References
Key articles
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Gonococcal isolate surveillance project (GISP). 30 August 2021 [internet publication].Full text
Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, et al. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021 Jul 23;70(4):1-187.Full text Abstract
Miller WC, Ford CA, Morris M, et al. Prevalence of chlamydial and gonococcal infections among young adults in the United States. JAMA. 2004 May 12;291(18):2229-36.Full text Abstract
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for the laboratory-based detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae - 2014. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2014;63(RR-02):1-19.Full text Abstract
Fifer H, Saunders J, Soni S, et al. 2018 UK national guideline for the management of infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Int J STD AIDS. 2020 Jan;31(1):4-15.Full text Abstract
US Preventive Services Task Force; Davidson KW, Barry MJ, Mangione CM, et al. Screening for chlamydia and gonorrhea: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2021 Sep 14;326(10):949-56.Full text Abstract
World Health Organization. WHO guidelines for the treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. 2016 [internet publication].Full text
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidance on the use of expedited partner therapy in the treatment of gonorrhea. 18 August 2021 [internet publication].Full text
Reference articles
1. Smith NH, Holmes EC, Donovan GM, et al. Networks and groups within the genus Neisseria: analysis of argF, recA, rho and 16S rRNA from human Neisseria species. Mol Biol Evol. 1999 Jun;16(6):773-83.Full text Abstract
2. Miller KE. Diagnosis and treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections. Am Fam Physician. 2006 May 15;73(10):1779-84.Full text Abstract
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted infections surveillance, 2022: national overview of STIs, 2022. Jan 2024 [internet publication].Full text
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Gonococcal isolate surveillance project (GISP). 30 August 2021 [internet publication].Full text
5. Ellen JM, Langer LM, Zimmerman RS, et al. The link between the use of crack cocaine and the sexually transmitted diseases of clinic population: comparison of adolescents with adults. Sex Transm Dis. 1996 Nov-Dec;23(6):511-6. Abstract
6. Liau A, Diclemente RJ, Wingood GM, et al. Associations between biologically confirmed marijuana use and laboratory-confirmed sexually transmitted diseases among African American adolescent females. Sex Transm Dis. 2002 Jul;29(7):387-90. Abstract
7. Mertz KJ, Finelli L, Levine WC, et al. Gonorrhea in male adolescents and young adults in Newark, New Jersey: implications of risk factors and patients preferences for prevention strategies. Sex Transm Dis. 2000 Apr;27(4):201-7. Abstract
8. Boyer CB, Shafer MA, Teitle E, et al. Sexually transmitted diseases in a health maintenance organization teen clinic: association of race, partner's age and marijuana use. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999 Aug;153(8):838-44.Full text Abstract
9. Platt R, Rice PA, McCormack WA. Risk of acquiring gonorrhea and prevalence of abnormal adnexal finding among women exposed to gonorrhea. J Am Med Assoc. 1983 Dec 16;250(23):3205-9. Abstract
10. Hooper RR, Reynolds GH, Jones OG, et al. Cohort study of venereal diseases: the risk of gonorrhea transmission from infected women to men. Am J Epidemiol. 1978 Aug;108(2):136-44. Abstract
11. Sadiq ST, Taylor S, Bennett SB, et al. The effects of antiretroviral therapy on HIV-1 RNA loads in seminal plasma in HIV-positive patients with and without urethritis. AIDS. 2002 Jan 25;16(2):219-25. Abstract
12. Røttingen JA, Cameron DW, Garnett GP. A systematic review of the epidemiologic interactions between classic sexually transmitted diseases and HIV: how much really is known? Sex Transm Dis. 2001 Oct;28(10):579-97. Abstract
13. Neinstein LS, Goldenring J, Carpenter S. Nonsexual transmission of sexually transmitted diseases: an infrequent occurrence. Pediatrics. 1984 Jul;74(1):67-76. Abstract
14. Rogstad KE, Wilkinson D, Robinson A. Sexually transmitted infections in children as a marker of child sexual abuse and direction of future research. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2016 Feb;29(1):41-4. Abstract
15. Edwards JL, Apicella MA. The molecular mechanisms used by Neisseria gonorrhoeae to initiate infection differ between men and women. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004 Oct;17(4):965-81.Full text Abstract
16. Gibbs CP, Meyer TF. Genome plasticity in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1996 Dec 1;145(2):173-9. Abstract
17. Fox KK, Knapp JS, Holmes KK, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United States, 1988-1994: the emergence of decreased susceptibility to the fluoroquinolones. J Infect Dis. 1997 Jun;175(6):1396-403. Abstract
