Testicular torsion

References

Key articles

National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death. Testicular torsion. Feb 2024 [internet publication].Full text

Royal College of Surgeons of England. Commissioning guide topics: ​management of paediatric torsion. Oct 2016 [internet publication].Full text

European Association of Urology. Paediatric urology. Mar 2023 [internet publication].Full text

Expert Panel on Urological Imaging:, Wang CL, Aryal B, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria: acute onset of scrotal pain-without trauma, without antecedent mass. J Am Coll Radiol. 2019 May;16(5s):S38-43.Full text  Abstract

Clement KD, Light A, Asif A, et al. A BURST-BAUS consensus document for best practice in the conduct of scrotal exploration for suspected testicular torsion: the Finding consensus for orchIdopeXy In Torsion (FIX-IT) study. BJU Int. 2022 Jun 10;130(5):662-70.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

1. Laher A, Ragavan S, Mehta P, et al. Testicular torsion in the emergency room: A review of detection and management strategies. Open Access Emerg Med. 2020;12:237-246.Full text  Abstract

2. Ell PJ, Gambhir SS, eds. Nuclear medicine in clinical diagnosis and treatment. 3rd ed. Churchill Livingstone; 2004.

3. Kapoor S. Testicular torsion: a race against time. Int J Clin Pract. 2008 May;62(5):821-7. Abstract

4. Diamond DA, Borer JG, Peters CA, et al. Neonatal scrotal haematoma: mimicker of neonatal testicular torsion. BJU Int. 2003 May;91(7):675-7. Abstract

5. Ringdahl E, Teague L. Testicular torsion. Am Fam Physician. 2006 Nov 15;74(10):1739-43.Full text  Abstract

6. Pomajzl AJ, Leslie SW. Appendix Testes Torsion. In: Treasure Island (FL). StatPearls Publishing: 2021.

7. Lyronis ID, Ploumis N, Vlahakis I, et al. Acute scrotum -etiology, clinical presentation and seasonal variation. Indian J Pediatr. 2009 Apr;76(4):407-10.Full text  Abstract

8. Sharp VJ, Kieran K, Arlen AM. Testicular torsion: diagnosis, evaluation, and management. Am Fam Physician. 2013 Dec 15;88(12):835-40.Full text  Abstract

9. Cuckow PM, Frank JD. Torsion of the testis. BJU Int. 2000 Aug;86(3):349-53.Full text  Abstract

10. Greear GM, Romano MF, Katz MH, et al. Testicular torsion: epidemiological risk factors for orchiectomy in pediatric and adult patients. Int J Impot Res. 2021 Mar;33(2):184-190.Full text  Abstract

11. National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death. Testicular torsion. Feb 2024 [internet publication].Full text

12. Seng YJ, Moissinac K. Trauma induced testicular torsion: a reminder for the unwary. J Accid Emerg Med. 2000 Sep;17(5):381-2. Abstract

13. Zhong H, Bi Y. Pediatric trauma-induced testicular torsion: A surgical emergency. Urol Int. 2021;105(3-4):221-224.Full text  Abstract

14. Yíldíz H, Durmus AS, Simşek H, et al. Protective effect of sildenafil citrate on contralateral testis injury after unilateral testicular torsion/detorsion. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2011;66:137-142. Abstract

15. Marcozzi D, Suner S. The nontraumatic, acute scrotum. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2001 Aug;19(3):547-68. Abstract

16. Sessions AE, Rabinowitz R, Hulbert WC, et al. Testicular torsion: direction, degree, duration and disinformation. J Urol. 2003 Feb;169(2):663-5.Full text  Abstract

17. Pentyala S, Lee J, Yalamanchili P, et al. Testicular torsion: a review. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2001 Jan;5(1):38-47. Abstract

18. Turgut AT, Bhatt S, Dogra VS. Acute painful scrotum. Ultrasound Clin. 2008;3:93-107.

19. Leslie JA, Cain MP. Pediatric urologic emergencies and urgencies. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2006 Jun;53(3):513-27. Abstract

20. Royal College of Surgeons of England. Commissioning guide topics: ​management of paediatric torsion. Oct 2016 [internet publication].Full text

21. NHS England. Expert working group develops national consensus pathway for suspected testicular torsion. Feb 2024 [internet publication].Full text

22. Morin OA, Carr MG, Holcombe JM, et al. Optimal predictor of gonadal viability in testicular torsion: Time to treat versus duration of symptoms. J Surg Res. 2019 Dec;244:574-578.Full text  Abstract

23. European Association of Urology. Paediatric urology. Mar 2023 [internet publication].Full text

24. Barbosa JA, Tiseo BC, Barayan GA, et al. Development and initial validation of a scoring system to diagnose testicular torsion in children. J Urol. 2013 May;189(5):1859-64. Abstract

25. Sheth KR, Keays M, Grimsby GM, et al. Diagnosing testicular torsion before urological consultation and imaging: validation of the TWIST score. J Urol. 2016 Jun;195(6):1870-6. Abstract

26. Qin KR, Qu LG. Diagnosing with a TWIST: systematic review and meta-analysis of a testicular torsion risk score. J Urol. 2022 Jul;208(1):62-70.Full text  Abstract

27. Barbosa JABA, de Freitas PFS, Carvalho SAD, et al. Validation of the TWIST score for testicular torsion in adults. Int Urol Nephrol. 2021 Jan;53(1):7-11. Abstract

28. Sparano A, Acampora C, Scaglione M, et al. Using color power Doppler ultrasound imaging to diagnose the acute scrotum. A pictorial essay. Emerg Radiol. 2008 Sep;15(5):289-94. Abstract

29. Ota K, Fukui K, Oba K, et al. The role of ultrasound imaging in adult patients with testicular torsion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Ultrason (2001). 2019 Jul;46(3):325-334.Full text  Abstract

30. Blaivas M, Brannam L. Testicular ultrasound. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2004 Aug;22(3):723-48. Abstract

31. Vijayaraghavan SB. Sonographic differential diagnosis of acute scrotum: real-time whirlpool sign, a key sign of torsion. J Ultrasound Med. 2006 May;25(5):563-74. Abstract

32. Expert Panel on Urological Imaging:, Wang CL, Aryal B, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria: acute onset of scrotal pain-without trauma, without antecedent mass. J Am Coll Radiol. 2019 May;16(5s):S38-43.Full text  Abstract

33. McDowall J, Ahmed A, Gerber L. The ultrasonographic "whirlpool sign" in testicular torsion: valuable tool or waste of valuable time? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Emerg Radiol. Jun 2018 [internet publication].Full text

34. Hod N, Maizlin Z, Strauss S, et al. The relative merits of Doppler sonography in the evaluation of patients with clinically and scintigraphically suspected testicular torsion. Isr Med Assoc J. 2004 Jan;6(1):13-5.Full text  Abstract

35. Fütterer JJ, Heijmink SW, Spermon JR, et al. Imaging the male reproductive tract: current trends and future directions. Radiol Clin North Am. 2008 Jan;46(1):133-47. Abstract

36. Antonis MS, Phillips CA, Blaivas M. Genitourinary imaging in the emergency department. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2011 Aug;29(3):553-67. Abstract

37. Tiemstra JD, Kapoor S. Evaluation of scrotal masses. Am Fam Physician. 2008 Nov 15;78(10):1165-70. Abstract

38. Huang CC, Wen YS. Idiopathic testicular infarction initially masquerading as urolithiasis and epididymitis. Am J Emerg Med. 2007 Jul;25(6):736.e1-2. Abstract

39. Taskinen S, Taskinen M, Rintala R. Testicular torsion: orchiectomy or orchiopexy? J Pediatr Urol. 2008 Jun;4(3):210-3. Abstract

40. Moore SL, Chebbout R, Cumberbatch M, et al. Orchidopexy for testicular torsion: a systematic review of surgical technique. Eur Urol Focus. 2021 Nov;7(6):1493-503. Abstract

