Impetigo

Hartman-Adams H, Banvard C, Juckett G. Impetigo: diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2014 Aug 15;90(4):229-35.Full text  Abstract

Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15;59(2):e10-52.Full text  Abstract

Koning S, van der Sande R, Verhagen AP, et al. Interventions for impetigo. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jan 18;(1):CD003261.Full text  Abstract

1. Hartman-Adams H, Banvard C, Juckett G. Impetigo: diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2014 Aug 15;90(4):229-35.Full text  Abstract

2. Bowen AC, Mahé A, Hay RJ, et al. The global epidemiology of impetigo: a systematic review of the population prevalence of impetigo and pyoderma. PLoS One. 2015 Aug 28;10(8):e0136789.Full text  Abstract

3. Barbieri E, Porcu G, Dona' D, et al. Non-bullous impetigo: incidence, prevalence, and treatment in the pediatric primary care setting in Italy. Front Pediatr. 2022;10:753694.Full text  Abstract

4. Prindaville B, Simon SD, Horii KA. Dermatology-related outpatient visits by children: implications for workforce and pediatric education. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016 Jul;75(1):228-9.Full text  Abstract

5. Dollani LC, Marathe KS. Impetigo/Staphylococcal scalded skin disease. Pediatr Rev. 2020 Apr;41(4):210-12.Full text  Abstract

6. Ho T, Taylor MT, Marathe KS, et al. Most common pediatric skin conditions managed in outpatient dermatology clinics in the United States stratified by race and ethnicity. Pediatr Dermatol. 2021 Nov;38 Suppl 2:129-31.Full text  Abstract

7. Elliot AJ, Cross KW, Smith GE, et al. The association between impetigo, insect bites and air temperature: a retrospective 5-year study (1999-2003) using morbidity data collected from a sentinel general practice network database. Fam Pract. 2006 Oct;23(5):490-6.Full text  Abstract

8. De Rose DU, Pugnaloni F, Martini L, et al. Staphylococcal infections and neonatal skin: data from literature and suggestions for the clinical management from four challenging patients. Antibiotics (Basel). 2023 Mar 23;12(4).Full text  Abstract

9. Kakar N, Kumar V, Mehta G, et al. Clinico-bacteriological study of pyodermas in children. J Dermatol. 1999 May;26(5):288-93. Abstract

10. Tewodros W, Muhe L, Daniel E, et al. A one-year study of streptococcal infections and their complications among Ethiopian children. Epidemiol Infect. 1992 Oct;109(2):211-25. Abstract

11. Loffeld A, Davies P, Lewis A, et al. Seasonal occurrence of impetigo: a retrospective 8-year review (1996-2003). Clin Exp Dermatol. 2005 Sep;30(5):512-4. Abstract

12. Kristensen JK. Scabies and pyoderma in Lilongwe, Malawi. Prevalence and seasonal fluctuation. Int J Dermatol. 1991 Oct;30(10):699-702. Abstract

13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Group A Streptococcal (GAS) disease: impetigo. Jun 2022 [internet publication].Full text

14. Durupt F, Mayor L, Bes M, et al. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus toxins and nasal carriage in furuncles and impetigo. Br J Dermatol. 2007 Dec;157(6):1161-7. Abstract

15. Shi D, Higuchi W, Takano T, et al. Bullous impetigo in children infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus alone or in combination with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus: analysis of genetic characteristics, including assessment of exfoliative toxin gene carriage. J Clin Microbiol. 2011 May;49(5):1972-4. Abstract

16. Amagai M, Matsuyoshi N, Wang ZH, et al. Toxin in bullous impetigo and staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome targets desmoglein 1. Nat Med. 2000 Nov;6(11):1275-7. Abstract

17. Hanakawa Y, Schechter NM, Lin C, et al. Molecular mechanisms of blister formation in bullous impetigo and staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. J Clin Invest. 2002 Jul;110(1):53-60.Full text  Abstract

18. Weedon D. Weedon's skin pathology. 3rd ed. Oxford, UK: Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier; 2009:549.

19. Jefferson T, Dooley L, Ferroni E, et al. Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jan 30;1(1):CD006207.Full text  Abstract

20. Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Feikin DR, et al. Effect of handwashing on child health: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005 Jul 16-22;366(9481):225-33. Abstract

21. Scully BE, Briones F, Gu JW, et al. Mupirocin treatment of nasal staphylococcal colonization. Arch Intern Med. 1992 Feb;152(2):353-6. Abstract

22. Raz R, Miron D, Colodner R, et al. A 1-year trial of nasal mupirocin in the prevention of recurrent staphylococcal nasal colonization and skin infection. Arch Intern Med. 1996 May 27;156(10):1109-12. Abstract

23. Darmstadt GL, Osendarp SJ, Ahmed S, et al. Effect of antenatal zinc supplementation on impetigo in infants in Bangladesh. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012 Apr;31(4):407-9. Abstract

24. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Impetigo: antimicrobial prescribing. Feb 2020 [internet publication].Full text

25. Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15;59(2):e10-52.Full text  Abstract

26. Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne. Cellulitis and other bacterial skin infections. Mar 2020 [internet publication].Full text

27. Hoffmann TC, Peiris R, Glasziou P, et al. Natural history of non-bullous impetigo: a systematic review of time to resolution or improvement without antibiotic treatment. Br J Gen Pract. 2021;71(704):e237-42.Full text  Abstract

28. Koning S, van der Sande R, Verhagen AP, et al. Interventions for impetigo. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jan 18;(1):CD003261.Full text  Abstract

29. Kwak YG, Choi SH, Kim T, et al. Clinical guidelines for the antibiotic treatment for community-acquired skin and soft tissue infection. Infect Chemother. 2017 Dec;49(4):301-25.Full text  Abstract

30. Wallin TR, Hern HG, Frazee BW. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2008 May;26(2):431-55. Abstract

31. Vogel A, Lennon D, Best E, et al. Where to from here? The treatment of impetigo in children as resistance to fusidic acid emerges. N Z Med J. 2016 Oct 14;129(1443):77-83. Abstract

32. Gropper S, Albareda N, Chelius K, et al; Ozenoxacin in Impetigo Trial Investigators Group. Ozenoxacin 1% cream in the treatment of impetigo: a multicenter, randomized, placebo- and retapamulin-controlled clinical trial. Future Microbiol. 2014;9(9):1013-23. Abstract

33. Rosen T, Albareda N, Rosenberg N, et al. Efficacy and safety of ozenoxacin cream for treatment of adult and pediatric patients with impetigo: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Dermatol. 2018 Jul 1;154(7):806-13. Abstract

34. Bowen AC, Tong SY, Andrews RM, et al. Short-course oral co-trimoxazole versus intramuscular benzathine benzylpenicillin for impetigo in a highly endemic region: an open-label, randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2014 Dec 13;384(9960):2132-40. Abstract

35. Sartelli M, Coccolini F, Kluger Y, et al. WSES/GAIS/WSIS/SIS-E/AAST global clinical pathways for patients with skin and soft tissue infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2022 Jan 15;17(1):3.Full text  Abstract

36. The Primary Care Dermatology Society. Impetigo​. May 2022 [internet publication].Full text

37. Galindo E, Hebert AA. A comparative review of current topical antibiotics for impetigo. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2021 Jun;20(6):677-83.Full text  Abstract

38. Abbas M, Paul M, Huttner A. New and improved? A review of novel antibiotics for Gram-positive bacteria. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017 Oct;23(10):697-703. Abstract

39. Bassetti M, Della Siega P, Pecori D, et al. Delafloxacin for the treatment of respiratory and skin infections. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2015 Mar;24(3):433-42. Abstract

40. Chamny S, Miron D, Lumelsky N, et al. Topical minocycline foam for the treatment of impetigo in children: results of a randomized, double-blind, phase 2 study. J Drugs Dermatol. 2016 Oct 1;15(10):1238-43. Abstract

41. UK Health Security Agency​. Children and young people settings: tools and resources. Oct 2023 [internet publication].Full text