18. Schneider H, Cross AS, Kuschner RA, et al. Experimental human gonococcal urethritis: 250 Neisseria gonorrhoeae MS11mkC are infective. J Infect Dis. 1995 Jul;172(1):180-5. Abstract
19. Harrison WO, Hooper RR, Wiesner PJ, et al. A trial of minocycline after exposure to prevent gonorrhea. N Eng J Med. 1979 May 10;300(19):1074-8. Abstract
20. Pariser H. Asymptomatic gonorrhea. Cutis. 1976 Apr;17(4):723-6. Abstract
21. Schmidt KA, Schneider H, Lindstrom JA, et al. Experimental gonococcal urethritis and infection in homologous gonococci in male volunteers. Sex Transm Dis. 2001 Oct;28(10):555-64. Abstract
22. Mehta SD, Moses S, Agot K, et al. Adult male circumcision does not reduce the risk of incident Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, or Trichomonas vaginalis infection: results from a randomized, controlled trial in Kenya. J Infect Dis. 2009 Aug 1;200(3):370-8.Full text Abstract
23. Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, et al. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021 Jul 23;70(4):1-187.Full text Abstract
24. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2016 sexually transmitted diseases surveillance: STDs in men who have sex with men. Aug 2017 [internet publication].Full text
25. Aral SO, O'Leary A, Baker C. Sexually transmitted infections and HIV in the southern United States: an overview. Sex Transm Dis. 2006 Jul;33(suppl 7):S1-5. Abstract
26. Miller WC, Ford CA, Morris M, et al. Prevalence of chlamydial and gonococcal infections among young adults in the United States. JAMA. 2004 May 12;291(18):2229-36.Full text Abstract
27. Cecil JA, Howell MR, Tawes JJ, Gaydos JC, McKee KT Jr, Quinn TC, Gaydos CA. Features of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in male army recruits. J Infect Dis. 2001 Nov 1;184(9):1216-9. Abstract
28. Klausner JD, Barrett DC, Dithmer D, et al. Risk factors for repeated gonococcal infections: San Francisco, 1990-1992. J Infect Dis. 1998 Jun;177(6):1766-9. Abstract
29. Mehta SD, Rothman RE, Kelen GD, et al. Unsuspected gonorrhea and chlamydia in patients of an urban emergency department: a critical population for STD control intervention. Sex Transm Dis. 2001 Jan;28(1):33-9. Abstract
30. Bautista CT, Wurapa EK, Sateren WB, et al. Association of bacterial vaginosis with chlamydia and gonorrhea among women in the US Army. Am J Prev Med. 2017 May;52(5):632-9.Full text Abstract
31. Bachmann LH, Piggot D, Desmond R, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with gonorrhea and chlamydia infection in at-risk females presenting to an urban emergency department. Sex Transm Dis. 2003 Apr;30(4):335-9. Abstract
32. Marrazzo JM, Handsfield HH, Whittington WL, et al. Predicting chlamydia and gonococcal cervical infection: implications for management of cervicitis. Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Sep;100(3):579-84. Abstract
33. Champion JD. Behavioural interventions and abuse: secondary analysis of reinfection in minority women. Int J STD AIDS. 2007 Nov;18(11):748-53. Abstract
34. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011 sexually transmitted diseases surveillance: STDs in persons entering corrections facilities. Dec 2012 [internet publication].Full text
35. O'Connor EA, Lin JS, Burda BU, et al. Behavioral sexual risk-reduction counseling in primary care to prevent sexually transmitted infections: a systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2014 Dec 16;161(12):874-83.Full text Abstract
36. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Reducing sexually transmitted infections. June 2022 [internet publication].Full text
37. Rietmeijer CA. Risk reduction counselling for prevention of sexually transmitted infections: how it works and how to make it work. Sex Transm Infect. 2007 Feb;83(1):2-9.Full text Abstract
38. US Preventive Services Task Force. Ocular prophylaxis for gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum: preventive medication. 29 January 2019 [internet publication].Full text
39. Petousis-Harris H, Paynter J, Morgan J, et al. Effectiveness of a group B outer membrane vesicle meningococcal vaccine against gonorrhoea in New Zealand: a retrospective case-control study. Lancet. 2017 Sep 30;390(10102):1603-10. Abstract
40. Gift TL, Owens CJ. The direct medical cost of epididymitis and orchitis: evidence from a study of insurance claims. Sex Transm Dis. 2006 Oct;33(suppl 10):S84-8. Abstract
41. Wiesenfeld HC, Hillier SL, Krohn MA, et al. Lower genital tract and endometritis: insight into subclinical pelvic inflammatory disease. Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Sep;100(3):456-63. Abstract
42. Bowie WR, Jones H. Acute pelvic inflammatory disease in outpatients: association with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Ann Intern Med. 1981 Dec;95(6):685-8. Abstract