41. Cimador M, Dipace M, Castagnetti M, et al. Predictors of testicular viability in testicular torsion. J Pediatr Urol. 2007 Oct;3(5):387-90. Abstract

42. Kaye JD, Shapiro EY, Levitt SB, et al. Parenchymal echo texture predicts testicular salvage after torsion: potential impact on the need for emergent exploration. J Urol. 2008 Oct;180(4 Suppl):1733-6. Abstract

43. Galejs LE, Kass EJ. Diagnosis and treatment of the acute scrotum. Am Fam Physician. 1999 Feb 15;59(4):817-24.Full text  Abstract

44. Al-Salem AH. Intrauterine testicular torsion: a surgical emergency. J Pediatr Surg. 2007 Nov;42(11):1887-91. Abstract

45. O'Kelly F, Chua M, Erlich T, et al. Delaying urgent exploration in neonatal testicular torsion may have significant consequences for the contralateral testis: a critical literature review. Urology. 2021 Jul;153:277-84. Abstract

46. Monteilh C, Calixte R, Burjonrappa S. Controversies in the management of neonatal testicular torsion: A meta-analysis. J Pediatr Surg. 2019 Apr;54(4):815-819.Full text  Abstract

47. Bush NC, Bagrodia A. Initial results for combined orchiectomy and prosthesis exchange for unsalvageable testicular torsion in adolescents: description of intravaginal prosthesis placement at orchiectomy. J Urol. 2012 Oct;188(4 suppl):1424-8.Full text  Abstract

48. Hampl D, Koifman L, de Almeida R, et al. Testicular torsion: a modified surgical technique for immediate intravaginal testicular prosthesis implant. Int Braz J Urol. 2021 Nov-Dec;47(6):1219-1227.Full text  Abstract

49. Liu X, Xu Y, Li L, et al. Evaluation of testicular blood flow during testicular torsion surgery in children using the indocyanine green-guided near-infrared fluorescence imaging technique. Front Pediatr. 2023 Oct 30:11:1272659.Full text  Abstract

50. Shirasaki Y, Kawashima M, Kimura T, et al. Successful salvage of torsion testis by means of intraoperative indocyanine green fluorescence imaging. Surg Case Rep. 2022 Aug 11;8(1):152.Full text  Abstract

51. Kameoka Y, Yoshimura S, Matsufuji H, et al. Criteria for preserving grossly ischemic torsed testicles using indocyanine green fluorescence imaging: a single-center case series. Urology. 2023 Aug;178:133-7. Abstract

52. Kutikov A, Casale P, White MA, et al. Testicular compartment syndrome: a new approach to conceptualizing and managing testicular torsion. Urology. 2008;72:786-789. Abstract

53. Moritoki Y, Kojima Y, Mizuno K, et al. Intratesticular pressure after testicular torsion as a predictor of subsequent spermatogenesis: a rat model. BJU Int. 2012;109:466-470. Abstract

54. Bodiwala D, Summerton DJ, Terry TR. Testicular prostheses: development and modern usage. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2007 May;89(4):349-53.Full text  Abstract

55. Chen HX, Yang S, Ning Y, et al. Novel double-layer Silastic testicular prosthesis with controlled release of testosterone <i>in vitro</i>, and its effects on castrated rats. Asian J Androl. 2017 Jul-Aug;19(4):433-438.Full text  Abstract

56. Royal Australasian College of Surgeons. Acute scrotal pain and suspected testicular torsion guidelines. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

57. Clement KD, Light A, Asif A, et al. A BURST-BAUS consensus document for best practice in the conduct of scrotal exploration for suspected testicular torsion: the Finding consensus for orchIdopeXy In Torsion (FIX-IT) study. BJU Int. 2022 Jun 10;130(5):662-70.Full text  Abstract

58. Mor Y, Pinthus JH, Nadu A, et al. Testicular fixation following torsion of the spermatic cord - does it guarantee prevention of recurrent torsion events? J Urol. 2006 Jan;175(1):171-3. Abstract

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