Evaluation of incidental adrenal mass

Grumbach MM, Biller BM, Braunstein GD, et al. Management of the clinically inapparent adrenal mass ("incidentaloma"). Ann Intern Med. 2003 Mar 4;138(5):424-9.Full text  Abstract

Young WF Jr. Clinical practice. The incidentally discovered adrenal mass. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:601-10. Abstract

Fassnacht M, Tsagarakis S, Terzolo M, et al. European Society of Endocrinology clinical practice guidelines on the management of adrenal incidentalomas, in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors. Eur J Endocrinol. 2023 Jul 20;189(1):G1-42.Full text  Abstract

Zeiger MA, Thompson GB, Duh QY, et al. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American Association of Endocrine Surgeons medical guidelines for the management of adrenal incidentalomas. Endocr Pract. 2009 Jul-Aug;15(suppl 1):1-20.Full text  Abstract

Expert Panel on Urological Imaging., Mody RN, Remer EM, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Adrenal Mass Evaluation: 2021 Update. J Am Coll Radiol. 2021 Nov;18(11s):S251-S267.Full text  Abstract

1. Grumbach MM, Biller BM, Braunstein GD, et al. Management of the clinically inapparent adrenal mass ("incidentaloma"). Ann Intern Med. 2003 Mar 4;138(5):424-9.Full text  Abstract

2. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Management of clinically inapparent adrenal mass. Feb 2002 [internet publication].Full text

3. Neumann HPH, Young WF Jr, Eng C. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. N Engl J Med. 2019 Aug 8;381(6):552-65. Abstract

4. Aggarwal S, Prete A, Chortis V, et al. Pheochromocytomas most commonly present as adrenal incidentalomas: a large tertiary center experience. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023 Jul 7:dgad401.Full text  Abstract

5. Young WF Jr. Clinical practice. The incidentally discovered adrenal mass. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:601-10. Abstract

6. Sharma ST, Nieman LK, Feelders RA. Cushing's syndrome: epidemiology and developments in disease management. Clin Epidemiol. 2015 Apr 17:7:281-93.Full text  Abstract

7. Nieman LK. Cushing's syndrome. In: Jameson JL, De Groot LJ, eds. Endocrinology. 6th ed. Saunders Elsevier; 2010.

8. Newell-Price J, Bertagna X, Grossman AB, et al. Cushing's syndrome. Lancet. 2006 May 13;367(9522):1605-17. Abstract

9. Fassnacht M, Tsagarakis S, Terzolo M, et al. European Society of Endocrinology clinical practice guidelines on the management of adrenal incidentalomas, in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors. Eur J Endocrinol. 2023 Jul 20;189(1):G1-42.Full text  Abstract

10. Elhassan YS, Alahdab F, Prete A, et al. Natural history of adrenal incidentalomas with and without mild autonomous cortisol excess: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2019 Jul 16;171(2):107-16. Abstract

11. Terzolo M, Pia A, Alì A, et al. Adrenal incidentaloma: a new cause of the metabolic syndrome? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Mar;87(3):998-1003.Full text  Abstract

12. Dogra P, Sundin A, Juhlin CC, et al. Rare benign adrenal lesions. Eur J Endocrinol. 2023 Apr 5;188(4):407-20.Full text  Abstract

13. Kawashima A, Sandler CM, Fishman EK, et al. Spectrum of CT findings in nonmalignant disease of the adrenal gland. Radiographics. 1998 Mar-Apr;18(2):393-412. Abstract

14. Herndon J, Nadeau AM, Davidge-Pitts CJ, et al. Primary adrenal insufficiency due to bilateral infiltrative disease. Endocrine. 2018 Dec;62(3):721-8. Abstract

15. Shariq OA, McKenzie TJ. Adrenocortical carcinoma: current state of the art, ongoing controversies, and future directions in diagnosis and treatment. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2021 Jul 20:12:20406223211033103.Full text  Abstract

16. Tella SH, Kommalapati A, Yaturu S, et al. Predictors of survival in adrenocortical carcinoma: an analysis from the National Cancer Database. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Sep 1;103(9):3566-73.Full text  Abstract

17. Ayala-Ramirez M, Jasim S, Feng L, et al. Adrenocortical carcinoma: clinical outcomes and prognosis of 330 patients at a tertiary care center. Eur J Endocrinol. 2013 Oct 23;169(6):891-9.Full text  Abstract

18. Allolio B, Fassnacht M. Clinical review: adrenocortical carcinoma: clinical update. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jun;91(6):2027-37.Full text  Abstract

19. Bertherat J, Mosnier-Pudar H, Bertagna X. Adrenal incidentalomas. Curr Opin Oncol. 2002 Jan;14(1):58-63. Abstract

20. Zeiger MA, Thompson GB, Duh QY, et al. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American Association of Endocrine Surgeons medical guidelines for the management of adrenal incidentalomas. Endocr Pract. 2009 Jul-Aug;15(suppl 1):1-20.Full text  Abstract

21. Zhou AA, Wu MZ, Pan HJ, et al. A case report of primary adrenal malignant melanoma and literature review. Asian J Surg. 2023 Jul;46(7):3012-3.Full text  Abstract

22. Xu B, Hong Y, Jin M, et al. Primary adrenal malignant melanoma: a case report and review of literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017 Dec;96(51):e8956.Full text  Abstract

23. Otal P, Escourrou G, Mazerolles C, et al. Imaging features of uncommon adrenal masses with histopathologic correlation. Radiographics. 1999 May-Jun;19(3):569-81. Abstract

24. Expert Panel on Urological Imaging., Mody RN, Remer EM, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Adrenal Mass Evaluation: 2021 Update. J Am Coll Radiol. 2021 Nov;18(11s):S251-S267.Full text  Abstract

25. Fleseriu M, Auchus R, Bancos I, et al. Consensus on diagnosis and management of Cushing's disease: a guideline update. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Dec;9(12):847-75.Full text  Abstract

26. Reincke M, Fleseriu M. Cushing syndrome: a review. JAMA. 2023 Jul 11;330(2):170-81. Abstract

27. Yip L, Duh QY, Wachtel H, et al. American Association of Endocrine Surgeons guidelines for adrenalectomy: executive summary. JAMA Surg. 2022 Oct 1;157(10):870-7.Full text  Abstract

28. Terzolo M, Stigliano A, Chiodini I, et al. AME position statement on adrenal incidentaloma. Eur J Endocrinol. 2011 Jun;164(6):851-70.Full text  Abstract

29. Platzek I, Sieron D, Plodeck V, et al. Chemical shift imaging for evaluation of adrenal masses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol. 2019 Feb;29(2):806-17. Abstract

30. Di Martino M, García Sanz I, Muñoz de Nova JL, et al. NP-59 test for preoperative localization of primary hyperaldosteronism. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2017 Mar;402(2):303-8. Abstract

31. Chen Z, Xue Q, Yao S. Nuclear medicine application of pentixafor/pentixather targeting CXCR4 for imaging and therapy in related disease. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2023;23(7):787-803. Abstract

32. Jacobson AF, Deng H, Lombard J, et al. 123I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy for the detection of neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma: results of a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Jun;95(6):2596-606.Full text  Abstract

33. Pandit-Taskar N, Zanzonico P, Staton KD, et al. Biodistribution and dosimetry of (18)F-Meta-Fluorobenzylguanidine: a first-in-human PET/CT imaging study of patients with neuroendocrine malignancies. J Nucl Med. 2018 Jan;59(1):147-53.Full text  Abstract

34. Wong KK, Else T, Viglianti BL, et al. PET imaging of metastatic paraganglioma using novel 3-[(18)F]fluoro-para-hydroxyphenethylguanidine (3-[(18)F]pHPG) radiotracer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2022 May;49(6):2098-9. Abstract

35. Shahrokhi P, Emami-Ardekani A, Harsini S, et al. (68)Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT compared with (131)I-MIBG SPECT/CT in the evaluation of neural crest tumors. Asia Ocean J Nucl Med Biol. 2020 Winter;8(1):8-17.Full text  Abstract

36. Avram AM, Fig LM, Gross MD. Adrenal gland scintigraphy. Semin Nucl Med. 2006 Jul;36(3):212-27. Abstract

37. Boland GW, Dwamena BA, Jagtiani Sangwaiya M, et al. Characterization of adrenal masses by using FDG PET: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test performance. Radiology. 2011 Apr;259(1):117-26.Full text  Abstract

38. Wong KK, Arabi M, Bou-Assaly W, et al. Evaluation of incidentally discovered adrenal masses with PET and PET/CT. Eur J Radiol. 2012 Mar;81(3):441-50. Abstract

39. Libè R, Dall'Asta C, Barbetta L, et al. Long-term follow-up study of patients with adrenal incidentalomas. Eur J Endocrinol. 2002 Oct;147(4):489-94.Full text  Abstract

40. Petersenn S, Unger N, Walz MK, et al. Diagnostic value of biochemical parameters in the differential diagnosis of an adrenal mass. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Aug;1073:348-57. Abstract

41. Pecori Giraldi F, Ambrogio AG, De Martin M, et al. Specificity of first-line tests for the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: assessment in a large series. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Nov;92(11):4123-9.Full text  Abstract

42. Korobkin M, Brodeur FJ, Francis IR, et al. CT time-attenuation washout curves of adrenal adenomas and non adenomas. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998 Mar;170(3):747-52. Abstract

43. Sawka AM, Jaeschke R, Singh RJ, et al. A comparison of biochemical tests for pheochromocytoma: measurement of fractionated plasma metanephrines compared with the combination of 24-hour urinary metanephrines and catecholamines. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Feb;88(2):553-8.Full text  Abstract

44. Shulkin BL, Thompson NW, Shapiro B, et al. Pheochromocytomas: imaging with 2-[fluorine-18]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose PET. Radiology. 1999 Jul;212(1):35-41. Abstract

45. Hoegerle S, Nitzsche E, Altehoefer C, et al. Pheochromocytomas: detection with 18F DOPA whole body PET - initial results. Radiology. 2002 Feb;222(2):507-12. Abstract

46. Gopan T, Remer E, Hamrahian AH. Evaluating and managing adrenal incidentalomas. Cleve Clin J Med. 2006 Jun;73(6):561-8. Abstract

47. Tiu SC, Choi CH, Shek CC, et al. The use of aldosterone-renin ratio as a diagnostic test for primary hyperaldosteronism and its test characteristics under different conditions of blood sampling. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Jan;90(1):72-8.Full text  Abstract

48. Yun M, Kim W, Alnafisi N, et al. 18F-FDG PET in characterizing adrenal lesions detected on CT or MRI. J Nucl Med. 2001 Dec;42(12):1795-9.Full text  Abstract