43. Ness RB, Trautmann G, Richter HE, et al. Effectiveness of treatment strategies of some women with pelvic inflammatory disease Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Sep;106(3):573-80. Abstract
44. Weström L, Joesoef R, Reynolds G, et al. Pelvic inflammatory disease and fertility. A cohort study of 1,844 women with laparoscopically verified disease and 657 control women with normal laparoscopic results. Sex Transm Dis. 1992 Jul-Aug;19(4):185-92. Abstract
45. Rice PA. Gonococcal arthritis (disseminated gonococcal infection). Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2005 Dec;19(4):853-61. Abstract
46. Darling EK, McDonald H. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of ocular prophylactic agents used for the prevention of gonococcal and chlamydial ophthalmia neonatorum. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2010 Jul-Aug;55(4):319-27. Abstract
47. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for the laboratory-based detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae - 2014. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2014;63(RR-02):1-19.Full text Abstract
48. Fifer H, Saunders J, Soni S, et al. 2018 UK national guideline for the management of infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Int J STD AIDS. 2020 Jan;31(1):4-15.Full text Abstract
49. World Health Organization. WHO guideline on self-care interventions for health and well-being, 2022 revision. Jun 2022 [internet publication].Full text
50. Association of Public Health Laboratories; Center of Disease Control and Prevention. Expert consultation meeting summary report: laboratory diagnostic testing for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Jan 2009 [internet publication].Full text
51. Sexton ME, Baker JJ, Nakagawa K, et al. How reliable is self-testing for gonorrhea and chlamydia among men who have sex with men? J Fam Pract. 2013 Feb;62(2):70-8. Abstract
52. Lunny C, Taylor D, Hoang L, et al. Self-collected versus clinician-collected sampling for chlamydia and gonorrhea screening: a systemic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015 Jul 13;10(7):e0132776.Full text Abstract
53. Watchirs Smith LA, Hillman R, Ward J, et al. Point-of-care tests for the diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection: a systematic review of operational and performance characteristics. Sex Transm Infect. 2013 Jun;89(4):320-6. Abstract
54. Guy RJ, Causer LM, Klausner JD, et al. Performance and operational characteristics of point-of-care tests for the diagnosis of urogenital gonococcal infections. Sex Transm Infect. 2017 Dec;93(s4):S16-21.Full text Abstract
55. May L, Ware CE, Jordan JA, et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing the treatment of patients tested for chlamydia and gonorrhea after a rapid polymerase chain reaction test versus standard of care testing. Sex Transm Dis. 2016 May;43(5):290-5. Abstract
56. American Society for Microbiology, American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science and American Society for Clinical Pathology. Five things physicians and patients should question. Choosing Wisely, an initiative of the ABIM Foundation. 2022 [internet publication].Full text
57. Templeton DJ, Jin F, Imrie J, et al. Prevalence, incidence and risk factors for pharyngeal chlamydia in the community based Health in Men (HIM) cohort of homosexual men in Sydney, Australia. Sex Transm Infect. 2008 Oct;84(5):361-3. Abstract
58. Morris SR, Klausner JD, Buchbinder SP, et al. Prevalence and incidence of pharyngeal gonorrhea in a longitudinal sample of men who have sex with men: the EXPLORE study. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Nov 15;43(10):1284-9.Full text Abstract
59. Kent CK, Chaw JK, Wong W, et al. Prevalence of rectal, urethral, and pharyngeal chlamydia and gonorrhea detected in 2 clinical settings among men who have sex with men: San Francisco, California, 2003. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Jul 1;41(1):67-74. Abstract
60. Barry PM, Kent CK, Philip SS, et al. Results of a program to test women for rectal chlamydia and gonorrhea. Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Apr;115(4):753-9. Abstract
61. Page-Shafer K, Graves A, Kent C, et al. Increased sensitivity of DNA amplification testing for the detection of pharyngeal gonorrhoea in men who have sex with men. Clin Infect Dis. 2002 Jan 15;34(2):173-6.Full text Abstract
62. Geisler WM, Yu S, Hook EW. Chlamydial and gonococcal infection in men without polymorphonuclear leukocytes on Gram stain. Sex Transm Dis. 2005 Oct;32(10):630-4. Abstract
63. US Preventive Services Task Force; Davidson KW, Barry MJ, Mangione CM, et al. Screening for chlamydia and gonorrhea: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2021 Sep 14;326(10):949-56.Full text Abstract
64. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Recommendations for partner services programs for HIV infection, syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydial infection. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2008 Nov 7;57(RR-9):1-83.Full text Abstract
65. World Health Organization. WHO guidelines for the treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. 2016 [internet publication].Full text
66. British Association for Sexual Health and HIV. United Kingdom BASHH national guideline for the management of epididymo-orchitis, 2019. Sep 2020 [internet publication].Full text
67. British Association for Sexual Health and HIV. 2015 BASHH CEG guidance on tests for sexually transmitted infections. Dec 2015 [internet publication].Full text
68. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee opinion no. 737: expedited partner therapy. Jun 2018 [internet publication].Full text
69. Bai ZG, Bao XJ, Cheng WD, et al. Efficacy and safety of ceftriaxone for uncomplicated gonorrhoea: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J STD AIDS. 2012 Feb;23(2):126-32. Abstract
70. Klausner JD, Bristow CC, Soge OO, et al. Resistance-guided treatment of gonorrhea: a prospective clinical study. Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Jul 15;73(2):298-303.Full text Abstract
71. Rusu A, Munteanu AC, Arbănași EM, et al. Overview of side-effects of antibacterial fluoroquinolones: new drugs versus old drugs, a step forward in the safety profile? Pharmaceutics. 2023 Mar 1;15(3):804.Full text Abstract
72. Chow EP, Howden BP, Walker S, et al. Antiseptic mouthwash against pharyngeal Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a randomised controlled trial and an in vitro study. Sex Transm Infect. 2017 Mar;93(2):88-93. Abstract
73. Fung M, Scott KC, Kent CK, et al. Chlamydial and gonococcal reinfection among men: a systematic review of data to evaluate the need for retesting. Sex Transm Infect. 2007 Jul;83(4):304-9.Full text Abstract
74. Hosenfeld CB, Workowski KA, Berman S, et al. Repeat infection with Chlamydia and gonorrhea among females: a systematic review of the literature. Sex Transm Dis. 2009 Aug;36(8):478-89. Abstract
75. Ostendorf W. Preparation for safe medication administration. In: Perry AG, Potter PA, Elkin MK, eds. Nursing interventions & clinical skills. 7th ed. St Louis, MO: Mosby; 2020.
76. Public Health England. Immunisation procedures: the green book, chapter 4. Mar 2013 [internet publication].Full text
77. Poland GA, Borrud A, Jacobson RM, et al. Determination of deltoid fat pad thickness. Implications for needle length in adult immunization. JAMA. 1997 Jun 4;277(21):1709-11. Abstract
78. Zaybak A, Güneş UY, Tamsel S, et al. Does obesity prevent the needle from reaching muscle in intramuscular injections? J Adv Nurs. 2007 Jun;58(6):552-6.Full text Abstract
79. Nisbet AC. Intramuscular gluteal injections in the increasingly obese population: retrospective study. BMJ. 2006 Mar 18;332(7542):637-8.Full text Abstract
80. WHO Best Practices for Injections and Related Procedures Toolkit. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010 Mar. Abstract
81. Jin JF, Zhu LL, Chen M, et al. The optimal choice of medication administration route regarding intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous injection. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2015;9:923-42.Full text Abstract
82. Ness RB, Soper DE, Holley RL, et al. Effectiveness of inpatient and outpatient treatment strategies for women with pelvic inflammatory disease: results from the Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Evaluation and Clinical Health (PEACH) randomized trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002 May;186(5):929-37. Abstract
83. Savaris RF, Fuhrich DG, Maissiat J, et al. Antibiotic therapy for pelvic inflammatory disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Aug 20;8(8):CD010285.Full text Abstract
84. Haimovici R, Roussel TJ. Treatment of gonococcal conjunctivitis with single-dose intramuscular ceftriaxone. Am J Ophthalmol. 1989 May 15;107(5):511-4. Abstract
85. Pichichero ME. A review of evidence supporting the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation for prescribing cephalosporin antibiotics for penicillin-allergic patients. Pediatrics. 2005 Apr;115(4):1048-57. Abstract
86. Grad YH, Harris SR, Kirkcaldy RD, et al. Genomic epidemiology of gonococcal resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones in the United States, 2000-2013. J Infect Dis. 2016 Nov 15;214(10):1579-87.Full text Abstract
87. Taylor SN, Marrazzo J, Batteiger BE, et al. Single-dose zoliflodacin (ETX0914) for treatment of urogenital gonorrhea. N Engl J Med. 2018 Nov 8;379(19):1835-45.Full text Abstract
88. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidance on the use of expedited partner therapy in the treatment of gonorrhea. 18 August 2021 [internet publication].Full text
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer