References
Key articles
Marik PE. Aspiration pneumonitis and aspiration pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2001 Mar 1;344(9):665-71. Abstract
Smith Hammond CA, Goldstein LB. Cough and aspiration of food and liquids due to oral-pharyngeal dysphagia: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2006 Jan;129(1 suppl):154S-68S.Full text Abstract
American Society of Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration: application to healthy patients undergoing elective procedures - an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists task force on preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration. Anesthesiology. 2017 Mar;126(3):376-93.Full text Abstract
Reference articles
1. Raghavendran K, Nemzek J, Napolitano LM, et al. Aspiration-induced lung injury. 2011 Apr;39(4):818-26.Full text Abstract
2. Marik PE. Aspiration pneumonitis and aspiration pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2001 Mar 1;344(9):665-71. Abstract
3. Lee AS, Lee JS, He Z, et al. Reflux-aspiration in chronic lung disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2020 Feb;17(2):155-64.Full text Abstract
4. Gray C, Sivaloganathan S, Simpkins KC. Aspiration of high-density barium contrast medium causing acute pulmonary inflammation: report of two fatal cases in elderly women with disordered swallowing. 1989 Jul;40(4):397-400. Abstract
5. Warner MA, Warner ME, Weber JG. Clinical significance of pulmonary aspiration during the perioperative period. Anesthesiology. 1993 Jan;78(1):56-62. Abstract
6. Sakai T, Planinsic RM, Quinlan JJ, et al. The incidence and outcome of perioperative pulmonary aspiration in a university hospital: a 4-year retrospective analysis. Anesth Analg. 2006 Oct;103(4):941-7.Full text Abstract
7. Olsson GL, Hallen B, Hambraeus-Jonzon K. Aspiration during anaesthesia: a computer-aided study of 185,358 anaesthetics. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1986 Jan;30(1):84-92. Abstract
8. Ng A, Smith G. Gastroesophageal reflux and aspiration of gastric contents in anesthetic practice. Anesth Analg. 2001 Aug;93(2):494-513.Full text Abstract
9. Walker RW. Pulmonary aspiration in pediatric anesthetic practice in the UK: a prospective survey of specialist pediatric centers over a one-year period. Paediatr Anaesth. 2013 Aug;23(8):702-11. Abstract
10. Warner MA, Warner ME, Warner DO, et al. Perioperative pulmonary aspiration in infants and children. Anesthesiology. 1999 Jan;90(1):66-71. Abstract
11. Borland LM, Sereika SM, Woelfel SK, et al. Pulmonary aspiration in pediatric patients during general anesthesia: incidence and outcome. J Clin Anesth. 1998 Mar;10(2):95-102. Abstract
12. Warner MA, Meyerhoff KL, Warner ME, et al. Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents: a closed claims analysis. Anesthesiology. 2021 Aug 1;135(2):284-91.Full text Abstract
13. Fernández-Sabé N, Carratalà J, Rosón B, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia in very elderly patients: causative organisms, clinical characteristics, and outcomes. Medicine (Baltimore). 2003 May;82(3):159-69.Full text Abstract
14. Cabre M, Serra-Prat M, Palomera E, et al. Prevalence and prognostic implications of dysphagia in elderly patients with pneumonia. Age Ageing. 2010 Jan;39(1):39-45. Abstract
15. Gajic O, Dabbagh O, Park PK, et al. Early identification of patients at risk of acute lung injury: evaluation of lung injury prediction score in a multicenter cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Feb 15;183(4):462-70.Full text Abstract
16. Intercollegiate Stroke Working Party. National clinical guideline for stroke for the UK and Ireland. May 2023 [internet publication].Full text
17. Martino R, Foley N, Bhogal S, et al. Dysphagia after stroke: incidence, diagnosis, and pulmonary complications. Stroke. 2005 Dec;36(12):2756-63.Full text Abstract
18. Rofes L, Arreola V, Almirall J, et al. Diagnosis and management of oropharyngeal dysphagia and its nutritional and respiratory complications in the elderly. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2011:2011:818979.Full text Abstract
19. Mullan H, Roubenoff RA, Roubenoff R. Risk of pulmonary aspiration among patients receiving enteral nutrition support. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. Mar-Apr 1992;16(2):160-4. Abstract
20. Metheny NA, Clouse RE, Chang YH, et al. Tracheobronchial aspiration of gastric contents in critically ill tube-fed patients: frequency, outcomes, and risk factors. Crit Care Med. 2006 Apr;34(4):1007-15.Full text Abstract
21. Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang B, et al. Gastric-tube versus post-pyloric feeding in critical patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of pulmonary aspiration- and nutrition-related outcomes. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2021 Sep;75(9):1337-48.Full text Abstract
22. Lockey DJ, Coats T, Parr MJ. Aspiration in severe trauma: a prospective study. Anaesthesia. 1999 Nov;54(11):1097-8.Full text Abstract
23. Fung KP, Seagram G, Pasieka J, et al. Investigation and outcome of 121 infants and children requiring Nissen fundoplication for the management of gastroesophageal reflux. Clin Invest Med. 1990 Oct;13(5):237-46. Abstract
24. Tamm I, Kortsik C. Severe barium sulfate aspiration into the lung: clinical presentation, prognosis and therapy. Respiration. 1999;66(1):81-4. Abstract
25. Ansell G. Alimentary tract. In: Ansell G, Bettmann MA, Kaufman JA, et al, eds. Complications in diagnostic imaging and interventional radiology. 2nd ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific; 1987:218-9.
26. Robinson M, Davidson A. Aspiration under anaesthesia: risk assessment and decision-making. Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain. 2014 Aug;14(4):171-5.Full text
27. Smith Hammond CA, Goldstein LB. Cough and aspiration of food and liquids due to oral-pharyngeal dysphagia: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2006 Jan;129(1 suppl):154S-68S.Full text Abstract
28. Umemoto G, Furuya H. Management of dysphagia in patients with Parkinson's disease and related disorders. Intern Med. 2020 Jan 1;59(1):7-14.Full text Abstract
29. Marin-Corral J, Pascual-Guardia S, Amati F, et al. Aspiration risk factors, microbiology, and empiric antibiotics for patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. Chest. 2021 Jan;159(1):58-72. Abstract
30. Yamamoto T, Kobayashi Y, Murata M. Risk of pneumonia onset and discontinuation of oral intake following videofluorography in patients with Lewy body disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2010 Sep;16(8):503-6. Abstract
31. McClave SA, Lukan JK, Stefater JA, et al. Poor validity of residual volumes as a marker for risk of aspiration in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2005 Feb;33(2):324-30. Abstract
32. Silveira SQ, da Silva LM, de Campos Vieira Abib A, et al. Relationship between perioperative semaglutide use and residual gastric content: a retrospective analysis of patients undergoing elective upper endoscopy. J Clin Anesth. 2023 Aug;87:111091. Abstract
33. Nersessian RSF, da Silva LM, Carvalho MAS, et al. Relationship between residual gastric content and peri-operative semaglutide use assessed by gastric ultrasound: a prospective observational study. Anaesthesia. 2024 Dec;79(12):1317-24.Full text Abstract
34. El-Boghdadly K, Dhesi J, Fabb P, et al. Elective peri-operative management of adults taking glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors: a multidisciplinary consensus statement: a consensus statement from the Association of Anaesthetists, Association of British Clinical Diabetologists, British Obesity and Metabolic Surgery Society, Centre for Perioperative Care, Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care, Royal College of Anaesthetists, Society for Obesity and Bariatric Anaesthesia, and UK Clinical Pharmacy Association. Anaesthesia. 2025 Apr;80(4):412-24.Full text Abstract
35. Boyd M, Chatterjee A, Chiles C, et al. Tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration in adults. South Med J. 2009 Feb;102(2):171-4. Abstract
36. Shaker R, Li Q, Ren J, et al. Coordination of deglutition and phases of respiration: effect of aging, tachypnea, bolus volume, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Physiol. 1992 Nov;263(5 Pt 1):G750-5. Abstract
37. Vaughan GG, Grycko RJ, Montgomery MT. The prevention and treatment of aspiration of vomitus during pharmacosedation and general anesthesia. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1992 Aug;50(8):874-9. Abstract
38. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Maternal collapse in pregnancy and the puerperium. Green-top Guideline No. 56. Dec 2019 [internet publication].Full text
39. Hunt EB, Sullivan A, Galvin J, et al. Gastric aspiration and its role in airway inflammation. Open Respir Med J. 2018;12:1-10.Full text Abstract
40. Abou Jaoude P, Knight PR, Ohtake P, et al. Biomarkers in the diagnosis of aspiration syndromes. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2010 Apr;10(3):309-19.Full text Abstract
41. Green SM, Krauss B. Pulmonary aspiration risk during emergency department procedural sedation: an examination of the role of fasting and sedation depth. Acad Emerg Med. 2002 Jan;9(1):35-42. Abstract
42. Zuercher P, Moret CS, Dziewas R, et al. Dysphagia in the intensive care unit: epidemiology, mechanisms, and clinical management. Crit Care. 2019 Mar 28;23(1):103.Full text Abstract
43. Wick R, Gilbert JD, Byard RW. Café coronary syndrome - fatal choking on food: an autopsy approach. J Clin Forensic Med. 2006 Apr;13(3):135-8. Abstract
44. Mizock BA. Risk of aspiration in patients on enteral nutrition: frequency, relevance, relation to pneumonia, risk factors, and strategies for risk reduction. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2007 Aug;9(4):338-44. Abstract
45. Lundy DS, Smith C, Colangelo L, et al. Aspiration: cause and implications. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1999 Apr;120(4):474-8. Abstract
46. Elpern EH, Scott MG, Petro L, et al. Pulmonary aspiration in mechanically ventilated patients with tracheostomies. Chest. 1994 Feb;105(2):563-6. Abstract
47. Elpern EH, Jacobs ER, Bone RC. Incidence of aspiration in tracheally intubated adults. Heart Lung. 1987 Sep;16(5):527-31. Abstract
48. Paintal HS, Kuschner WG. Aspiration syndromes: 10 clinical pearls every physician should know. Int J Clin Pract. 2007 May;61(5):846-52. Abstract
49. Fernández-Carmona A, Peñas-Maldonado L, Yuste-Osorio E, et al. Exploration and approach to artificial airway dysphagia. Med Intensiva. Aug-Sep 2012;36(6):423-33. Abstract
50. Leder SB, Cohn SM, Moller BA. Fiberoptic endoscopic documentation of the high incidence of aspiration following extubation in critically ill trauma patients. Dysphagia. Fall 1998;13(4):208-12.Full text Abstract
51. Langmore SE, Terpenning MS, Schork A, et al. Predictors of aspiration pneumonia: how important is dysphagia? Dysphagia. Spring 1998;13(2):69-81. Abstract
52. Soreide E, Eriksson LI, Hirlekar G, et al. Pre-operative fasting guidelines: an update. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2005 Sep;49(8):1041-7.Full text Abstract
53. Beal M, Chesson A, Garcia T, et al. A pilot study of quantitative aspiration in patients with symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea: comparison to a historic control group. Laryngoscope. 2004 Jun;114(6):965-8. Abstract
54. American Society of Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration: application to healthy patients undergoing elective procedures - an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists task force on preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration. Anesthesiology. 2017 Mar;126(3):376-93.Full text Abstract
55. Sarin J, Balasubramaniam R, Corcoran AM, et al. Reducing the risk of aspiration pneumonia among elderly patients in long-term care facilities through oral health interventions. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2008 Feb;9(2):128-35. Abstract
56. Australian and New Zealand Society for Geriatric Medicine. Position statement abstract: dysphagia and aspiration in older people. Australas J Ageing. 2020 Mar;39(1):85. Abstract
57. Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US). Guidelines for preventing health-care-associated pneumonia, 2003 recommendations of the CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Respir Care. 2004 Aug;49(8):926-39. Abstract
58. van Nieuwenhoven CA, Vandenbroucke-Grauls C, van Tiel FH, et al. Feasibility and effects of the semirecumbent position to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia: a randomized study. Crit Care Med. 2006 Feb;34(2):396-402. Abstract
59. El Solh AA, Saliba R. Pharmacologic prevention of aspiration pneumonia: a systematic review. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2007 Dec;5(4):352-62. Abstract
60. Smith I, Kranke P, Murat I, et al. Perioperative fasting in adults and children: guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2011 Aug;28(8):556-69.Full text Abstract
61. Thorpe RJ, Benger J. Pre-procedural fasting in emergency sedation. Emerg Med J. 2010 Apr;27(4):254-61. Abstract
62. Zdravkovic M, Rice MJ, Brull SJ. The clinical use of cricoid pressure: first, do no harm. Anesth Analg. 2021 Jan;132(1):261-7.Full text Abstract
63. Birenbaum A, Hajage D, Roche S, et al. Effect of cricoid pressure compared with a sham procedure in the rapid sequence induction of anesthesia: the IRIS randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg. 2019 Jan 1;154(1):9-17.Full text Abstract
64. Paranjothy S, Griffiths JD, Broughton HK, et al. Interventions at caesarean section for reducing the risk of aspiration pneumonitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Feb 5;(2):CD004943.Full text Abstract
65. Gyte GM, Richens Y. Routine prophylactic drugs in normal labour for reducing gastric aspiration and its effects. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jul 19;(3):CD005298.Full text Abstract
66. Clark K, Lam LT, Gibson S, et al. The effect of ranitidine versus proton pump inhibitors on gastric secretions: a meta-analysis of randomised control trials. Anaesthesia. 2009 Jun;64(6):652-7.Full text Abstract
67. Puig I, Calzado S, Suárez D, Sánchez-Delgado J, López S, Calvet X. Meta-analysis: comparative efficacy of H2-receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors for reducing aspiration risk during anaesthesia depending on the administration route and schedule. Pharmacol Res. 2012 Apr;65(4):480-90. Abstract
68. Simpson AJ, Allen JL, Chatwin M, et al. BTS clinical statement on aspiration pneumonia. Thorax. 2023 Feb;78(suppl 1):s3-21.Full text Abstract
69. Rasley A, Logemann JA, Kahrilas PJ, et al. Prevention of barium aspiration during videofluoroscopic swallowing studies: value of change in posture. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1993 May;160(5):1005-9.Full text Abstract
70. Chiu CY, Wong KS, Tsai MH. Massive aspiration of barium sulfate during an upper gastrointestinal examination in a child with dysphagia. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2005 Apr;69(4):541-4. Abstract
71. Basu S, Kumar A, Das BK. Accidental aspiration of barium sulphate in an infant. Pediatr Radiol. 2009 Jul;39(7):762. Abstract
72. Fuentes Santos C, Steen B. Aspiration of barium contrast. Case Rep Pulmonol. 2014;2014:215832.Full text Abstract
73. Franquet T, Gimenez A, Roson N, et al. Aspiration diseases: findings, pitfalls, and differential diagnosis. Radiographics. May-Jun 2000;20(3):673-85.Full text Abstract
74. Yan GW, Deng JF, Bhetuwal A, et al. A case report and literature review of barium sulphate aspiration during upper gastrointestinal examination. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017 Nov;96(47):e8821.Full text Abstract
75. Schwarz MI, Albert RK. "Imitators" of the ARDS: implications for diagnosis and treatment. Chest. 2004 Apr;125(4):1530-5. Abstract
76. Bandorski D, Tello K, Erdal H, et al. Clinical utility of pepsin and bile acid in tracheal secretions for accurate diagnosis of aspiration in ICU patients. J Clin Med. 2023 Aug 23;12(17):5466.Full text Abstract
77. Bynum LJ, Pierce AK. Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1976 Dec;114(6):1129-36. Abstract
78. Kluger MT, Visvanathan T, Myburgh JA, et al. Crisis management during anaesthesia: regurgitation, vomiting, and aspiration. Qual Saf Health Care. 2005 Jun;14(3):e4.Full text Abstract
79. Light RW. Parapneumonic effusions and empyema. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2006;3(1):75-80.Full text Abstract
80. Bernard GR. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: a historical perspective. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005 Oct 1;172(7):798-806.Full text Abstract
81. Martinati LC, Boner AL. Clinical diagnosis of wheezing in early childhood. Allergy. 1995 Sep;50(9):701-10. Abstract
82. Fireman P. The wheezing infant. Pediatr Rev. 1986 Feb;7(8):247-54. Abstract
83. Davie AP, Francis CM, Caruana L, et al. Assessing diagnosis in heart failure: which features are any use? QJM. 1997 May;90(5):335-9.Full text Abstract
84. Marcus GM, Gerber IL, McKeown BH, et al. Association between phonocardiographic third and fourth heart sounds and objective measures of left ventricular function. JAMA. 2005 May 11;293(18):2238-44.Full text Abstract
85. Maisel AS, Krishnaswamy P, Nowak RM, et al. Rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jul 18;347(3):161-7.Full text Abstract
86. National Safety Council. Leading causes of death: an excerpt of injury facts. Itasca, IL: National Safety Council Press; 2003:10-15.
