References
Key articles
Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, et al. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021 Jul 23;70(4):1-187.Full text Abstract
Horner PJ, Blee K, Falk L, et al; International Union against Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2016 European guideline on the management of non-gonococcal urethritis. Int J STD AIDS. 2016 Oct;27(11):928-37.Full text Abstract
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for the laboratory-based detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae - 2014. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2014 Mar 14;63(RR-02):1-19.Full text Abstract
Reference articles
1. Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, et al. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021 Jul 23;70(4):1-187.Full text Abstract
2. Babu TM, Urban MA, Augenbraun MH. Urethritis. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier, Inc; 2020:107;1452-61;e2.
3. Mayor MT, Roett MA, Uduhiri KA. Diagnosis and management of gonococcal infections. Am Fam Physician. 2012 Nov 15;86(10):931-8.Full text Abstract
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2019. 2021 [internet publication].Full text
5. World Health Organization. WHO guidelines for the treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. 2016 [internet publication].Full text
6. World Health Organization. WHO guidelines for the treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis. 2016 [internet publication].Full text
7. Totten PA, Schwartz MA, Sjostrom KE, et al. Association of Mycoplasma genitalium with nongonococcal urethritis in heterosexual men. J Infect Dis. 2001 Jan 15;183(2):269-76.Full text Abstract
8. Bradshaw CS, Tabrizi SN, Read TR, et al. Etiologies of nongonococcal urethritis: bacteria, viruses, and the association with orogenital exposure. J Infect Dis. 2006 Feb 1;193(3):336-45.Full text Abstract
9. Bachmann LH, Manhart LE, Martin DH, et al. Advances in the understanding and treatment of male urethritis. Clin Infect Dis. 2015 Dec 15;61(suppl 8):S763-9.Full text Abstract
10. Ito S, Hanaoka N, Shimuta K, et al. Male non-gonococcal urethritis: from microbiological etiologies to demographic and clinical features. Int J Urol. 2016 Apr;23(4):325-31.Full text Abstract
11. Sarier M, Kukul E. Classification of non-gonococcal urethritis: a review. Int Urol Nephrol. 2019 Jun;51(6):901-7. Abstract
12. Jordan SJ, Toh E, Williams JA, et al. Aetiology and prevalence of mixed-infections and mono-infections in non-gonococcal urethritis in men: a case-control study. Sex Transm Infect. 2020 Jun;96(4):306-11.Full text Abstract
13. Feneley RC, Hopley IB, Wells PN. Urinary catheters: history, current status, adverse events and research agenda. J Med Eng Technol. 2015;39(8):459-70.Full text Abstract
14. Quillin SJ, Seifert HS. Neisseria gonorrhoeae host adaptation and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2018 Apr;16(4):226-40.Full text Abstract
15. Gibbs CP, Meyer TF. Genome plasticity in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1996 Dec 1;145(2):173-9.Full text Abstract
16. Unemo M, Shafer WM. Antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: origin, evolution, and lessons learned for the future. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2011 Aug;1230:E19-28.Full text Abstract
17. Elwell C, Mirrashidi K, Engel J. Chlamydia cell biology and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2016 Jun;14(6):385-400.Full text Abstract
18. Darville T, Hiltke TJ. Pathogenesis of genital tract disease due to Chlamydia trachomatis. J Infect Dis. 2010 Jun 15;201(suppl 2):S114-25.Full text Abstract
19. Horner P, Thomas B, Gilroy C, et al. Antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis heat-shock protein 60 kDa and detection of Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum are associated independently with chronic nongonococcal urethritis. Sex Transm Dis. 2003 Feb;30(2):129-33.Full text Abstract
20. Chacko MR, Lovchik JC. Chlamydia trachomatis infection in sexually active adolescents: prevalence and risk factors. Pediatrics. 1984 Jun;73(6):836-40. Abstract
21. Martin DH, Bowie WR. Urethritis in males. In: Holmes KK, Sparling PF, Mardh P, et al., eds. Sexually transmitted diseases. 3rd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1999:833-45.
22. Smith GL, Greenup R, Takafuji E. Circumcision as a risk factor for urethritis in racial groups. Am J Public Health. 1987 Apr;77(4):452-4.Full text Abstract
23. Van Howe RS. Genital ulcerative disease and sexually transmitted urethritis and circumcision: a meta-analysis. Int J STD AIDS. 2007 Dec;18(12):799-809. Abstract
24. Rothenberg R, Judson FN. The clinical diagnosis of urethral discharge. Sex Transm Dis. 1983 Jan-Mar;10(1):24-8. Abstract
25. Brill JR. Diagnosis and treatment of urethritis in men. Am Fam Physician. 2010 Apr 1;81(7):873-8.Full text Abstract
26. European Association of Urology. Guidelines on urological infections. 2021 [internet publication].Full text
27. Horner PJ, Blee K, Falk L, et al; International Union against Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2016 European guideline on the management of non-gonococcal urethritis. Int J STD AIDS. 2016 Oct;27(11):928-37.Full text Abstract
28. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for the laboratory-based detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae - 2014. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2014 Mar 14;63(RR-02):1-19.Full text Abstract
29. Unemo M, Ross Jdc, Serwin AB, et al. 2020 European guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of gonorrhoea in adults. Int J STD AIDS. 2020 Oct 29 [Epub ahead of print]. Abstract
30. Meyer T, Buder S. The laboratory diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: current testing and future demands. Pathogens. 2020 Jan 31;9(2):91.Full text Abstract
31. Meyer T. Diagnostic procedures to detect Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Microorganisms. 2016 Aug 5;4(3):25.Full text Abstract
32. Soni S, Horner P, Rayment M, et al. British Association for Sexual Health and HIV national guideline for the management of infection with Mycoplasma genitalium (2018). Int J STD AIDS. 2019 Sep;30(10):938-50. Abstract
33. Horner P, Donders G, Cusini M, et al. Should we be testing for urogenital Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum in men and women? - a position statement from the European STI Guidelines Editorial Board. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018 Nov;32(11):1845-51. Abstract
34. Black CM. Current methods of laboratory diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1997 Jan;10(1):160-84.Full text Abstract
35. Gaydos CA, Manhart LE, Taylor SN, et al. Molecular testing for Mycoplasma genitalium in the United States: results from the AMES prospective multicenter clinical study. J Clin Microbiol. 2019 Oct 23;57(11):e01125-19.Full text Abstract
36. Schwebke JR, Hook EW 3rd. High rates of Trichomonas vaginalis among men attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic: Implications for screening and urethritis management. J Infect Dis. 2003 Aug 1;188(3):465-8.Full text Abstract
37. Parker CT, Thomas D. Reiter's syndrome and reactive arthritis. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2000 Feb;100(2):101-4. Abstract
38. US Preventive Services Task Force., Davidson KW, Barry MJ, et al. Screening for chlamydia and gonorrhea: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2021 Sep 14;326(10):949-56.Full text Abstract
39. Public Health Agency of Canada. Canadian guidelines on sexually transmitted infections. 2020 [internet publication].Full text
40. Horner P, Blee K, O'Mahony C, et al; Clinical Effectiveness Group of the British Association for Sexual Health and HIV. 2015 UK national guideline on the management of non-gonococcal urethritis. Int J STD AIDS. 2016 Feb;27(2):85-96.Full text Abstract
41. British Association for Sexual Health and HIV. Update to the 2015 BASHH UK national guideline on the management of non-gonococcal urethritis. November 2018 [internet publication].Full text
42. Hogben M. Partner notification for sexually transmitted diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Apr 1;44(suppl 3):S160-74.Full text Abstract
43. Golden MR, Whittington WL, Handsfield HH, et al. Effect of expedited treatment of sex partners on recurrent or persistent gonorrhea or chlamydial infection. N Engl J Med. 2005 Feb 17;352(7):676-85.Full text Abstract
44. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 737: expedited partner therapy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Jun;131(6):e190-3.Full text Abstract
45. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases: expedited partner therapy. April 2021 [internet publication].Full text
46. Seña AC, Lensing S, Rompalo A, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Trichomonas vaginalis infections in men with nongonococcal urethritis: predictors and persistence after therapy. J Infect Dis. 2012 Aug 1;206(3):357-65.Full text Abstract
47. Gottlieb SL, Johnston C. Future prospects for new vaccines against sexually transmitted infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2017 Feb;30(1):77-86.Full text Abstract
48. US National Institutes of Health; ClinicalTrials.gov. Statens Serum Institut: safety of chlamydia vaccine CTH522 in healthy women aged 18 to 45 years. August 2017 [internet publication].Full text
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer