Routine prenatal care

References

Key articles

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG committee opinion no. 762: prepregnancy counseling. Jan 2019 [internet publication].Full text

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antenatal care. Aug 2021 [internet publication].Full text

Committee on Practice Bulletins—Obstetrics and the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. Practice bulletin no. 175: ultrasound in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2016 Dec;128(6):e241-56.

ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletin. ACOG practice bulletin no​. 226: screening for fetal chromosomal abnormalities. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Oct;136(4):e48-69.  Abstract

Reference articles

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10. European Medicines Agency. New measures to avoid valproate exposure in pregnancy endorsed​. Mar 2018 [internet publication].Full text

11. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Clinical practice bulletin no. 5: treatment and management of mental health conditions during pregnancy and postpartum. Jun 2023 [internet publication].Full text

12. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antenatal and postnatal mental health: clinical management and service guidance. Feb 2020 [internet publication].​Full text

13. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antenatal care. Aug 2021 [internet publication].Full text

14. Dowswell T, Carroli G, Duley L, et al. Alternative versus standard packages of antenatal care for low-risk pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jul 16;(7):CD000934Full text  Abstract

15. Phelan ST. Components and timing of prenatal care. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2008 Sep;35(3):339-53. Abstract

16. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice bulletin no. 181: prevention of Rh D alloimmunization. Aug 2017 [internet publication].Full text  Abstract

17. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Clinical practice guideline no. 4: screening and diagnosis of mental health conditions during pregnancy and postpartum. Jun 2023 [internet publication].Full text  Abstract

18. US Preventive Services Task Force; Barry MJ, Nicholson WK, Silverstein M, et al. Screening for depression and suicide risk in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2023 Jun 20;329(23):2057-67.Full text  Abstract

19. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG committee opinion no. 518: intimate partner violence. Obstet Gynecol.​ 2012 Feb;119(2 Pt 1):412-7.Full text  Abstract

20. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists​. ACOG Committee opinion no. 554: reproductive and sexual coercion. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Feb;121(2 Pt 1):411-5.Full text  Abstract

21. Committee on Health Care for Underserved Women, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG committee opinion no. 547: health care for women in the military and women veterans. Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Dec;120(6):1538-42.​Full text  Abstract

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23. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG obstetric care consensus no. 11: pregnancy at age 35 years or older. Obstet Gynecol. 2022 Aug;140(2):348-66.Full text  Abstract

24. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG practice bulletin No. 205: vaginal birth after cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2019 Feb;133(2):e110-27. Abstract

25. Fleming-Dutra KE, Jones JM, Roper LE, et al. Use of the pfizer respiratory syncytial virus vaccine during pregnancy for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus-associated lower respiratory tract disease in infants: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices-United States, 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023 Oct 13;72(41):1115-22.Full text  Abstract

26. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Maternal respiratory syncytial virus vaccination. Sep 2023 [internet publication].Full text

27. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists​. ACOG committee opinion no. 718: update on immunization and pregnancy: tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis vaccination. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Sep;130(3):e153-7.Full text  Abstract

28. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice advisory to committee opinion no. 741: maternal immunization. Oct 2022 [internet publication].Full text

29. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. COVID-19 vaccination considerations for obstetric-gynecologic care. Aug 2022 [internet publication].Full text

30. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine. Provider considerations for engaging in COVID-19 vaccine counseling with pregnant and lactating patients. Jan 2022 [internet publication].Full text

31. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Use of COVID-19 vaccines in the United States. Aug 2022 [internet publication].Full text

32. UK Health Security Agency. COVID-19 vaccination: a guide on pregnancy and breastfeeding. Apr 2022 [internet publication].Full text

33. Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. COVID-19 vaccines, pregnancy and breastfeeding FAQs. May 2022 [internet publication].Full text

34. ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins​. ACOG practice bulletins no. 227: fetal growth restriction. Obstet Gynecol. 2021 Feb 1;137(2):e16-8. Abstract

35. Sparks TN, Cheng YW, McLaughlin B, et al. Fundal height: a useful screening tool for fetal growth? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011 May;24(5):708-12. Abstract

36. Kirkham C, Harris S, Grzybowski S. Evidence-based prenatal care - part I: general prenatal care and counseling issues. Am Fam Physician. 2005 Apr 1;71(7):1307-16.Full text  Abstract

37. Lilford RJ, Kelly M, Baines A, et al. Effect of using protocols on medical care: randomised trial of three methods of taking an antenatal history. BMJ. 1992 Nov 14;305(6863):1181-4.Full text  Abstract

38. Procter SB, Campbell CG. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: nutrition and lifestyle for a healthy pregnancy outcome. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2014 Jul;114(7):1099-103.Full text  Abstract

39. ​Institute of Medicine (US) and National Research Council (US) Committee to Reexamine IOM Pregnancy Weight Guidelines; Rasmussen KM, Yaktine AL, eds. Weight gain during pregnancy: reexamining the guidelines. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US); 2009.Full text  Abstract

40. ACOG Committee on Obstetric Practice. ACOG committee opinion no. 548: weight gain during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jan;121(1):210-2. Full text

41. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists​. ACOG practice bulletin no. 230: obesity in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2021 Jun 1;137(6):e128-44. Abstract

42. Maxwell C, Gaudet L, Cassir G, et al. SOGC clinical practice guidelines: guideline no. 391-pregnancy and maternal obesity part 1: pre-conception and prenatal care. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2019 Nov;41(11):1623-40 Abstract

43. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Weight management before, during and after pregnancy. Jul 2010 [internet publication].​Full text

44. Goodnight W, Newman R, Society of Maternal-Fetal Medicine. Optimal nutrition for improved twin pregnancy outcome. Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Nov;114(5):1121-34. Abstract

45. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Twin and triplet pregnancy. Sep 2019 [internet publication].​Full text

46. Goldstein RF, Abell SK, Ranasinha S, et al. Association of Gestational Weight Gain With Maternal and Infant Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA. 2017 Jun 6;317(21):2207-25.Full text  Abstract

47. International Weight Management in Pregnancy (i-WIP) Collaborative Group. Effect of diet and physical activity based interventions in pregnancy on gestational weight gain and pregnancy outcomes: meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. BMJ. 2017 Jul 19;358:j3119.Full text  Abstract

48. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Listeria (listeriosis): prevention. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text

49. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG practice bulletin no. 187: neural tube defects. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Dec;130(6):e279-90. Abstract

50. Hodgetts VA, Morris RK, Francis A, et al. Effectiveness of folic acid supplementation in pregnancy on reducing the risk of small-for-gestational age neonates: a population study, systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG. 2015 Mar;122(4):478-90.Full text  Abstract

51. Moon K, Rao SC, Schulzke SM, et al. Longchain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Dec 20;12(12):CD000375.Full text  Abstract

52. Newberry SJ, Chung M, Booth M, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids and maternal and child health: an updated systematic review. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2016 Oct;(224):1-826. Abstract

53. Coletta JM, Bell SJ, Roman AS. Omega-3 fatty acids and pregnancy. Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Fall;3(4):163-71.Full text  Abstract

54. Zhou SJ, Yelland L, McPhee AJ, et al. Fish-oil supplementation in pregnancy does not reduce the risk of gestational diabetes or preeclampsia. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 Jun;95(6):1378-84. Abstract

55. Conde-Agudelo A, Romero R, Kusanovic JP, et al. Supplementation with vitamins C and E during pregnancy for the prevention of preeclampsia and other adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Jun;204(6):503.e1-12.Full text  Abstract

56. Rumbold A, Ota E, Nagata C, et al. Vitamin C supplementation in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Sep 29;(9):CD004072.Full text  Abstract

57. ACOG Committee on Obstetric Practice. ​Committee opinion no. 462: moderate caffeine consumption during pregnancy. Aug 2010 [internet publication].Full text

58. Department of Health. UK Chief Medical Officers’ low risk drinking guidelines. August 2016 [internet publication].Full text

59. Burns E, Gray R, Smith LA, et al. Brief screening questionnaires to identify problem drinking during pregnancy: a systematic review. Addiction. 2010 Apr;105(4):601-14. Abstract

60. ACOG Committee on Obstetric Practice. ACOG committee opinion no. 807: tobacco and nicotine cessation during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 May;135(5):e221-9.Full text

61. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence​. Tobacco: preventing uptake, promoting quitting and treating dependence. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text

62. ACOG Committee on Health Care for Underserved Women​. AGOG committee opinion no. 473: substance abuse reporting and pregnancy: the role of the obstetrician-gynecologist. Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Jan;117(1):200-1.Full text

63. Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecologists. Reducing the risk of thrombosis and embolism during pregnancy and the puerperium. Green-top guideline no. 37a. April 2015 [internet publication].Full text

64. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Weight management before, during and after pregnancy. Jul 2010 [internet publication].Full text

65. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committe opinion no. 804: physical activity and exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period​. Apr 2020 [internet publication].Full text

66. Han S, Middleton P, Crowther CA. Exercise for pregnant women for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jul 11;(7):CD009021.Full text  Abstract

67. Wiebe HW, Boulé NG, Chari R, et al. The effect of supervised prenatal exercise on fetal growth: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2015 May;125(5):1185-94. Abstract

68. Domenjoz I, Kayser B, Boulvain M. Effect of physical activity during pregnancy on mode of delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Oct;211(4):401.e1-11. Abstract

69. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committe opinion no. 697: planned home birth. Apr 2017 [internet publication].Full text

70. Rosen-Carole C, Hartman S, Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. ABM clinical protocol #19: breastfeeding promotion in the prenatal setting, revision 2015. Breastfeed Med. 2015 Dec;10(10):451-7.Full text  Abstract

71. Conners EE, Panagiotakopoulos L, Hofmeister MG, et al. Screening and testing for hepatitis B virus infection: CDC recommendations-United States, 2023. MMWR Recomm Rep 2023;72(No. RR-1):1-25.Full text  Abstract

72. US Preventive Services Task Force., Owens DK, Davidson KW, et al. Screening for hepatitis B virus infection in pregnant women: US Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement. JAMA. 2019 Jul 23;322(4):349-54.Full text  Abstract

73. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2008 Jul 1;149(1):43-7.Full text  Abstract

74. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Gestational diabetes: screening​. Aug 2021 [internet publication].Full text

75. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG practice bulletin no. 190: gestational diabetes mellitus. Feb 2018 [internet publication].Full text  Abstract

76. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes-2024. Dec 2023 [internet publication].Full text

77. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee Opinion 797: prevention of group B streptococcal early-onset disease in newborns. Feb 2020 [internet publication].Full text

78. Yudin MH, Money DM. No. 211-screening and management of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2017 Aug;39(8):e184-91. Abstract

79. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy to prevent preterm delivery: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2008 Feb 5;148(3):214-9​.Full text

80. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. Jul 2021 [internet publication].Full text

81. ACOG Committee on Obstetric Practice. ACOG committee opinion no. 495: vitamin D: screening and supplementation during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Jul;118(1):197-8.Full text  Abstract

82. Ross AC, Taylor CL, Yaktine AL, et al. Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. 1st ed. Washington, DC; 2011.Full text  Abstract

83. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Vitamin D: supplement use in specific population groups. Aug 2017 [internet publication].Full text

84. ACOG committtee on Practice Bulletin. ACOG practice bulletin no. 223: thyroid disease in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Jun;135(6):e261-74.​ Abstract

85. Lazarus JH, Bestwick JP, Channon S, et al. Antenatal thyroid screening and childhood cognitive function. N Engl J Med. 2012 Feb 9;366(6):493-501.Full text  Abstract

86. Casey BM, Thom EA, Peaceman AM, et al. Treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism or hypothyroxinemia in pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 2017 Mar 2;376(9):815-25.Full text  Abstract

87. Committee on Genetics. Committee opinion no. 691: carrier screening for genetic conditions. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Mar;129(3):e41-55.Full text

88. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee opinion no. 690: carrier screening in the age of genomic medicine. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Mar;129(3):e35-40.Full text

89. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice advisory: hemoglobinopathies in pregnancy - practice bulletin no. 78. Aug 2022 [internet publication].Full text

90. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ​ACOG committee opinion no. 700: methods for estimating the due date​. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 May;129(5):e150-4.Full text  Abstract

91. Committee on Practice Bulletins—Obstetrics and the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. Practice bulletin no. 175: ultrasound in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2016 Dec;128(6):e241-56.

92. AIUM-ACR-ACOG-SMFM-SRU Practice Parameter for the performance of standard diagnostic obstetric ultrasound examinations. J Ultrasound Med. 2018 Nov;37(11):E13-24.​Full text  Abstract

93. Committee on Obstetric Practice. Committee opinion no. 688: management of suboptimally dated pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Mar;129(3):e29-32.​Full text  Abstract

94. Levi S. Ultrasound in prenatal diagnosis: polemics around routine ultrasound screening for second trimester fetal malformations. Prenat Diagn. 2002 Apr;22(4):285-95. Abstract

95. Wood SL, Owen J, Jenkins SM, et al. The utility of repeat midtrimester anatomy ultrasound for anomaly detection. Am J Perinatol. 2018 Dec;35(14):1346-51. Abstract

96. Cargill Y, Morin L, Bly S, et al. Content of a complete routine second trimester obstetrical ultrasound examination and report. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2009 Mar;31(3):272-5. Abstract

97. International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Performance of first-trimester fetal ultrasound scan. Jan 2013 [internet publication].Full text

98. Torloni MR, Vedmedovska N, Merialdi M, et al; ISUOG-WHO Fetal Growth Study Group. Safety of ultrasonography in pregnancy: WHO systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2009 May;33(5):599-608.Full text  Abstract

99. Stalberg K, Axelsson O, Haglund B, et al. Prenatal ultrasound exposure and children's school performance at age 15-16: follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Ultrasound Obstetr Gynecol. 2009 Sep;34(3):297-303.Full text  Abstract

100. Hendler I, Blackwell SC, Bujold E, et al. Suboptimal second-trimester ultrasonographic visualization of the fetal heart in obese women: should we repeat the examination? J Ultrasound Med. 2005 Sep;24(9):1205-9; quiz 1210-1. Abstract

101. Getahun D, Oyelese Y, Salihu HM, et al. Previous cesarean delivery and risks of placenta previa and placental abruption. Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Apr;107(4):771-8. Abstract

102. Loto O, Onile TG. Placenta praevia at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife. A ten year analysis. Niger J Clin Pract. 2008 Jun;11(2):130-3. Abstract

103. Yang Q, Wu Wen S, Caughey S, et al. Placenta previa: its relationship with race and the country of origin among Asian women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2008;87(6):612-6.Full text  Abstract

104. Oppenheimer L, Holmes P, Simpson N, et al. Diagnosis of low-lying placenta: can migration in the third trimester predict outcome? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Aug;18(2):100-2. Abstract

105. Berghella V. Placenta previa, placenta accrete, and vas previa: obstetric evidence based guidelines. New York, NY: Informa Healthcare USA, Inc; 2009.

106. Oyelese Y. Placenta previa: the evolving role of ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Aug;34(2):123-6. Abstract

107. Jain V, Bos H, Bujold E. Guideline no. 402: diagnosis and management of placenta previa. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2020 Jul;42(7):906-17.e1. Abstract

108. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Placenta praevia and placenta accreta: diagnosis and management (green-top guideline no. 27a). Sep 2018 [internet publication].​Full text

109. ACOG Committee​ on Practice Bulletin. ACOG practice bulletin no. 162: prenatal diagnostic testing for genetic disorders. Obstet Gynecol. 2016 May;127(5):e108-22.  Abstract

110. Driscoll DA, Gross S. Clinical practice: prenatal screening for aneuploidy. N Engl J Med. 2009 Jun 11;360(24):2556-62. Abstract

111. ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletin. ACOG practice bulletin no​. 226: screening for fetal chromosomal abnormalities. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Oct;136(4):e48-69.  Abstract

112. Driscoll DA, Gross SJ; Professional Practice and Guidelines Committee. First trimester diagnosis and screening for fetal aneuploidy. Genet Med. 2008 Jan;10(1):73-5. Abstract

113. Palomaki GE, Lee JE, Canick JA, et al; ACMG Laboratory Quality Assurance Committee. Technical standards and guidelines: prenatal screening for Down syndrome that includes first-trimester biochemistry and/or ultrasound measurements. Genet Med. 2009 Sep;11(9):669-81. Abstract

114. Dugoff L, Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine. First- and second-trimester maternal serum markers for aneuploidy and adverse obstetric outcomes. Obstet Gynecol. 2010 May;115(5):1052-61. Abstract

115. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG practice bulletin no. 88, December 2007. Invasive prenatal testing for aneuploidy. Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Dec;110(6):1459-67. Abstract

116. Wapner RJ, Martin CL, Levy B, et al. Chromosomal microarray versus karyotyping for prenatal diagnosis. N Engl J Med. 2012 Dec 6;367(23):2175-84.Full text  Abstract

117. American College of Obstetricians and Gynacologists. Committee opinion no.682: microarrays and next-generation sequencing technology: the use of advanced genetic diagnostic tools in obstetrics and gynecology. Dec 2016 [internet publication].Full text

118. Cheschier N; ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins-Obstetrics. ACOG practice bulletin: neural tube defects. Number 44, July 2003. (Replaces committee opinion number 252, March 2001). Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2003 Oct;83(1):123-33. Abstract

119. Cameron M, Moran P. Prenatal screening and diagnosis of neural tube defects. Prenat Diagn. 2009 Apr;29(4):402-11. Abstract

120. US Preventive Services Task Force; Barry MJ, Nicholson WK, Silverstein M, et al. Screening for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: US Preventive Services Task Force final recommendation statement. JAMA. 2023 Sep 19;330(11):1074-82.Full text  Abstract

121. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice bulletin​ no 222: gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Jun 2020 [internet publication].Full text

122. Brown MA, Magee LA, Kenny LC, et al. The hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: ISSHP classification, diagnosis & management recommendations for international practice. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2018 Jul;13:291-310. Abstract

123. Kuc S, Wortelboer EJ, van Rijn BB, et al. Evaluation of 7 serum biomarkers and uterine artery Doppler ultrasound for first-trimester prediction of preeclampsia: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2011 Apr;66(4):225-39. Abstract

124. Skråstad RB, Hov GG, Blaas HG, et al. Risk assessment for preeclampsia in nulliparous women at 11-13 weeks gestational age: prospective evaluation of two algorithms. BJOG. 2015 Dec;122(13):1781-8. Abstract

125. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. PLGF-based testing to help diagnose suspected preterm pre-eclampsia. Jul 2022 [internet publication].Full text

126. Poon LC, Shennan A, Hyett JA, et al. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) initiative on pre-eclampsia: a pragmatic guide for first-trimester screening and prevention. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2019 May;145 (Suppl 1):1-33.​Full text  Abstract

127. Amylidi S, Mosimann B, Stettler C, et al. First-trimester glycosylated hemoglobin in women at high risk for gestational diabetes. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2016 Jan;95(1):93-7.Full text  Abstract

128. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetes in pregnancy: management from preconception to the postnatal period. Dec 2020 [internet publication].Full text

129. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG practice bulletin no. 233: anemia in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2021 Aug 1;138(2):e55-64. Abstract

130. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations to prevent and control iron deficiency in the United States. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1998;47:1-36.Full text  Abstract

131. Peña-Rosas JP, De-Regil LM, Garcia-Casal MN, et al. Daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jul 22;(7):CD004736.Full text  Abstract

132. Sui Z, Grivell RM, Dodd JM. Antenatal exercise to improve outcomes in overweight or obese women: a systematic review. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2012 May;91(5):538-45. Abstract

133. Quinlivan JA, Julania S, Lam L. Antenatal dietary interventions in obese pregnant women to restrict gestational weight gain to Institute of Medicine recommendations: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Dec;118(6):1395-401. Abstract

134. Larsen TB, Sørensen HT, Gislum M, et al. Maternal smoking, obesity, and risk of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy and the puerperium: a population-based nested case-control study. Thromb Res. 2007;120(4):505-9. Abstract

135. Racusin D, Stevens B, Campbell G, et al. Obesity and the risk and detection of fetal malformations. Semin Perinatol. 2012 Jun;36(3):213-21. Abstract

136. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG committee opinion no. 579: definition of term pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Nov;122(5):1139-40.Full text  Abstract

137. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG practice bulletin no. 146: management of late-term and postterm pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Aug;124(2 Pt 1):390-6.​ Abstract

138. Wennerholm UB, Saltvedt S, Wessberg A, et al. Induction of labour at 41 weeks versus expectant management and induction of labour at 42 weeks (SWEdish Post-term Induction Study, SWEPIS): multicentre, open label, randomised, superiority trial. BMJ. 2019 Nov 20;367:l6131.Full text  Abstract

139. Delaney M, Roggensack A. No. 214-guidelines for the management of pregnancy at 41+0 to 42+0 weeks. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2017 Aug;39(8):e164-e174. Abstract

140. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Inducing labour. Nov 2021 [internet publication].Full text

141. World Health Organization​. WHO recommendations on induction of labour, at or beyond term. Oct 2022 [internet publication].Full text

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