Evaluation of traumatic brain injury, acute

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Kochanek PM, Tasker RC, Carney N, et al. Guidelines for the management of pediatric severe traumatic brain injury, third edition: update of the Brain Trauma Foundation guidelines. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2019 Mar;20(3s suppl 1):S1-82.Full text  Abstract

Expert Panel on Neurological Imaging; Shih RY, Burns J, Ajam AA. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® head trauma: 2021 update. J Am Coll Radiol. 2021 May;18(5S):S13-36.Full text  Abstract

Lumba-Brown A, Yeates KO, Sarmiento K, et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guideline on the diagnosis and management of mild traumatic brain injury among children. JAMA Pediatr. 2018 Nov 1;172(11):e182853.Full text  Abstract

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2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveillance report of traumatic brain injury-related deaths by age group, sex, and mechanism of injury - United States, 2018 and 2019. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

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6. Carney N, Totten AM, O'Reilly C, et al. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury, fourth edition. Neurosurgery. 2017 Jan 1;80(1):6-15.Full text  Abstract

7. Stiell IG, Wells GA, Vandemheen K, et al. The Canadian CT head rule for patients with minor head injury. Lancet. 2001 May 5;357(9266):1391-6. Abstract

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13. New South Wales Ministry of Health. Closed head injury in adults - initial management. Feb 2012 [internet publication].Full text

14. Malec JF, Brown AW, Leibson CL, et al. The Mayo classification system for traumatic brain injury severity. J Neurotrauma. 2007 Sep;24(9):1417-24. Abstract

15. Ling G, Bandak F, Armonda R, et al. Explosive blast neurotrauma. J Neurotrauma. 2009 Jun;26(6):815-25. Abstract

16. Maas AI, Stocchetti N, Bullock R. Moderate and severe traumatic brain injury in adults. Lancet Neurol. 2008 Aug;7(8):728-41. Abstract

17. Taylor CA, Bell JM, Breiding MJ, et al. Traumatic brain injury-related emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths - United States, 2007 and 2013. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2017 Mar 17;66(9):1-16.Full text  Abstract

18. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK). Head injury: assessment and early management. May 2023 [internet publication].Full text

19. Maas AIR, Menon DK, Adelson PD, et al; InTBIR Participants and Investigators. Traumatic brain injury: integrated approaches to improve prevention, clinical care, and research. Lancet Neurol. 2017 Dec;16(12):987-1048. Abstract

20. Kay A, Teasdale G. Head injury in the United Kingdom. World J Surg. 2001 Sep;25(9):1210-20. Abstract

21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Traumatic brain injury in the United States: Emergency department visits, hospitalizations and deaths 2002-2006 (Blue Book). Mar 2010 [internet publication].Full text

22. Lumba-Brown A, Teramoto M, Bloom OJ, et al. Concussion guidelines step 2: Evidence for subtype classification. Neurosurgery. 2020 Jan 1;86(1):2-13.Full text  Abstract

23. World Health Organization. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. 1992 [internet publication].Full text

24. DePadilla L, Miller GF, Jones SE, et al. Self-reported concussions from playing a sport or being physically active among high school students - United States, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018 Jun 22;67(24):682-5.Full text  Abstract

25. Zemek R, Barrowman N, Freedman SB, et al. Clinical risk score for persistent postconcussion symptoms among children with acute concussion in the ED. JAMA. 2016 Mar 8;315(10):1014-25. Abstract

26. de Koning ME, Scheenen ME, van der Horn HJ, et al. Non-hospitalized patients with mild traumatic brain injury: the forgotten minority. J Neurotrauma. 2017 Jan 1;34(1):257-61. Abstract

27. Steyerberg EW, Mushkudiani N, Perel P, et al. Predicting outcome after traumatic brain injury: development and international validation of prognostic scores based on admission characteristics. PLoS Med. 2008 Aug 5;5(8):e165.Full text  Abstract

28. Roberts I, Yates D, Sandercock P, et al; CRASH trial collaborators. Effect of intravenous corticosteroids on death within 14 days in 10008 adults with clinically significant head injury (MRC CRASH trial): randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004 Oct 9-15;364(9442):1321-8. Abstract

29. Kramer DR, Winer JL, Pease BA, et al. Cerebral vasospasm in traumatic brain injury. Neurol Res Int. 2013;2013:415813.Full text  Abstract

30. Bullock MR, Chesnut R, Ghajar J, et al; Surgical Management of Traumatic Brain Injury Author Group. Surgical management of acute subdural hematomas. Neurosurgery. 2006 Mar;58(3 suppl):S16-24. Abstract

31. Urban JE, Whitlow CT, Edgerton CA, et al. Motor vehicle crash-related subdural hematoma from real-world head impact data. J Neurotrauma. 2012 Dec 10;29(18):2774-81.Full text  Abstract

32. Iaccarino C, Schiavi P, Picetti E, et al. Patients with brain contusions: predictors of outcome and relationship between radiological and clinical evolution. J Neurosurg. 2014 Apr;120(4):908-18. Abstract

33. van Eijck MM, Schoonman GG, van der Naalt J, et al. Diffuse axonal injury after traumatic brain injury is a prognostic factor for functional outcome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Inj. 2018;32(4):395-402. Abstract

34. Skandsen T, Kvistad KA, Solheim O, et al. Prevalence and impact of diffuse axonal injury in patients with moderate and severe head injury: a cohort study of early magnetic resonance imaging findings and 1-year outcome. J Neurosurg. 2010 Sep;113(3):556-63. Abstract

35. Cripps MW, Ereso AQ, Sadjadi J, et al. The number of gunshot wounds does not predict injury severity and mortality. Am Surg. 2009 Jan;75(1):44-8. Abstract

36. DuBose JJ, Barmparas G, Inaba K, et al. Isolated severe traumatic brain injuries sustained during combat operations: demographics, mortality outcomes, and lessons to be learned from contrasts to civilian counterparts. J Trauma. 2011 Jan;70(1):11-8. Abstract

37. Ling G, Ecklund JM, Bandak FA. Brain injury from explosive blast: description and clinical management. Handb Clin Neurol. 2015;127:173-80. Abstract

38. MRC CRASH Trial Collaborators; Perel P, Arango M, Clayton T, et al. Predicting outcome after traumatic brain injury: practical prognostic models based on large cohort of international patients. BMJ. 2008 Feb 23;336(7641):425-9.Full text  Abstract

39. Beedham W, Peck G, Richardson SE, et al. Head injury in the elderly - an overview for the physician. Clin Med (Lond). 2019 Mar;19(2):177-84.Full text  Abstract

40. Halstead ME, Walter KD, Moffatt K, et al. Sport-related concussion in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2018 Dec;142(6):e20183074.Full text  Abstract

41. Servadei F, Murray GD, Teasdale GM, et al. Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage: demographic and clinical study of 750 patients from the European brain injury consortium survey of head injuries. Neurosurgery. 2002 Feb;50(2):261-9. Abstract

42. Cepeda S, Gómez PA, Castaño-Leon AM, et al. Traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage: risk factors associated with progression. J Neurotrauma. 2015 Aug 15;32(16):1246-53. Abstract

43. Adatia K, Newcombe VFJ, Menon DK. Contusion progression following traumatic brain injury: a review of clinical and radiological predictors, and influence on outcome. Neurocrit Care. 2021 Feb;34(1):312-24.Full text  Abstract

44. Taber KH, Warden DL, Hurley RA. Blast-related traumatic brain injury: what is known? J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2006 Spring;18(2):141-5. Abstract

45. Committee on Trauma, American College of Surgeons. ATLS: Advanced trauma life support program for doctors. 10th ed. Chicago, IL: American College of Surgeons; 2018.

46. Kochanek PM, Tasker RC, Carney N, et al. Guidelines for the management of pediatric severe traumatic brain injury, third edition: update of the Brain Trauma Foundation guidelines. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2019 Mar;20(3s suppl 1):S1-82.Full text  Abstract

47. Sarrafzadeh AS, Peltonen EE, Kaisers U, et al. Secondary insults in severe head injury - do multiply injured patients do worse? Crit Care Med. 2001 Jun;29(6):1116-23. Abstract

48. Holly LT, Kelly DF, Counelis GJ, et al. Cervical spine trauma associated with moderate and severe head injury: incidence, risk factors, and injury characteristics. J Neurosurg. 2002 Apr;96(3 suppl):285-91. Abstract

49. Warner KJ, Cuschieri J, Copass MK, et al. The impact of prehospital ventilation on outcome after severe traumatic brain injury. J Trauma. 2007 Jun;62(6):1330-8. Abstract

