianos PK. Leptomeningeal metastasis from systemic cancer: Review and update on management. Cancer. 2018 Jan 1;124(1):21-35.Full text  Abstract

52. Le Rhun E, Taillibert S, Chamberlain MC. Carcinomatous meningitis: Leptomeningeal metastases in solid tumors. Surg Neurol Int. 2013;4(suppl 4):S265-88.Full text  Abstract

53. de Gans J, van der Beek D; European Dexamethasone in Adulthood Bacterial Meningitis Study Investigators. Dexamethasone in adults with bacterial meningitis. N Engl J Med. 2002 Nov 14;347(20):1549-56.Full text  Abstract

54. van de Beek D, de Gans J, McIntyre P, et al. Steroids in adults with acute bacterial meningitis: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2004 Mar;4(3):139-43. Abstract

55. Brouwer MC, McIntyre P, Prasad K, et al. Corticosteroids for acute bacterial meningitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Sep 12;(9):CD004405.Full text  Abstract

56. Chaudhuri A, Martinez-Martin P, Kennedy PG, et al; EFNS Task Force. EFNS guideline on the management of community-acquired bacterial meningitis: report of an EFNS Task Force on acute bacterial meningitis in older children and adults. Eur J Neurol. 2008 Jul;15(7):649-59. Abstract

57. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Meningitis (bacterial) and meningococcal septicaemia in under 16s: recognition, diagnosis and management. February 2015 [internet publication].Full text

58. Bergstrom T, Alestig K. Treatment of primary and recurrent herpes simplex virus type 2 induced meningitis with acyclovir. Scand J Infect Dis. 1990;22(2):239-40. Abstract

59. Aurelius E, Franzen-Röhl E, Glimåker M, et al. Long-term valacyclovir suppressive treatment after herpes simplex virus type 2 meningitis: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 May;54(9):1304-13. Abstract

60. McGill F, Heyderman RS, Michael BD, et al. The UK joint specialist societies guideline on the diagnosis and management of acute meningitis and meningococcal sepsis in immunocompetent adults. J Infect. 2016 Apr;72(4):405-38.Full text  Abstract

61. Wilfert CM, Thompson RJ Jr, Sunder TR, et al. Longitudinal assessment of children with enteroviral meningitis during the first 3 months of life. Pediatrics. 1981 Jun;67(6):811-5. Abstract

62. Bedford H, de Louvais J, Halket S, et al. Meningitis in infancy in England and Wales: follow up at age 5 years. BMJ. 2001 Sep 8;323(7312):533-6.Full text  Abstract

63. Hudson JA, Broad J, Martin NG, et al. Outcomes beyond hospital discharge in infants and children with viral meningitis: A systematic review. Rev Med Virol. 2020 Mar;30(2):e2083. Abstract

64. Chang LY, Huang LM, Gau SS, et al. Neurodevelopment and cognition in children after enterovirus 71 infection. N Engl J Med. 2007 Mar 22;356(12):1226-34.Full text  Abstract

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