Urethritis

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. Jul 2021 [internet publication].Full text

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance, 2022. Last reviewed Jan 2024 [internet publication].Full text

European Association of Urology. Guidelines on urological infections. 2023 [internet publication].Full text

Horner PJ, Blee K, Falk L, et al; International Union against Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2016 European guideline on the management of non-gonococcal urethritis. Int J STD AIDS. 2016 Oct;27(11):928-37.Full text

British Association for Sexual Health and HIV. Urethritis and cervicitis. May 2023 [internet publication].Full text

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. Jul 2021 [internet publication].Full text

2. Babu TM, Urban MA, Augenbraun MH. Urethritis. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier, Inc; 2020:107;1452-61;e2.

3. Rice PA. Gonococcal arthritis (disseminated gonococcal infection). Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2005 Dec;19(4):853-61.Full text  Abstract

4. World Health Organization. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Aug 2022 [internet publication].Full text

5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance, 2022. Last reviewed Jan 2024 [internet publication].Full text

6. Fairley CK, Hocking JS, Zhang L, et al. Frequent transmission of gonorrhea in men who have sex with men. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 Jan;23(1):102-4.Full text  Abstract

7. Stenger MR, Pathela P, Anschuetz G, et al. Increases in the rate of Neisseria gonorrhoeae among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men-findings from the sexually transmitted disease surveillance network 2010-2015. Sex Transm Dis. 2017 Jul;44(7):393-7.Full text  Abstract

8. Totten PA, Schwartz MA, Sjostrom KE, et al. Association of Mycoplasma genitalium with nongonococcal urethritis in heterosexual men. J Infect Dis. 2001 Jan 15;183(2):269-76.Full text  Abstract

9. Bradshaw CS, Tabrizi SN, Read TR, et al. Etiologies of nongonococcal urethritis: bacteria, viruses, and the association with orogenital exposure. J Infect Dis. 2006 Feb 1;193(3):336-45.Full text  Abstract

10. Bachmann LH, Manhart LE, Martin DH, et al. Advances in the understanding and treatment of male urethritis. Clin Infect Dis. 2015 Dec 15;61(suppl 8):S763-9.Full text  Abstract

11. Ito S, Hanaoka N, Shimuta K, et al. Male non-gonococcal urethritis: from microbiological etiologies to demographic and clinical features. Int J Urol. 2016 Apr;23(4):325-31.Full text  Abstract

12. Sarier M, Kukul E. Classification of non-gonococcal urethritis: a review. Int Urol Nephrol. 2019 Jun;51(6):901-7. Abstract

13. Jordan SJ, Toh E, Williams JA, et al. Aetiology and prevalence of mixed-infections and mono-infections in non-gonococcal urethritis in men: a case-control study. Sex Transm Infect. 2020 Jun;96(4):306-11.Full text  Abstract

14. Feneley RC, Hopley IB, Wells PN. Urinary catheters: history, current status, adverse events and research agenda. J Med Eng Technol. 2015;39(8):459-70.Full text  Abstract

15. Quillin SJ, Seifert HS. Neisseria gonorrhoeae host adaptation and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2018 Apr;16(4):226-40.Full text  Abstract

16. Gibbs CP, Meyer TF. Genome plasticity in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1996 Dec 1;145(2):173-9.Full text  Abstract

17. Unemo M, Shafer WM. Antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: origin, evolution, and lessons learned for the future. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2011 Aug;1230:E19-28.Full text  Abstract

18. Elwell C, Mirrashidi K, Engel J. Chlamydia cell biology and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2016 Jun;14(6):385-400.Full text  Abstract

19. Darville T, Hiltke TJ. Pathogenesis of genital tract disease due to Chlamydia trachomatis. J Infect Dis. 2010 Jun 15;201(suppl 2):S114-25.Full text  Abstract

20. Horner P, Thomas B, Gilroy C, et al. Antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis heat-shock protein 60 kDa and detection of Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum are associated independently with chronic nongonococcal urethritis. Sex Transm Dis. 2003 Feb;30(2):129-33.Full text  Abstract

21. Chacko MR, Lovchik JC. Chlamydia trachomatis infection in sexually active adolescents: prevalence and risk factors. Pediatrics. 1984 Jun;73(6):836-40. Abstract

22. Creighton S, Tenant-Flowers M, Taylor CB, et al. Co-infection with gonorrhoea and chlamydia: how much is there and what does it mean? Int J STD AIDS. 2003 Feb;14(2):109-13.Full text  Abstract

23. Smith GL, Greenup R, Takafuji E. Circumcision as a risk factor for urethritis in racial groups. Am J Public Health. 1987 Apr;77(4):452-4.Full text  Abstract

24. Van Howe RS. Genital ulcerative disease and sexually transmitted urethritis and circumcision: a meta-analysis. Int J STD AIDS. 2007 Dec;18(12):799-809. Abstract

25. Rothenberg R, Judson FN. The clinical diagnosis of urethral discharge. Sex Transm Dis. 1983 Jan-Mar;10(1):24-8. Abstract

26. Brill JR. Diagnosis and treatment of urethritis in men. Am Fam Physician. 2010 Apr 1;81(7):873-8.Full text  Abstract

27. European Association of Urology. Guidelines on urological infections. 2023 [internet publication].Full text

28. Jensen JS, Cusini M, Gomberg M, et al. 2021 European guideline on the management of mycoplasma genitalium infections. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2022 May;36(5):641-50.Full text  Abstract

29. Horner PJ, Blee K, Falk L, et al; International Union against Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2016 European guideline on the management of non-gonococcal urethritis. Int J STD AIDS. 2016 Oct;27(11):928-37.Full text

30. Sherrard J, Pitt R, Hobbs KR, et al. British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) United Kingdom national guideline on the management of Trichomonas vaginalis 2021. Int J STD AIDS. 2022 Jul;33(8):740-50. Abstract

31. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for the laboratory-based detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae - 2014. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2014 Mar 14;63(RR-02):1-19.Full text  Abstract

32. Unemo M, Ross Jdc, Serwin AB, et al. 2020 European guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of gonorrhoea in adults. Int J STD AIDS. 2020 Oct 29 [Epub ahead of print]. Abstract

33. Meyer T, Buder S. The laboratory diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: current testing and future demands. Pathogens. 2020 Jan 31;9(2):91.Full text  Abstract

34. Meyer T. Diagnostic procedures to detect Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Microorganisms. 2016 Aug 5;4(3):25.Full text  Abstract

35. Soni S, Horner P, Rayment M, et al. British Association for Sexual Health and HIV national guideline for the management of infection with Mycoplasma genitalium (2018). Int J STD AIDS. 2019 Sep;30(10):938-50. Abstract

36. Horner P, Donders G, Cusini M, et al. Should we be testing for urogenital Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum in men and women? - a position statement from the European STI Guidelines Editorial Board. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018 Nov;32(11):1845-51. Abstract

37. Black CM. Current methods of laboratory diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1997 Jan;10(1):160-84.Full text  Abstract

38. Schwebke JR, Hook EW 3rd. High rates of Trichomonas vaginalis among men attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic: Implications for screening and urethritis management. J Infect Dis. 2003 Aug 1;188(3):465-8.Full text  Abstract

39. Parker CT, Thomas D. Reiter's syndrome and reactive arthritis. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2000 Feb;100(2):101-4. Abstract

40. US Preventive Services Task Force., Davidson KW, Barry MJ, et al. Screening for chlamydia and gonorrhea: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2021 Sep 14;326(10):949-56.Full text  Abstract

41. Public Health Agency of Canada. Canadian guidelines on sexually transmitted infections. 2020 [internet publication].Full text

42. Horner P, Blee K, O'Mahony C, et al; Clinical Effectiveness Group of the British Association for Sexual Health and HIV. 2015 UK national guideline on the management of non-gonococcal urethritis. Int J STD AIDS. 2016 Feb;27(2):85-96.Full text  Abstract

43. British Association for Sexual Health and HIV. Urethritis and cervicitis. May 2023 [internet publication].Full text

44. Hogben M. Partner notification for sexually transmitted diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Apr 1;44(suppl 3):S160-74.Full text  Abstract

45. Golden MR, Whittington WL, Handsfield HH, et al. Effect of expedited treatment of sex partners on recurrent or persistent gonorrhea or chlamydial infection. N Engl J Med. 2005 Feb 17;352(7):676-85.Full text  Abstract

46. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 737: expedited partner therapy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Jun;131(6):e190-3.Full text  Abstract

47. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases: expedited partner therapy. April 2021 [internet publication].Full text

48. Seña AC, Lensing S, Rompalo A, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Trichomonas vaginalis infections in men with nongonococcal urethritis: predictors and persistence after therapy. J Infect Dis. 2012 Aug 1;206(3):357-65.Full text  Abstract

49. Rusu A, Munteanu AC, Arbănași EM, et al. Overview of side-effects of antibacterial fluoroquinolones: new drugs versus old drugs, a step forward in the safety profile? Pharmaceutics. 2023 Mar 1;15(3).Full text  Abstract

50. Gottlieb SL, Johnston C. Future prospects for new vaccines against sexually transmitted infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2017 Feb;30(1):77-86.Full text  Abstract

51. US National Institutes of Health; ClinicalTrials.gov. Statens Serum Institut: safety of chlamydia vaccine CTH522 in healthy women aged 18 to 45 years. August 2017 [internet publication].Full text

52. World Health Organisation. Guidelines for the management of symptomatic sexually transmitted infections. Jul 2021 [internet publication].Full text

53. Mayor MT, Roett MA, Uduhiri KA. Diagnosis and management of gonococcal infections. Am Fam Physician. 2012 Nov 15;86(10):931-8.Full text  Abstract

54. Martin DH, Bowie WR. Urethritis in males. In: Holmes KK, Sparling PF, Mardh P, et al., eds. Sexually transmitted diseases. 3rd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1999:833-45.

55. The British Association for Sexual Health and HIV. Position statement on doxycycline as prophylaxis for sexually transmitted infections 2021 update. Nov 2021 [internet publication].Full text