50. Badjatia N, Carney N, Crocco TJ, et al; Brain Trauma Foundation; BTF Center for Guidelines Management. Guidelines for prehospital management of traumatic brain injury 2nd edition. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2008;12(suppl 1):S1-52. Abstract

51. American College of Surgeons. ​Best practices guidelines: the management of traumatic brain injury. 2024 [internet publication].Full text

52. Davis DP. Early ventilation in traumatic brain injury. Resuscitation. 2008 Mar;76(3):333-40. Abstract

53. Davis DP, Dunford JV, Ochs M, et al. The use of quantitative end-tidal capnometry to avoid inadvertent severe hyperventilation in patients with head injury after paramedic rapid sequence intubation. J Trauma. 2004 Apr;56(4):808-14. Abstract

54. Marmarou A, Saad A, Aygok G, et al. Contribution of raised ICP and hypotension to CPP reduction in severe brain injury: correlation to outcome. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2005;95:277-80. Abstract

55. Manley G, Knudson MM, Morabito D, et al. Hypotension, hypoxia, and head injury: frequency, duration, and consequences. Arch Surg. 2001 Oct;136(10):1118-23.Full text  Abstract

56. Chesnut RM, Marshall LF, Klauber MR, et al. The role of secondary brain injury in determining outcome from severe head injury. J Trauma. 1993 Feb;34(2):216-22. Abstract

57. Kokoska ER, Smith GS, Pittman T, et al. Early hypotension worsens neurological outcome in pediatric patients with moderately severe head trauma. J Pediatr Surg. 1998 Feb;33(2):333-8. Abstract

58. Berry C, Ley EJ, Bukur M, et al. Redefining hypotension in traumatic brain injury. Injury. 2012 Nov;43(11):1833-7. Abstract

59. Johnson MA, Borgman MA, Cannon JW, et al. Severely elevated blood pressure and early mortality in children with traumatic brain injuries: the neglected end of the spectrum. West J Emerg Med. 2018 May;19(3):452-9.Full text  Abstract

60. Wiegers EJA, Lingsma HF, Huijben JA, et al. Fluid balance and outcome in critically ill patients with traumatic brain injury (CENTER-TBI and OzENTER-TBI): a prospective, multicentre, comparative effectiveness study. Lancet Neurol. 2021 Aug;20(8):627-38.Full text  Abstract

61. Rossi S, Picetti E, Zoerle T, et al. Fluid management in acute brain injury. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2018 Sep 11;18(11):74. Abstract

62. Myburgh J, Cooper DJ, Finfer S, et al. SAFE Study Investigators; Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group; Australian Red Cross Blood Service; George Institute for International Health. Saline or albumin for fluid resuscitation in patients with traumatic brain injury. N Engl J Med. 2007 Aug 30;357(9):874-84.Full text  Abstract

63. Spahn DR, Bouillon B, Cerny V, et al. The European guideline on management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma: fifth edition. Crit Care. 2019 Mar 27;23(1):98.Full text  Abstract

64. Polites SF, Moody S, Williams RF, et al. Timing and volume of crystalloid and blood products in pediatric trauma: an Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma multicenter prospective observational study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2020 Jul;89(1):36-42. Abstract

65. Mbadiwe N, Georgette N, Slidell MB, et al. Higher crystalloid volume during initial pediatric trauma resuscitation is associated with mortality. J Surg Res. 2021 Jun;262:93-100. Abstract

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67. Gill MR, Reiley DG, Green SM. Interrater reliability of Glasgow Coma Scale scores in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2004 Feb;43(2):215-23. Abstract

68. Tesseris J, Pantazidis N, Routsi C, et al. A comparative study of the Reaction Level Scale (RLS 85) with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and Edinburgh-2 Coma Scale (Modified) (E2CS(M)). Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1991;110(1-2):65-76. Abstract

69. Elliott M. Interrater reliability of the Glasgow Coma Scale. J Neurosci Nurs. 1996 Aug;28(4):213-4. Abstract

70. Lindsay KW, Teasdale GM, Knill-Jones RP. Observer variability in assessing the clinical features of subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 1983 Jan;58(1):57-62. Abstract

71. Menegazzi J, Davis EA, Sucov AN, et al. Reliability of the Glasgow Coma Scale when used by emergency physicians and paramedics. J Trauma. 1993 Jan;34(1):46-8. Abstract

72. Singh B, Murad MH, Prokop LJ, et al. Meta-analysis of Glasgow coma scale and simplified motor score in predicting traumatic brain injury outcomes. Brain Inj. 2013;27(3):293-300.Full text  Abstract

73. Kupas DF, Melnychuk EM, Young AJ. Glasgow Coma Scale motor component ("patient does not follow commands") performs similarly to total Glasgow Coma Scale in predicting severe injury in trauma patients. Ann Emerg Med. 2016 Dec;68(6):744-50.Full text  Abstract

74. Nyam TE, Ao KH, Hung SY, et al. FOUR score predicts early outcome in patients after traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care. 2017 Apr;26(2):225-31. Abstract

75. Kasprowicz M, Burzynska M, Melcer T, et al. A comparison of the Full Outline of UnResponsiveness (FOUR) score and Glasgow Coma Score(GCS) in predictive modelling in traumatic brain injury. Br J Neurosurg. 2016;30(2):211-20. Abstract

76. Meyer S, Gibb T, Jurkovich GJ. Evaluation and significance of the pupillary light reflex in trauma patients. Ann Emerg Med. 1993 Jun;22(6):1052-7. Abstract

77. CRASH-2 collaborators; Roberts I, Shakur H, Afolabi A, et al. The importance of early treatment with tranexamic acid in bleeding trauma patients: an exploratory analysis of the CRASH-2 randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2011 Mar 26;377(9771):1096-101;1101;e1-2. Abstract

78. CRASH-2 trial collaborators; Shakur H, Roberts I, Bautista R, et al. Effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and blood transfusion in trauma patients with significant haemorrhage (CRASH-2): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2010 Jul 3;376(9734):23-32.Full text  Abstract

79. Karl V, Thorn S, Mathes T, et al. Association of tranexamic acid administration with mortality and thromboembolic events in patients with traumatic injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Mar 1;5(3):e220625.Full text  Abstract

80. El-Menyar A, Sathian B, Asim M, et al. Efficacy of prehospital administration of tranexamic acid in trauma patients: a meta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials. Am J Emerg Med. 2018 Jun;36(6):1079-87. Abstract

81. Lawati KA, Sharif S, Maqbali SA, et al. Efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid in acute traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. Intensive Care Med. 2021 Jan;47(1):14-27. Abstract

82. Yokobori S, Yatabe T, Kondo Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid administration in traumatic brain injury patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Intensive Care. 2020 Jul 3;8:46.Full text  Abstract

83. July J, Pranata R. Tranexamic acid is associated with reduced mortality, hemorrhagic expansion, and vascular occlusive events in traumatic brain injury - meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Neurol. 2020 Apr 6;20(1):119.Full text  Abstract

84. Zehtabchi S, Abdel Baki SG, Falzon L, et al. Tranexamic acid for traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2014 Dec;32(12):1503-9.Full text  Abstract

85. Haddad SH, Arabi YM. Critical care management of severe traumatic brain injury in adults. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2012 Feb 3;20:12.Full text  Abstract

86. Alarcon JD, Rubiano AM, Okonkwo DO, et al. Elevation of the head during intensive care management in people with severe traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev. 2017 Dec 28;12(12):CD009986.Full text  Abstract

87. Chen H, Song Z, Dennis JA. Hypertonic saline versus other intracranial pressure-lowering agents for people with acute traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Jan 17;(1):CD010904.Full text  Abstract

88. Susanto M, Riantri I. Optimal dose and concentration of hypertonic saline in traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. Medeni Med J. 2022 Jun 23;37(2):203-11.Full text  Abstract

89. Mellion SA, Bennett KS, Ellsworth GL, et al. High-dose barbiturates for refractory intracranial hypertension in children with severe traumatic brain injury. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2013 Mar;14(3):239-47. Abstract

90. Brain Trauma Foundation; American Association of Neurological Surgeons; Congress of Neurological Surgeons. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2007;24(suppl 1):S1-106. Abstract

91. Shen L, Wang Z, Su Z, et al. Effects of intracranial pressure monitoring on mortality in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2016 Dec 28;11(12):e0168901.Full text  Abstract

92. Sahuquillo J, Dennis JA. Decompressive craniectomy for the treatment of high intracranial pressure in closed traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Dec 31;12(12):CD003983.Full text  Abstract