87. Colice GL, Matthay MA, Bass E, et al. Neurogenic pulmonary edema. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984 Nov;130(5):941-8. Abstract
88. Brodsky MB, Suiter DM, González-Fernández M, et al. Screening accuracy for aspiration using bedside water swallow tests: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest. 2016 Jul;150(1):148-63.Full text Abstract
89. Doggett DL, Tappe KA, Mitchell MD, et al. Prevention of pneumonia in elderly stroke patients by systematic diagnosis and treatment of dysphagia: an evidence-based comprehensive analysis of the literature. Dysphagia. Fall 2001;16(4):279-95. Abstract
90. Marik PE, Kaplan D. Aspiration pneumonia and dysphagia in the elderly. Chest. 2003 Jul;124(1):328-36. Abstract
91. Odderson IR, Keaton JC, McKenna BS. Swallow management in patients on an acute stroke pathway: quality is cost effective. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1995 Dec;76(12):1130-3.Full text Abstract
92. Festic E, Soto JS, Pitre LA, et al. Novel bedside phonetic evaluation to identify dysphagia and aspiration risk. Chest. 2016 Mar;149(3):649-59. Abstract
93. Boaden E, Burnell J, Hives L, et al. Screening for aspiration risk associated with dysphagia in acute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Oct 18;10(10):CD012679.Full text Abstract
94. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: dysphagia. 2018 [internet publication].Full text
95. Daniels SK, Brailey K, Priestly DH, et al. Aspiration in patients with acute stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998 Jan;79(1):14-9.Full text Abstract
96. Troche MS, Curtis JA, Sevitz JS, et al. Rehabilitating cough dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: a randomized controlled trial. Mov Disord. 2023 Feb;38(2):201-11. Abstract
97. Choi J, Baek S, Kim G, et al. Peak voluntary cough flow and oropharyngeal dysphagia as risk factors for pneumonia. Ann Rehabil Med. 2021 Dec;45(6):431-9.Full text Abstract
98. Dines DE, Titus JL, Sessler AD. Aspiration pneumonitis. Mayo Clin Proc. 1970 May;45(5):347-60. Abstract
99. Hackett AP, Trinick RE, Rose K, et al. Weakly acidic pH reduces inflammatory cytokine expression in airway epithelial cells. Respir Res. 2016 Jul 15;17(1):82.Full text Abstract
100. Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-67.Full text Abstract
101. Lascarrou JB, Lissonde F, Le Thuaut A, et al. Antibiotic therapy in comatose mechanically ventilated patients following aspiration: differentiating pneumonia from pneumonitis. Crit Care Med. 2017 Aug;45(8):1268-75. Abstract
102. Mandell LA, Niederman MS. Aspiration pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2019 Feb 14;380(7):651-63.
