Herpes simplex virus infection

Cunningham A, Diefenbach RJ, Miranda-Saksena M, et al. The cycle of human herpes simplex virus infection: viral transport and immune control. J Infect Dis. 2006 Sep 15;194(suppl 1):S11-8. Abstract

Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, et al. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021 Jul 23;70(4):1-187.Full text  Abstract

Heslop R, Roberts H, Flower D, Jordan V. Interventions for men and women with their first episode of genital herpes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Aug 30;(8):CD010684.Full text  Abstract

Bryson YJ, Dillon M, Lovett M, et al. Treatment of first episodes of genital herpes simplex virus infection with oral acyclovir: a randomized double-blind controlled trial in normal subjects. N Engl J Med. 1983 Apr 21;308(16):916-21. Abstract

Patel R, Kennedy OJ, Clarke E, et al. 2017 European guidelines for the management of genital herpes. Int J STD AIDS. 2017 Dec;28(14):1366-79.Full text  Abstract

Gupta R, Warren T, Wald A. Genital herpes. Lancet. 2007 Dec 22;370(9605):2127-37. Abstract

Kimberlin DW. Herpes simplex virus infections of the newborn. Semin Perinatol. 2007 Feb;31(1):19-25. Abstract

1. Burrell CJ, Howard CR, Murphy FA. Fenner and White's Medical Virology. 5th ed. New York, NY. Elsevier; 2017.

2. James C, Harfouche M, Welton NJ, et al. Herpes simplex virus: global infection prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016. Bull World Health Organ. 2020 May 1;98(5):315-29.Full text  Abstract

3. Looker KJ, Magaret AS, May MT, et al. Global and regional estimates of prevalent and incident herpes simplex virus type 1 infections in 2012. PLoS One. 2015 Oct 28;10(10):e0140765.Full text  Abstract

4. McQuillan G, Kruszon-Moran D, Flagg EW, et al. Prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in persons aged 14–49: United States, 2015–2016. NCHS Data Brief, no 304. February 2018 [internet publication].Full text

5. Fanfair RN, Zaidi A, Taylor LD, et al. Trends in seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 among non-Hispanic blacks and non-Hispanic whites aged 14 to 49 years: United States, 1988 to 2010. Sex Transm Dis. 2013 Nov;40(11):860-4. Abstract

6. Corey L. Wald A, Celum CL, et al. The effects of herpes simplex virus-2 on HIV-1 acquisition and transmission: a review of two overlapping epidemics. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004 Apr 15;35(5):435-45. Abstract

7. Freeman E, Weiss HA, Glynn JR, et al. Herpes simplex virus 2 infection increases HIV acquisition in men and women: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. AIDS. 2006 Jan 2;20(1):73-83. Abstract

8. Lafferty WE, Coombs RW, Benedetti J, et al. Recurrences after oral and genital herpes simplex virus infection. Influence of site of infection and viral type. N Engl J Med. 1987 Jun 4;316(23):1444-9. Abstract

9. Ryder N, Jin F, McNulty AM, et al. Increasing role of herpes simplex virus type 1 in first-episode anogenital herpes in heterosexual women and younger men who have sex with men, 1992-2006. Sex Transm Infect. 2009 Mar 8;85(6):416-9. Abstract

10. Bernstein DI, Bellamy AR, Hook EW 3rd, et al. Epidemiology, clinical presentation, and antibody response to primary infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in young women. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Oct 19;56(3):344-51.Full text  Abstract

11. Roberts CM, Pfister JR, Spear SJ. Increasing proportion of herpes simplex virus type 1 as a cause of genital herpes infection in college students. Sex Transm Dis. 2003 Oct;30(10):797-800. Abstract

12. Cunningham A, Diefenbach RJ, Miranda-Saksena M, et al. The cycle of human herpes simplex virus infection: viral transport and immune control. J Infect Dis. 2006 Sep 15;194(suppl 1):S11-8. Abstract

13. Mertz GJ, Benedetti J, Ashley R, et al. Risk factors for the sexual transmission of genital herpes. Ann Intern Med. 1992 Feb 1;116(3):197-202. Abstract

14. Siegal F, Lopez C, Hammer GS, et al. Severe acquired immunodeficiency in male homosexuals, manifested by chronic perianal ulcerative herpes simplex lesions. N Engl J Med. 1981 Dec 10;305(24):1439-44. Abstract

15. Fife KH, Mugwanya K, Thomas KK, et al; Partners in Prevention HSV/HIV Transmission Study Team. Transient increase in herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)-associated genital ulcers following initiation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV/HSV-2-coinfected individuals. J Infect Dis. 2016 May 15;213(10):1573-8.Full text  Abstract

16. Tomblyn M, Chiller T, Einsele H, et al. Guidelines for preventing infectious complications among hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients: a global perspective. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2009 Oct;15(10):1143-238.Full text  Abstract

17. Taplitz RA, Kennedy EB, Bow EJ, et al. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for adult patients with cancer-related immunosuppression: ASCO and IDSA clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Sep 4:JCO1800374.Full text  Abstract

18. Xu F, Sternberg MR, Kottiri BJ, et al. Trends in herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 seroprevalence in the United States. JAMA. 2006 Aug 23;296(8):964-73.Full text  Abstract

19. Smith J, Robinson N. Age-specific prevalence of infection with herpes simplex virus types 2 and 1: a global review. J Infect Dis. 2002 Oct 15;186(suppl 1):S3-28. Abstract

20. Austin H, Macaluso M, Nahmias A, et al. Correlates of herpes simplex virus seroprevalence among women attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic. Sex Transm Dis. 1999 Jul;26(6):329-34. Abstract

21. Wald A, Langenberg AG, Link K, et al. Effect of condoms on reducing the transmission of herpes simplex virus type 2 from men to women. JAMA. 2001 Jun 27;285(24):3100-6.Full text  Abstract

22. Wald A, Langenberg AG, Krantz E, et al. The relationship between condom use and herpes simplex virus acquisition. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Nov 15;143(10):707-13. Abstract

23. Magaret AS, Mujugira A, Hughes JP, et al. Effect of condom use on per-act HSV-2 transmission risk in HIV-1, HSV-2-discordant couples. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Feb 15;62(4):456-61. Abstract

24. Martin ET, Krantz E, Gottlieb SL, et al. A pooled analysis of the effect of condoms in preventing HSV-2 acquisition. Arch Intern Med. 2009 Jul 13;169(13):1233-40. Abstract

25. Money D, Steben M. No. 207-Genital Herpes: Gynaecological Aspects. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2017 Jul;39(7):e105-e111.Full text  Abstract

26. Yuan T, Fitzpatrick T, Ko NY, et al. Circumcision to prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of global data. Lancet Glob Health. 2019 Apr;7(4):e436-e447.Full text  Abstract

27. Tobian AA, Serwadda D, Quinn TC, et al. Male circumcision for the prevention of HSV-2 and HPV infections and syphilis. N Engl J Med. 2009 Mar 26;360(13):1298-309.Full text  Abstract

28. Tobian AA, Kigozi G, Redd AD, et al. Male circumcision and herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in female partners: a randomized trial in Rakai, Uganda. J Infect Dis. 2012 Feb 1;205(3):486-90. Abstract

29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Breastfeeding and special circumstances. Herpes simplex virus (HSV). Dec 2019 [internet publication].Full text

30. Langenberg A, Benedetti J, Jenkins J, et al. Development of clinically recognizable genital lesions among women previously identified as having "asymptomatic" herpes simplex virus type 2 infection. Ann Intern Med. 1989 Jun 1;110(11):882-7. Abstract

31. Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, et al. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021 Jul 23;70(4):1-187.Full text  Abstract

32. Wald A, Huang ML, Carrell D, et al. Polymerase chain reaction for detection of herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA on mucosal surfaces: comparison with HSV isolation in cell culture. J Infect Dis. 2003 Nov 1;188(9):1345-51. Abstract

33. Wald A, Ashley-Morrow R. Serological testing for herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 and HSV-2 infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2002 Oct 15;35(suppl 2):S173-82.Full text  Abstract

34. Feltner C, Grodensky C, Ebel C, et al. Serologic screening for genital herpes: an updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2016 Dec 20;316(23):2531-43.Full text  Abstract

35. Amir J, Harel L, Smetana Z, et al. The natural history of primary herpes simplex type 1 gingivostomatitis in children. Pediatric Dermatology. 1999 Jul-Aug;16(4):259-63. Abstract

36. Spruance SL, Overall JC, Kern ER, et al. The natural history of recurrent herpes simplex labialis: implications for antiviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 1977 Jul 14;297(2):69-75. Abstract

37. Venkatesan A, Geocadin RG. Diagnosis and management of acute encephalitis: a practical approach. Neurol Clin Pract. 2014 Jun;4(3):206-15. Abstract

38. Corey L, Wald A. Genital herpes. In: Holmes KK, Sparling FP, Stamm WE, et al., eds. Sexually transmitted diseases. 4th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2008:399–437.

39. Emmert DH. Treatment of common cutaneous herpes simplex virus infections. Am Fam Physician. 2000 Mar 15;61(6):1697-706, 1708.Full text  Abstract

40. Corey L, Wald A, Patel R, et al; Valacyclovir HSV Transmission Study Group. Once-daily valacyclovir to reduce the risk of transmission of genital herpes. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jan 1;350(1):11-20.Full text  Abstract

41. Le Cleach L, Trinquart L, Do G, et al. Oral antiviral therapy for prevention of genital herpes outbreaks in immunocompetent and nonpregnant patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Aug 3;(8):CD009036.Full text  Abstract

42. Heslop R, Roberts H, Flower D, Jordan V. Interventions for men and women with their first episode of genital herpes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Aug 30;(8):CD010684.Full text  Abstract

43. Sacks SL, Thisted RA, Jones TM, et al. Clinical efficacy of topical docosanol 10% cream for herpes simplex labialis: A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001 Aug;45(2):222-30. Abstract

44. Habbema L, De Boulle K, Roders GA, et al. n-Docosanol 10% cream in the treatment of recurrent herpes labialis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Acta Derm Venereol. 1996 Nov;76(6):479-81. Abstract

45. Spruance SL, Rea TL, Thoming C, et al. Penciclovir cream for the treatment of herpes simplex labialis: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Topical Penciclovir Collaborative Study Group. JAMA. 1997 May 7;277(17):1374-9. Abstract

46. Spruance SL, Nett R, Marbury T, et al. Acyclovir cream for treatment of herpes simplex labialis: results of two randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, multicenter clinical trials. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002 Jul;46(7):2238-43.Full text  Abstract

47. Mujugira A, Magaret AS, Celum C, et al; Partners in Prevention HSV/HIV Transmission Study Team. Daily acyclovir to decrease herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) transmission from HSV-2/HIV-1 coinfected persons: a randomized controlled trial. J Infect Dis. 2013 Nov 1;208(9):1366-74.Full text  Abstract

48. Erard V, Wald A, Corey L, et al. Use of long-term suppressive acyclovir after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: impact on herpes simplex virus (HSV) disease and drug-resistant HSV disease. J Infect Dis. 2007 Jul 15;196(2):266-70.Full text  Abstract

49. Bryson YJ, Dillon M, Lovett M, et al. Treatment of first episodes of genital herpes simplex virus infection with oral acyclovir: a randomized double-blind controlled trial in normal subjects. N Engl J Med. 1983 Apr 21;308(16):916-21. Abstract

50. Amir J, Harel L, Smetana Z, Varsano I. Treatment of herpes simplex gingivostomatitis with aciclovir in children: a randomised double blind placebo controlled study. BMJ. 1997 Jun 21;314(7097):1800-3.Full text  Abstract

51. Patel R, Kennedy OJ, Clarke E, et al. 2017 European guidelines for the management of genital herpes. Int J STD AIDS. 2017 Dec;28(14):1366-79.Full text  Abstract

52. Danve-Szatanek C, Aymard M, Thouvenot D, et al. Surveillance network for herpes simplex virus resistance to antiviral drugs: 3-year follow-up. J Clin Microbiol. 2004 Jan;42(1):242-9.Full text  Abstract

53. Gupta R, Warren T, Wald A. Genital herpes. Lancet. 2007 Dec 22;370(9605):2127-37. Abstract

54. Hollier LM, Wendel GD. Third trimester antiviral prophylaxis for preventing maternal genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) recurrences and neonatal infection. Cochrane Database System Rev. 2008 Jan 23;(1):CD004946.Full text  Abstract

55. Money DM, Steben M. No. 208-Guidelines for the Management of Herpes Simplex Virus in Pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2017 Aug;39(8):e199-e205.Full text  Abstract

56. British Association for Sexual Health & HIV; Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Management of genital herpes in pregnancy. October 2014 [internet publication].Full text

57. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Practice Bulletins—Obstetrics. Management of Genital Herpes in Pregnancy: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 220. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 May;135(5):e193-e202.Full text  Abstract

58. Bacon TH, Levin MJ, Leary JJ, et al. Herpes simplex virus resistance to acyclovir and penciclovir after two decades of antiviral therapy. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003 Jan;16(1):114-28. Abstract

59. Levin MJ, Bacon TH, Leary JJ. Resistance of herpes simplex virus infections to nucleoside analogues in HIV-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39(suppl 5):S248-57.Full text  Abstract

60. Belshe RB, Leone PA, Bernstein DI, et al. Efficacy results of a trial of a herpes simplex vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:34-43. Abstract

61. Gilbert PB, Excler JL, Tomaras GD, et al. Antibody to HSV gD peptide induced by vaccination does not protect against HSV-2 infection in HSV-2 seronegative women. PLoS One. 2017 May 11;12(5):e0176428.Full text  Abstract

62. Tyring S, Wald A, Zadeikis N, et al. ASP2151 for the treatment of genital herpes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo- and valacyclovir-controlled, dose-finding study. J Infect Dis. 2012 Apr 1;205(7):1100-10. Abstract

63. Wald A, Corey L, Timmler B, et al. Helicase-primase inhibitor pritelivir for HSV-2 infection. N Engl J Med. 2014 Jan 16;370(3):201-10.Full text  Abstract

64. Wald A, Timmler B, Magaret A, et al. Effect of pritelivir compared with valacyclovir on genital HSV-2 shedding in patients with frequent recurrences: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016 Dec 20;316(23):2495-2503. Erratum in: JAMA. 2017 Feb 14;317(6):648.Full text  Abstract

65. US National Library of Medicine. ClinicalTrials.gov. Trial on efficacy and safety of pritelivir tablets for treatment of acyclovir-resistant mucocutaneous HSV (herpes simplex virus) infections in immunocompromised subjects (PRIOH-1). Nov 2021 [internet publication].Full text

66. Celum C, Morrow RA, Donnell D, et al. Daily oral tenofovir and emtricitabine-tenofovir preexposure prophylaxis reduces herpes simplex virus type 2 acquisition among heterosexual HIV-1-uninfected men and women: a subgroup analysis of a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2014 Jul 1;161(1):11-9. Abstract

67. Celum C, Hong T, Cent A, et al. Herpes simplex virus type 2 acquisition among HIV-1-infected adults treated with tenofovir disoproxyl fumarate as part of combination antiretroviral therapy: results from the ACTG A5175 PEARLS Study. J Infect Dis. 2017 Mar 15;215(6):907-10.Full text  Abstract

68. Bender Ignacio RA, Perti T, Magaret AS, et al. Oral and vaginal tenofovir for genital herpes simplex virus type 2 shedding in immunocompetent women: a double-blind, randomized, cross-over trial. J Infect Dis. 2015 Dec 15;212(12):1949-56. Abstract

69. Obiero J, Ogongo P, Mwethera PG, et al. Topical microbicides for preventing sexually transmitted infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Mar 13;3:CD007961.Full text  Abstract

70. ClinicalTrials.gov. Clinical trial NCT02579083: Vaginal antibody safety trial: safety study of monoclonal antibodies to reduce the vaginal transmission of herpes simplex virus (HSV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (VAST). October 2017.Full text

71. Bernstein DI, Bravo FJ, Pullum DA, et al. Efficacy of N-methanocarbathymidine against genital herpes simplex virus type 2 shedding and infection in guinea pigs. Antivir Chem Chemother. 2015 Feb;24(1):19-27.Full text  Abstract

72. Clinical Info HIV.gov. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV. Nov 2021 [internet publication].Full text

73. Committee on Infectious Diseases; American Academy of Pediatrics. Red Book Online. Section 3: Summaries of Infectious Diseases. Herpes simplex. Jan 2021 [internet publication].Full text

74. Lee DH, Zuckerman RA, AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Herpes simplex virus infections in solid organ transplantation: guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Clin Transplant. 2019 Sep;33(9):e13526.Full text  Abstract

75. World Health Organization. WHO guidelines for the treatment of genital herpes simplex virus. 2016 [internet publication].Full text

76. Wilhelmus KR. Antiviral treatment and other therapeutic interventions for herpes simplex virus epithelial keratitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jan 9;1:CD002898.Full text  Abstract

77. Dylewski JS, Bekhor S. Mollaret's meningitis caused by Herpes Simplex Virus 2: case report and literature review. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004 Jul;23(7):560-2. Abstract

78. Kimberlin DW. Herpes simplex virus infections of the newborn. Semin Perinatol. 2007 Feb;31(1):19-25. Abstract

79. Kimberlin DW, Lin CY, Jacobs RF, et al. Safety and efficacy of high-dose intravenous acyclovir in the management of neonatal herpes simplex virus infections. Pediatrics. 2001 Aug;108(2):230-8. Abstract

80. Domingues RB, Fink MC, Tsanaclis AM, et al. Diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis by magnetic resonance imaging and polymerase chain reaction assay of cerebrospinal fluid. J Neurol Sci. 1998 May 7;157(2):148-53. Abstract

81. Tunkel AR, Glaser CA, Bloch KC, et al. The management of encephalitis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Aug 1;47(3):303-27.Full text  Abstract

82. Schoenberger SD, Kim SJ, Thorne JE, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acute retinal necrosis: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology. 2017 Mar;124(3):382-92.Full text  Abstract

83. Feder HM Jr, Long SS. Herpetic whitlow: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment. Am J Dis Child. 1983 Sep;137(9):861-3. Abstract

84. Kaufman B, Gandhi SA, Louie E, et al. Herpes simplex virus hepatitis: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis. 1997 Mar;24(3):334-8. Abstract

85. McCormack AL, Rabie N, Whittemore B, et al. HSV Hepatitis in Pregnancy: A Review of the Literature. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2019 Feb;74(2):93-98.Full text  Abstract

86. Townsend JJ, Collins PK. Peripheral nervous system demyelination with herpes simplex virus. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1986 Jul;45(4):419-25. Abstract

87. Jensen LA, Hoehns JD, Squires CL. Oral antivirals for the acute treatment of recurrent herpes labialis. Ann Pharmacotherapy. 2004;38:705-709. Abstract

88. Baker D, Eisen D. Valacyclovir for prevention of recurrent herpes labialis: 2 double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. Cutis. 2003;71:239-242. Abstract