93. Hawryluk GWJ, Rubiano AM, Totten AM, et al. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury: 2020 update of the decompressive craniectomy recommendations. Neurosurgery. 2020 Sep 1;87(3):427-34.Full text  Abstract

94. Clifton GL, Valadka A, Zygun D, et al. Very early hypothermia induction in patients with severe brain injury (the National Acute Brain Injury Study: Hypothermia II): a randomised trial. Lancet Neurol. 2011 Feb;10(2):131-9. Abstract

95. Cooper DJ, Nichol AD, Bailey M, et al; POLAR Trial Investigators and the ANZICS Clinical Trials Group. Effect of early sustained prophylactic hypothermia on neurologic outcomes among patients with severe traumatic brain injury: the POLAR randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018 Dec 4;320(21):2211-20.Full text  Abstract

96. Dowlatshahi D, Butcher KS, Asdaghi N, et al. Poor prognosis in warfarin-associated intracranial hemorrhage despite anticoagulation reversal. Stroke. 2012 Jul;43(7):1812-7.Full text  Abstract

97. Sun Y, Wang J, Wu X, et al. Validating the incidence of coagulopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation in patients with traumatic brain injury - analysis of 242 cases. Br J Neurosurg. 2011 Jun;25(3):363-8. Abstract

98. Cuker A, Burnett A, Triller D, et al. Reversal of direct oral anticoagulants: guidance from the Anticoagulation Forum. Am J Hematol. 2019 Jun;94(6):697-709.Full text  Abstract

99. American College of Emergency Physicians Clinical Policies Subcommittee (Writing Committee) on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury; Valente JH, Anderson JD, Paolo WF, et al. Clinical policy: critical issues in the management of adult patients presenting to the emergency department with mild traumatic brain injury: approved by ACEP board of directors, February 1, 2023 clinical policy endorsed by the Emergency Nurses Association (April 5, 2023). Ann Emerg Med. 2023 May;81(5):e63-105.Full text  Abstract

100. Vos PE, Alekseenko Y, Battistin L, et al. Mild traumatic brain injury. Eur J Neurol. 2012 Feb;19(2):191-8.Full text  Abstract

101. Fuller GW, Evans R, Preston L, et al. Should adults with mild head injury who are receiving direct oral anticoagulants undergo computed tomography scanning? A systematic review. Ann Emerg Med. 2019 Jan;73(1):66-75.Full text  Abstract

102. Murray GD, Butcher I, McHugh GS, et al. Multivariable prognostic analysis in traumatic brain injury: results from the IMPACT study. J Neurotrauma. 2007 Feb;24(2):329-37. Abstract

103. Laroche M, Kutcher ME, Huang MC, et al. Coagulopathy after traumatic brain injury. Neurosurgery. 2012 Jun;70(6):1334-45. Abstract

104. Brown CV, Sowery L, Curry E, et al. Recombinant factor VIIa to correct coagulopathy in patients with traumatic brain injury presenting to outlying facilities before transfer to the regional trauma center. Am Surg. 2012 Jan;78(1):57-60. Abstract

105. Lombardo S, Millar D, Jurkovich GJ, et al. Factor VIIa administration in traumatic brain injury: an AAST-MITC propensity score analysis. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 2018 Mar 22;3(1):e000134.Full text  Abstract

106. Easter JS, Haukoos JS, Claud J, et al. Traumatic intracranial injury in intoxicated patients with minor head trauma. Acad Emerg Med. 2013 Aug;20(8):753-60.Full text  Abstract

107. Maguire SA, Watts PO, Shaw AD, et al. Retinal haemorrhages and related findings in abusive and non-abusive head trauma: a systematic review. Eye (Lond). 2013 Jan;27(1):28-36.Full text  Abstract

108. Hoffmann M, Lefering R, Rueger JM, et al. Pupil evaluation in addition to Glasgow Coma Scale components in prediction of traumatic brain injury and mortality. Br J Surg. 2012 Jan;99(suppl 1):122-30. Abstract

109. Compagnone C, d'Avella D, Servadei F, et al. Patients with moderate head injury: a prospective multicenter study of 315 patients. Neurosurgery. 2009 Apr;64(4):690-6;discussion 696-7. Abstract

110. Stuke L, Diaz-Arrastia R, Gentilello LM, et al. Effect of alcohol on Glasgow Coma Scale in head-injured patients. Ann Surg. 2007 Apr;245(4):651-5.Full text  Abstract

111. Lange RT, Iverson GL, Brubacher JR, et al. Effect of blood alcohol level on Glasgow Coma Scale scores following traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2010;24(7-8):919-27. Abstract

112. Simundic AM, Bölenius K, Cadamuro J, et al. Joint EFLM-COLABIOCLI recommendation for venous blood sampling. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2018;56(12):2015-38. Abstract

113. Hatchimonji JS, Dumas RP, Kaufman EJ, et al. Questioning dogma: does a GCS of 8 require intubation? Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2021 Dec;47(6):2073-9.Full text  Abstract

114. Expert Panel on Neurological Imaging; Shih RY, Burns J, Ajam AA. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® head trauma: 2021 update. J Am Coll Radiol. 2021 May;18(5S):S13-36.Full text  Abstract

115. Bullock MR, Chesnut R, Ghajar J, et al; Surgical Management of Traumatic Brain Injury Author Group. Surgical management of traumatic parenchymal lesions. Neurosurgery. 2006 Mar;58(3 suppl):S25-46;discussion Si-iv. Abstract

116. Expert Panel on Pediatric Imaging; Ryan ME, Pruthi S, Desai NK, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® head trauma - child. J Am Coll Radiol. 2020 May;17(5s):S125-37.Full text  Abstract

117. Lindberg DM, Stence NV, Grubenhoff JA, et al. Feasibility and accuracy of fast MRI versus CT for traumatic brain injury in young children. Pediatrics. 2019 Oct;144(4):e20190419.Full text  Abstract

118. Geeraerts T, Velly L, Abdennour L, et al. Management of severe traumatic brain injury (first 24 hours). Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2018 Apr;37(2):171-86.Full text  Abstract

119. Roldán M, Abay TY, Kyriacou PA. Non-invasive techniques for multimodal monitoring in traumatic brain injury: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurotrauma. 2020 Dec 1;37(23):2445-53. Abstract

120. Caldas J, Bittencourt Rynkowski C, Robba C. POCUS, how can we include the brain? An overview​. J Anesth Analg Crit Care. 2022;2:55.Full text

121. Ruff RM, Iverson GL, Barth JT, et al; NAN Policy and Planning Committee. Recommendations for diagnosing a mild traumatic brain injury: a National Academy of Neuropsychology education paper. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2009 Feb;24(1):3-10. Abstract

122. Aoki Y, Inokuchi R, Gunshin M, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging studies of mild traumatic brain injury: a meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012 Sep;83(9):870-6.Full text  Abstract

123. Kraus MF, Susmaras T, Caughlin BP, et al. White matter integrity and cognition in chronic traumatic brain injury: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Brain. 2007 Oct;130(Pt 10):2508-19.Full text  Abstract

124. Pandor A, Goodacre S, Harnan S, et al. Diagnostic management strategies for adults and children with minor head injury: a systematic review and an economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2011 Aug;15(27):1-202.Full text  Abstract

125. Stiell IG, Clement CM, Rowe BH, et al. Comparison of the Canadian CT Head Rule and the New Orleans Criteria in patients with minor head injury. JAMA. 2005 Sep 28;294(12):1511-8.Full text  Abstract

126. Stein SC, Fabbri A, Servadei F, et al. A critical comparison of clinical decision instruments for computed tomographic scanning in mild closed traumatic brain injury in adolescents and adults. Ann Emerg Med. 2009 Feb;53(2):180-8. Abstract

127. Smits M, Dippel DW, de Haan GG, et al. External validation of the Canadian CT Head Rule and the New Orleans Criteria for CT scanning in patients with minor head injury. JAMA. 2005 Sep 28;294(12):1519-25.Full text  Abstract

128. Papa L, Stiell IG, Clement CM, et al. Performance of the Canadian CT Head Rule and the New Orleans Criteria for predicting any traumatic intracranial injury on computed tomography in a United States Level I trauma center. Acad Emerg Med. 2012 Jan;19(1):2-10.Full text  Abstract

129. Haydel MJ, Preston CA, Mills TJ, et al. Indications for computed tomography in patients with minor head injury. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jul 13;343(2):100-5.Full text  Abstract

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