103. Wolfe JE, Bone RC, Ruth WE. Effects of corticosteroids in the treatment of patients with gastric aspiration. Am J Med. 1977 Nov;63(5):719-22. Abstract
104. Sukumaran M, Granada MJ, Berger HW, et al. Evaluation of corticosteroid treatment in aspiration of gastric contents: a controlled clinical trial. Mt Sinai J Med. Jul-Aug 1980;47(4):335-40. Abstract
105. Lee M, Sukumaran M, Berger HW, et al. Influence of corticosteroid treatment on pulmonary function after recovery from aspiration of gastric contents. Mt Sinai J Med. Jul-Aug 1980;47(4):341-6. Abstract
106. Zhao JN, Liu Y, Li HC. Corticosteroids in treatment of aspiration-related acute respiratory distress syndrome: results of a retrospective cohort study. BMC Pulm Med. 2016 Feb 10;16:29.Full text Abstract
107. Qadir N, Sahetya S, Munshi L, et al. An update on management of adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: an official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2024 Jan 1;209(1):24-36.Full text Abstract
108. Voloudaki A, Ergazakis N, Gourtsoyiannis N. Late changes in barium sulfate aspiration: HRCT features. Eur Radiol. 2003 Sep;13(9):2226-9. Abstract
109. McClave SA, Snider HL. Clinical use of gastric residual volumes as a monitor for patients on enteral tube feeding. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. Nov-Dec 2002;26(6 suppl):S43-8;discussion S49-50. Abstract
110. Yasuda H, Kondo N, Yamamoto R, et al. Monitoring of gastric residual volume during enteral nutrition. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Sep 27;9(9):CD013335.Full text Abstract
111. Reignier J, Mercier E, Le Gouge A, et al. Effect of not monitoring residual gastric volume on risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults receiving mechanical ventilation and early enteral feeding: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2013 Jan 16;309(3):249-56. Abstract
112. Bouvet L, Zieleskiewicz L, Loubradou E, et al. Reliability of gastric suctioning compared with ultrasound assessment of residual gastric volume: a prospective multicentre cohort study. Anaesthesia. 2020 Mar;75(3):323-30.Full text Abstract
113. McClave SA, Taylor BE, Martindale RG, et al. Guidelines for the provision and assessment of nutrition support therapy in the adult critically ill patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.). JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2016 Feb;40(2):159-211.Full text Abstract
114. Singer P, Blaser AR, Berger MM, et al. ESPEN practical and partially revised guideline: clinical nutrition in the intensive care unit. Clin Nutr. 2023 Sep;42(9):1671-89.Full text Abstract
115. Brady M, Kinn S, Stuart P, et al. Preoperative fasting for adults to prevent perioperative complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003 Oct 20;(4):CD004423.Full text Abstract
116. Wang D, Zheng SQ, Chen XC, et al. Comparisons between small intestinal and gastric feeding in severe traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Neurosurg. 2015 Nov;123(5):1194-201.Full text Abstract
117. Warusevitane A, Karunatilake D, Sim J, et al. Safety and effect of metoclopramide to prevent pneumonia in patients with stroke fed via nasogastric tubes trial. Stroke. 2015 Feb;46(2):454-60.Full text Abstract
118. Pace CC, McCullough GH. The association between oral microorganisms and aspiration pneumonia in the institutionalized elderly: review and recommendations. Dysphagia. 2010 Dec;25(4):307-22.Full text Abstract
119. Dennis MS, Lewis SC, Warlow C; FOOD Trial Collaboration. Routine oral nutritional supplementation for stroke patients in hospital (FOOD): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005 Feb 26-Mar 4;365(9461):755-63. Abstract
120. Dennis MS, Lewis SC, Warlow C; FOOD Trial Collaboration. Effect of timing and method of enteral tube feeding for dysphagic stroke patients (FOOD): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005 Feb 26-Mar 4;365(9461):764-72. Abstract
121. Park RH, Allison MC, Lang J, et al. Randomised comparison of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and nasogastric tube feeding in patients with persisting neurological dysphagia. BMJ. 1992 May 30;304(6839):1406-9.Full text Abstract
122. Strong RM, Condon SC, Solinger MR, et al. Equal aspiration rates from postpylorus and intragastric-placed small-bore nasoenteric feeding tubes: a randomized, prospective study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. Jan-Feb 1992;16(1):59-63. Abstract
123. Spain DA, DeWeese RC, Reynolds MA, et al. Transpyloric passage of feeding tubes in patients with head injuries does not decrease complications. J Trauma. 1995 Dec;39(6):1100-2. Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer