Hypopituitarism

Prabhakar VK, Shalet SM. Aetiology, diagnosis and management of hypopituitarism in adult life. Postgrad Med J. 2006 Apr;82(966):259-66. Abstract

Freda PU, Beckers AM, Katznelson L, et al. Pituitary incidentaloma: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Apr;96(4):894-904.Full text  Abstract

Tritos NA, Yuen KC, Kelly DF; AACE Neuroendocrine and Pituitary Scientific Committee. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology disease state clinical review: a neuroendocrine approach to patients with traumatic brain injury. Endocr Pract. 2015 Jul;21(7):823-31. Abstract

Fleseriu M, Hashim IA, Karavitaki N, et al. Hormonal replacement in hypopituitarism in adults: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Oct 13;101(11):3888-921.Full text  Abstract

Bhasin S, Brito JP, Cunningham GR, et al. Testosterone therapy in men with hypogonadism: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 May 1;103(5):1715-44.Full text  Abstract

Van Aken MO, Lamberts SWJ. Diagnosis and treatment of hypopituitarism: an update. Pituitary. 2005;8(3-4):183-91. Abstract

Cook DM, Yuen KC, Biller BM, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for growth hormone use in growth hormone-deficient adults and transition patients: 2009 update. Endocr Pract. 2009 Sep-Oct;15 Suppl 2:1-29. Abstract

1. Regal M, Páramo C, Sierra SM, et al. Prevalence and incidence of hypopituitarism in an adult Caucasian population in northwestern Spain. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2001 Dec;55(6):735-40. Abstract

2. Molitch ME, Russell EJ. The pituitary "incidentaloma". Ann Intern Med. 1990 Jun 15;112(12):925-31. Abstract

3. Rosén T, Bengtsson BA. Premature mortality due to cardiovascular disease in hypopituitarism. Lancet. 1990 Aug 4;336(8710):285-8. Abstract

4. Nilsson B, Gustavasson-Kadaka E, Bengtsson BA, et al. Pituitary adenomas in Sweden between 1958 and 1991: incidence, survival and mortality. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Apr;85(4):1420-5. Abstract

5. Emelifeonwu JA, Flower H, Loan JJ, et al. Prevalence of anterior pituitary dysfunction twelve months or more following traumatic brain injury in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurotrauma. 2020 Jan 15;37(2):217-26. Abstract

6. Blair JC. Prevalence, natural history and consequences of posttraumatic hypopituitarism: a case for endocrine surveillance. Br J Neurosurg. 2010 Feb;24(1):10-7. Abstract

7. Prabhakar VK, Shalet SM. Aetiology, diagnosis and management of hypopituitarism in adult life. Postgrad Med J. 2006 Apr;82(966):259-66. Abstract

8. Greenman Y, Stern N. Non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Oct;23(5):625-38. Abstract

9. Freda PU, Beckers AM, Katznelson L, et al. Pituitary incidentaloma: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Apr;96(4):894-904.Full text  Abstract

10. DeVile CJ, Grant DB, Hayward RD, et al. Growth and endocrine sequelae of craniopharyngioma. Arch Dis Child. 1996 Aug;75(2):108-14. Abstract

11. Ross DA, Norman D, Wilson CB. Radiologic characteristics and results of surgical management of Rathke's cysts in 43 patients. Neurosurgery. 1992 Feb;30(2):173-8. Abstract

12. Sinnott B, Hatipoglu B, Sarne D. Intrasellar plasmacytoma presenting as a non-functional pituitary adenoma: case report & literature review. Pituitary. 2006;9(1):65-72. Abstract

13. He W, Chen F, Dalm B, et al. Metastatic involvement of the pituitary gland: a systematic review with pooled individual patient data analysis. Pituitary. 2015 Feb;18(1):159-68. Abstract

14. Wakai S, Fukushima T, Teramoto A, et al. Pituitary apoplexy: its incidence and clinical significance. J Neurosurg. 1981 Aug;55(2):187-93. Abstract

15. Barkan AL. Pituitary atrophy in patients with Sheehan's syndrome. Am J Med Sci. 1989 Jul;298(1):38-40. Abstract

16. Post KD, McCormick PC, Bello JA. Differential diagnosis of pituitary tumors. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1987 Sep;16(3):609-45. Abstract

17. Carpinteri R, Patelli I, Casanueva FF, et al. Pituitary tumours: inflammatory and granulomatous expansive lesions of the pituitary. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Oct;23(5):639-50. Abstract

18. Jenkins PJ, Chew SL, Lowe DG, et al. Lymphocytic hypophysitis: unusual features of a rare disorder. Clin Endocrinol. 1995 May;42(5):529-34. Abstract

19. Thodou E, Asa SL, Kontogeorgos G, et al. Clinical case seminar: lymphocytic hypophysitis: clinicopathological findings. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 Aug;80(8):2302-11. Abstract

20. Dillard T, Yedinak CG, Alumkal J, et al. Anti-CTLA-4 antibody therapy associated autoimmune hypophysitis: serious immune related adverse events across a spectrum of cancer subtypes. Pituitary. 2010;13(1):29-38. Abstract

21. Faje AT, Sullivan R, Lawrence D, et al. Ipilimumab-induced hypophysitis: a detailed longitudinal analysis in a large cohort of patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Nov;99(11):4078-85. Abstract

22. Stern BJ, Krumholz A, Johns C, et al. Sarcoidosis and its neurological manifestations. Arch Neurol. 1985 Sep;42(9):909-17. Abstract

23. Kaltsas TB, Powles TB, Evanson J, et al. Hypothalamopituitary abnormalities in adult patients with langerhans cell histiocytosis: clinical, endocrinological and radiological features and response to treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Apr;85(4):1370-6. Abstract

24. Basaria S, Ayala AR, Guerin C, et al. A rare pituitary lesion. J Endocrinol Invest. 2000 Mar;23(3):189-92. Abstract

25. Ferreiro J, Vinters HV. Pathology of the pituitary gland in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Pathology. 1988 Jul;20(3):211-5. Abstract

26. Carvalho LR, Woods KS, Mendonca BB, et al. A homozygous mutation in HESX1 is associated with evolving hypopituitarism due to impaired repressor-corepressor interaction. J Clin Invest. 2003 Oct;112(8):1192-201. Abstract

27. Wu W, Cogan JD, Pfaffle RW, et al. Mutations in PROP1 cause familial combined pituitary hormone deficiency. Nat Genet. 1998 Feb;18(2):147-9. Abstract

28. Vallette-Kasic S, Brue T, Pulichino AM, et al. Congenital isolated adrenocorticotropin deficiency: an underestimated cause of neonatal death, explained by TPIT gene mutations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Mar;90(3):1323-31. Abstract

29. Leal-Cerro A, Rincón MD, Domingo MP, et al. Neuroendocrine dysfunction and brain damage: a consensus statement [in Spanish]. Endocrinol Nutr. 2009 Jun-Jul;56(6):293-302. Abstract

30. Edwards OM, Clark JD. Post-traumatic hypopituitarism: six cases and a review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 1986 Sep;65(5):281-90. Abstract

31. Tritos NA, Yuen KC, Kelly DF; AACE Neuroendocrine and Pituitary Scientific Committee. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology disease state clinical review: a neuroendocrine approach to patients with traumatic brain injury. Endocr Pract. 2015 Jul;21(7):823-31. Abstract

32. Fleseriu M, Hashim IA, Karavitaki N, et al. Hormonal replacement in hypopituitarism in adults: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Oct 13;101(11):3888-921.Full text  Abstract

33. Thomer MO, Vance ML, Laws ER Jr, et al. The anterior pituitary. In: Wilson JD, Foster DW, Kronenberg HM, Larsen PR, eds. Williams textbook of endocrinology. 9th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1998:249-340.

34. Littley MD, Shalet SM, Beardwell CG, et al. Hypopituitarism following external radiotherapy for pituitary tumors in adults. Q J Med. 1989 Feb;70(262):145-60. Abstract

35. Randeva HS, Schoebel J, Byrne J, et al. Classical pituitary apoplexy: clinical features, management and outcome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999 Aug;51(2):181-8. Abstract

36. Arafah BM, Kailani SH, Nekl KE, et al. Immediate recovery of pituitary function after transsphenoidal resection of pituitary macroadenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994 Aug;79(2):348-54. Abstract

37. Webb SM, Rigla M, Wagner A, et al. Recovery of hypopituitarism after neurosurgical treatment of pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Oct;84(10):3696-700. Abstract

38. Littley MD, Shalet SM, Beardwell CG, et al. Radiation-induced hypopituitarism is dose-dependent. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1989 Sep;31(3):363-73. Abstract

39. Sklar CA, Antal Z, Chemaitilly W, et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary and growth disorders in survivors of childhood cancer: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Aug 1;103(8):2761-84.Full text  Abstract

40. Aimaretti G, Ambrosio MR, Di Somma C, et al. Residual pituitary function after brain injury-induced hypopituitarism: a prospective 12-month study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Nov;90(11):6085-92.Full text  Abstract

41. Sert M, Tetiker T, Kirim S. Clinical report of 28 patients with Sheehan's syndrome. Endocr J. 2003 Jun;50(3):297-301. Abstract

42. Weiss RE. Empty sella following spontaneous resolution of a pituitary macroadenoma. Horm Res. 2003;60(1):49-52. Abstract

43. Bjerre P. The empty sella: a reappraisal of etiology and pathogenesis. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 1990;130:1-25. Abstract

44. de Boer H, Blok GJ, Van der Veen EA. Clinical aspects of growth hormone deficiency in adults. Endocr Rev. 1995 Feb;16(1):63-86. Abstract

45. Bhasin S, Brito JP, Cunningham GR, et al. Testosterone therapy in men with hypogonadism: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 May 1;103(5):1715-44.Full text  Abstract

46. Cameron DR, Braunstein GD. Androgen replacement therapy in women. Fertil Steril. 2004 Aug;82(2):273-89. Abstract

47. Oelkers W. Hyponatremin and inappropriate secretion of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) in patients with hypopituitarism. N Engl J Med. 1989 Aug 24;321(8):492-6. Abstract

48. Jones SL, Trainer PJ, Perry L, et al. An audit of the insulin tolerance testing adult subjects in an acute investigation unit over one year. Clin Endocrinol. 1994 Jul;41(1):123-8. Abstract

49. Van Aken MO, Lamberts SWJ. Diagnosis and treatment of hypopituitarism: an update. Pituitary. 2005;8(3-4):183-91. Abstract

50. Pavord SR, Girach A, Price DE, et al. A retrospective audit of the combined pituitary function test using the insulin stress test, TRH and GnRH in a district laboratory. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1992 Feb;36(2):135-9. Abstract

51. Melmed S, Casanueva FF, Hoffman AR, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Feb;96(2):273-88.Full text  Abstract

52. Molitch ME. Pituitary tumours: pituitary incidentalomas. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Oct;23(5):667-75. Abstract

53. Scranton RA, Baskin DS. Impaired pituitary axes following traumatic brain injury. J Clin Med. 2015 Jul 13;4(7):1463-79.Full text  Abstract

54. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: neuroendocrine imaging. 2018 [internet publication].Full text

55. Molitch ME, Clemmons DR, Malozowski S, et al. Evaluation and treatment of adult growth hormone deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Jun;96(6):1587-609.Full text  Abstract

56. Tan CL, Alavi SA, Baldeweg SE, et al. The screening and management of pituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injury in adults: British Neurotrauma Group guidance. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017 Nov;88(11):971-81.Full text  Abstract

57. Peacey SR, Guo CY, Robinson AM, et al. Glucocorticoid replacement therapy: are patients over treated and does it matter? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1997 Mar;46(3):255-61. Abstract

58. Howlett TA. An assessment of optimal hydrocortisone replacement therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1997 Mar;46(3):263-8. Abstract

59. Martin MM. Coexisting anterior pituitary and neurohypophyseal insufficiency. A syndrome with diagnostic implication. Arch Intern Med. 1969 Apr;123(4):409-16. Abstract

60. Min L, Hodi FS, Giobbie-Hurder A, et al. Systemic high-dose corticosteroid treatment does not improve the outcome of ipilimumab-related hypophysitis: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Cancer Res. 2015 Feb 15;21(4):749-55.Full text  Abstract

61. Albarel F, Gaudy C, Castinetti F, et al. Long-term follow-up of ipilimumab-induced hypophysitis, a common adverse event of the anti-CTLA-4 antibody in melanoma. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015 Feb;172(2):195-204.Full text  Abstract

62. Roberts CG, Ladenson PW. Hypothyroidism. Lancet. 2004 Mar 6;363(9411):793-803. Abstract

63. Torgerson DJ, Bell-Seyer SE. Hormone replacement therapy and prevention of nonvertebral fractures: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA. 2001 Jun 13;285(22):2891-7. Abstract

64. Armitage M, Nooney J, Evans S. Recent concerns surrounding HRT. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2003 Aug;59(2):145-55. Abstract

65. Miller KK, Sesmilo G, Schiller A, et al. Androgen deficiency in women with hypopituitarism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Feb;86(2):561-7. Abstract

66. Jones TH, Arver S, Behre HM, et al. Testosterone replacement in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes and/or metabolic syndrome (the TIMES2 study). Diabetes Care. 2011 Apr;34(4):828-37.Full text  Abstract

67. Cunningham GR, Toma SM. Clinical review: why is androgen replacement in males controversial? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Jan;96(1):38-52. Abstract

68. Basaria S, Coviello AD, Travison TG, et al. Adverse events associated with testosterone administration. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jul 8;363(2):109-22.Full text  Abstract

69. Hazem A, Elamin MB, Bancos I, et al. Body composition and quality of life in adults treated with GH therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012 Jan;166(1):13-20.Full text  Abstract

70. Jørgensen AP, Fougner KJ, Ueland T, et al. Favorable long-term effects of growth hormone replacement therapy on quality of life, bone metabolism, body composition and lipid levels in patients with adult-onset growth hormone deficiency. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2011 Apr;21(2):69-75. Abstract

71. Carroll PV, Christ ER, Bengtsson BA, et al. Growth hormone deficiency in adulthood and the effects of growth hormone replacement: a review. Growth Hormone Research Society Scientific Committee. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Feb;83(2):382-95.Full text  Abstract

72. Cook DM, Yuen KC, Biller BM, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for growth hormone use in growth hormone-deficient adults and transition patients: 2009 update. Endocr Pract. 2009 Sep-Oct;15 Suppl 2:1-29. Abstract

73. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Human growth hormone (somatropin) for the treatment of growth failure in children. May 2010 [internet publication].Full text

74. Stuenkel CA, Davis SR, Gompel A, et al. Treatment of symptoms of the menopause: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Nov;100(11):3975-4011.Full text  Abstract

75. Bates AS, Van't Hoff W, Jones PJ, et al. The effect of hypopituitarism on life expectancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Mar;81(3):1169-72. Abstract

76. Tomlinson JW, Holden N, Hills RK, et al. Association between premature mortality and hypopituitarism. West Midlands Prospective Hypopituitary Study Group. Lancet. 2001 Feb 10;357(9254):425-31. Abstract