References
Key articles
Grumbach MM, Biller BM, Braunstein GD, et al. Management of the clinically inapparent adrenal mass ("incidentaloma"). Ann Intern Med. 2003 Mar 4;138(5):424-9.Full text Abstract
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Management of clinically inapparent adrenal mass. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment: No. 56 AHRQ Publication No. 02-E013. February 2002 [internet publication].Full text
Young WF Jr. Clinical practice. The incidentally discovered adrenal mass. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:601-10. Abstract
Bertherat J, Mosnier-Pudar H, Bertagna X. Adrenal incidentalomas. Curr Opin Oncol. 2002 Jan;14(1):58-63. Abstract
Expert Panel on Urological Imaging., Mody RN, Remer EM, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Adrenal Mass Evaluation: 2021 Update. J Am Coll Radiol. 2021 Nov;18(11s):S251-S267.Full text Abstract
Gopan T, Remer E, Hamrahian AH. Evaluating and managing adrenal incidentalomas. Cleve Clin J Med. 2006 Jun;73(6):561-8. Abstract
Reference articles
1. Grumbach MM, Biller BM, Braunstein GD, et al. Management of the clinically inapparent adrenal mass ("incidentaloma"). Ann Intern Med. 2003 Mar 4;138(5):424-9.Full text Abstract
2. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Management of clinically inapparent adrenal mass. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment: No. 56 AHRQ Publication No. 02-E013. February 2002 [internet publication].Full text
3. Kloos RT, Gross MD, Francis IR, et al. Incidentally discovered adrenal masses. Endocr Rev. 1995 Aug;16(4):460-84. Abstract
4. Young WF Jr. Clinical practice. The incidentally discovered adrenal mass. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:601-10. Abstract
5. Nieman LK. Cushing's syndrome. In: Jameson JL, De Groot LJ, eds. Endocrinology. 6th ed. Saunders Elsevier; 2010.
6. Newell-Price J, Bertagna X, Grossman AB, et al. Cushing's syndrome. Lancet. 2006 May 13;367(9522):1605-17. Abstract
7. Elhassan YS, Alahdab F, Prete A, et al. Natural history of adrenal incidentalomas with and without mild autonomous cortisol excess: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2019 Jul 16;171(2):107-16. Abstract
8. Fassnacht M, Arlt W, Bancos I, et al. Management of adrenal incidentalomas: European Society of Endocrinology clinical practice guideline in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016 Aug;175(2):G1-34.Full text Abstract
9. Terzolo M, Pia A, Alì A, et al. Adrenal incidentaloma: a new cause of the metabolic syndrome? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Mar;87(3):998-1003.Full text Abstract
10. Kawashima A, Sandler CM, Fishman EK, et al. Spectrum of CT findings in nonmalignant disease of the adrenal gland. Radiographics. 1998 Mar-Apr;18(2):393-412. Abstract
11. Allolio B, Fassnacht M. Clinical review: adrenocortical carcinoma: clinical update. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jun;91(6):2027-37.Full text Abstract
12. Bertherat J, Mosnier-Pudar H, Bertagna X. Adrenal incidentalomas. Curr Opin Oncol. 2002 Jan;14(1):58-63. Abstract
13. Otal P, Escourrou G, Mazerolles C, et al. Imaging features of uncommon adrenal masses with histopathologic correlation. Radiographics. 1999 May-Jun;19(3):569-81. Abstract
14. Expert Panel on Urological Imaging., Mody RN, Remer EM, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Adrenal Mass Evaluation: 2021 Update. J Am Coll Radiol. 2021 Nov;18(11s):S251-S267.Full text Abstract
15. Zeiger MA, Thompson GB, Duh QY, et al. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American Association of Endocrine Surgeons medical guidelines for the management of adrenal incidentalomas. Endocr Pract. 2009 Jul-Aug;15(suppl 1):1-20. Abstract
16. Terzolo M, Stigliano A, Chiodini I, et al. AME position statement on adrenal incidentaloma. Eur J Endocrinol. 2011 Jun;164(6):851-70.Full text Abstract
17. Jacobson AF, Deng H, Lombard J, et al. 123I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy for the detection of neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma: results of a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Jun;95(6):2596-606.Full text Abstract
18. Avram AM, Fig LM, Gross MD. Adrenal gland scintigraphy. Semin Nucl Med. 2006 Jul;36(3):212-27. Abstract
19. Boland GW, Dwamena BA, Jagtiani Sangwaiya M, et al. Characterization of adrenal masses by using FDG PET: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test performance. Radiology. 2011 Apr;259(1):117-26.Full text Abstract
20. Wong KK, Arabi M, Bou-Assaly W, et al. Evaluation of incidentally discovered adrenal masses with PET and PET/CT. Eur J Radiol. 2012 Mar;81(3):441-50. Abstract
21. Libè R, Dall'Asta C, Barbetta L, et al. Long-term follow-up study of patients with adrenal incidentalomas. Eur J Endocrinol. 2002 Oct;147(4):489-94.Full text Abstract
22. Petersenn S, Unger N, Walz MK, et al. Diagnostic value of biochemical parameters in the differential diagnosis of an adrenal mass. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Aug;1073:348-57. Abstract
23. Pecori Giraldi F, Ambrogio AG, De Martin M, et al. Specificity of first-line tests for the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: assessment in a large series. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Nov;92(11):4123-9.Full text Abstract
24. Korobkin M, Brodeur FJ, Francis IR, et al. CT time-attenuation washout curves of adrenal adenomas and non adenomas. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998 Mar;170(3):747-52. Abstract
25. Sawka AM, Jaeschke R, Singh RJ, et al. A comparison of biochemical tests for pheochromocytoma: measurement of fractionated plasma metanephrines compared with the combination of 24-hour urinary metanephrines and catecholamines. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Feb;88(2):553-8.Full text Abstract
26. Shulkin BL, Thompson NW, Shapiro B, et al. Pheochromocytomas: imaging with 2-[fluorine-18]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose PET. Radiology. 1999 Jul;212(1):35-41. Abstract
27. Hoegerle S, Nitzsche E, Altehoefer C, et al. Pheochromocytomas: detection with 18F DOPA whole body PET - initial results. Radiology. 2002 Feb;222(2):507-12. Abstract
28. Gopan T, Remer E, Hamrahian AH. Evaluating and managing adrenal incidentalomas. Cleve Clin J Med. 2006 Jun;73(6):561-8. Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer