Peripheral arterial disease

References

Key articles

Mazzolai L, Teixido-Tura G, Lanzi S, et al. 2024 ESC guidelines for the management of peripheral arterial and aortic diseases. Eur Heart J. 2024 Sep 29;45(36):3538-700.Full text  Abstract

Writing Committee Members; Gornik HL, Aronow HD, Goodney PP, et al. 2024 ACC/AHA/AACVPR/APMA/ABC/SCAI/SVM/SVN/SVS/SIR/VESS guideline for the management of lower extremity peripheral artery disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association joint committee on clinical practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2024 Jun 18;83(24):2497-604.Full text  Abstract

Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, et al; TASC II Working Group. Inter-society consensus for the management of peripheral arterial disease (TASC II). J Vasc Surg. 2007;45(suppl S):S5-67.Full text  Abstract

Mills JL Sr, Conte MS, Armstrong DG, et al. The Society for Vascular Surgery lower extremity threatened limb classification system: risk stratification based on wound, ischemia, and foot infection (WIfI). J Vasc Surg. 2014 Jan;59(1):220-34;e1-2.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

1. Mazzolai L, Teixido-Tura G, Lanzi S, et al. 2024 ESC guidelines for the management of peripheral arterial and aortic diseases. Eur Heart J. 2024 Sep 29;45(36):3538-700.Full text  Abstract

2. Writing Committee Members; Gornik HL, Aronow HD, Goodney PP, et al. 2024 ACC/AHA/AACVPR/APMA/ABC/SCAI/SVM/SVN/SVS/SIR/VESS guideline for the management of lower extremity peripheral artery disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association joint committee on clinical practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2024 Jun 18;83(24):2497-604.Full text  Abstract

3. Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, et al; TASC II Working Group. Inter-society consensus for the management of peripheral arterial disease (TASC II). J Vasc Surg. 2007;45(suppl S):S5-67.Full text  Abstract

4. Allison MA, Armstrong DG, Goodney PP, et al. Health disparities in peripheral artery disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023 Jul 18;148(3):286-96.Full text  Abstract

5. Fowkes FG, Rudan D, Rudan I, et al. Comparison of global estimates of prevalence and risk factors for peripheral artery disease in 2000 and 2010: a systematic review and analysis. Lancet. 2013 Oct 19;382(9901):1329-40. Abstract

6. Kim ESH, Arya S, Bryce Y, et al. Sex differences in peripheral vascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 11 Mar 2025 [Epub ahead of print].Full text  Abstract

7. Watson K, Watson BD, Pater KS. Peripheral arterial disease: a review of disease awareness and management. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2006 Dec;4(4):365-79. Abstract

8. Abaraogu UO, Ezenwankwo EF, Dall PM, et al. Living a burdensome and demanding life: A qualitative systematic review of the patients experiences of peripheral arterial disease. PLoS One. 2018 Nov 15;13(11):e0207456.Full text  Abstract

9. Rajagopalan S. Approach to and management of intermittent claudication. In: Rajagopalan S, Mukherjee D, Mohler ER, eds. Manual of vascular diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 2005:70-87.

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11. Youssef F, Gupta P, Mikhailidis DP, et al. Risk modification in patients with peripheral arterial disease: a retrospective survey. Angiology. 2005 May-Jun;56(3):279-87. Abstract

12. Paraskevas KI, Papas TT, Pavlidis P, et al. The importance of conservative measures in peripheral arterial disease: an update. Angiology. 2008 Oct-Nov;59(5):529-33. Abstract

13. Ostchega Y, Paulose-Ram R, Dillon CF, et al. Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and risk factors in persons aged 60 and older: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007 Apr;55(4):583-9. Abstract

14. Willigendael EM, Teijink JA, Bartelink ML, et al. Influence of smoking on incidence and prevalence of peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg. 2004 Dec;40(6):1158-65. Abstract

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18. Clement DL, De Buyzere ML, Duprez DA. Hypertension in peripheral arterial disease. Curr Pharm Des. 2004;10(29):3615-20. Abstract

19. Criqui MH, Aboyans V. Epidemiology of peripheral artery disease. Circ Res. 2015 Apr 24;116(9):1509-26. Abstract

20. Murabito JM, D'Agostino RB, Silbershatz H, et al. Intermittent claudication. A risk profile from The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1997 Jul 1;96(1):44-9. Abstract

21. Joosten MM, Pai JK, Bertoia ML, et al. Associations between conventional cardiovascular risk factors and risk of peripheral artery disease in men. JAMA. 2012 Oct 24;308(16):1660-7. Abstract

22. Lane DA, Lip GY. Treatment of hypertension in peripheral arterial disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(12):CD003075.Full text  Abstract

23. Thomas Manapurathe D, Krishna SM, Dewdney B, et al. Effect of blood pressure lowering medications on leg ischemia in peripheral artery disease patients: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. PLoS One. 2017 Jun 2;12(6):e0178713.Full text  Abstract

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25. Mehler PS, Coll JR, Estacio R, et al. Intensive blood pressure control reduces the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with peripheral arterial disease and type 2 diabetes. Circulation. 2003 Feb 11;107(5):753-6.Full text  Abstract

26. Harris SK, Roos MG, Landry GJ. Statin use in patients with peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg. 2016 Dec;64(6):1881-8. Abstract

27. Aung PP, Maxwell HG, Jepson RG, et al. Lipid-lowering for peripheral arterial disease of the lower limb. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD000123.Full text  Abstract

28. Stoekenbroek RM, Boekholdt SM, Fayyad R, et al. High-dose atorvastatin is superior to moderate-dose simvastatin in preventing peripheral arterial disease. Heart. 2015 Mar;101(5):356-62. Abstract

29. Selvin E, Erlinger TP. Prevalence of and risk factors for peripheral arterial disease in the United States: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2000. Circulation. 2004 Aug 10;110(6):738-43. Abstract

30. Lane R, Harwood A, Watson L, et al. Exercise for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(12):CD000990.Full text  Abstract

31. Serra R, Bracale UM, Ielapi N, et al. The impact of chronic kidney disease on peripheral artery disease and peripheral revascularization. Int J Gen Med. 2021 Jul 23;14:3749-59.Full text  Abstract

32. Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, et al. Plasma concentration of C-reactive protein and risk of developing peripheral vascular disease. Circulation. 1998 Feb 10;97(5):425-8.Full text  Abstract

33. Andras A, Stansby G, Hansrani M. Homocysteine lowering interventions for peripheral arterial disease and bypass grafts. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(7):CD003285.Full text  Abstract

34. Wang H, Wu P, Jiang D, et al. Relationship between serum homocysteine, fibrinogen, lipoprotein-a level, and peripheral arterial disease: a dose-response meta-analysis. Eur J Med Res. 2022 Nov 21;27(1):261.Full text  Abstract

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36. Esfahani F, Rooholamini SA, Azadeh B, et al. Arterial fibrodysplasia: a regional cause of peripheral occlusive vascular disease. Angiology. 1989 Feb;40(2):108-13. Abstract

37. Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, et al. 2019 ACC/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2019 Sep 10;140(11):e596-e646.Full text  Abstract

38. GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020 Oct 17;396(10258):1223-49.Full text  Abstract

39. Visseren FLJ, Mach F, Smulders YM, et al. 2021 ESC guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J. 2021 Sep 7;42(34):3227-337.Full text  Abstract

40. Powell-Wiley TM, Poirier P, Burke LE, et al. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021 May 25;143(21):e984-e1010.Full text  Abstract

41. Mangione CM, Barry MJ, Nicholson WK, et al. Statin use for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2022 Aug 23;328(8):746-53.Full text  Abstract

42. US Preventive Services Task Force; Davidson KW, Barry MJ, et al. Aspirin use to prevent cardiovascular disease: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2022 Apr 26;327(16):1577-84.Full text  Abstract

43. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: management of iliac artery occlusive disease. 2024 [internet publication].Full text

44. McDermott MM, Liu K, Greenland P, et al. Functional decline in peripheral arterial disease: associations with the ankle brachial index and leg symptoms. JAMA. 2004 Jul 28;292(4):453-61.Full text  Abstract

45. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Peripheral arterial disease: diagnosis and management. Dec 2020 [internet publication].Full text

46. Paraskevas KI, Kotsikoris I, Koupidis SA, et al. Ankle-brachial index: a marker of both peripheral arterial disease and systemic atherosclerosis as well as a predictor of vascular events. Angiology. 2010 Aug;61(6):521-3. Abstract

47. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: lower extremity arterial claudication - imaging assessment for revascularization. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

48. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: sudden onset of cold, painful leg. 2023 [internet publication].Full text

49. Depalma RG. Impotence in vascular disease: relationship to vascular surgery. Br J Surg. 1982 Jun;69(suppl):S14-S16. Abstract

50. Mills JL Sr, Conte MS, Armstrong DG, et al. The Society for Vascular Surgery lower extremity threatened limb classification system: risk stratification based on wound, ischemia, and foot infection (WIfI). J Vasc Surg. 2014 Jan;59(1):220-34;e1-2.Full text  Abstract

51. Dormandy JA, Rutherford RB. Management of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). TASC Working Group. TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC). J Vasc Surg. 2000 Jan;31(1 Pt 2):S1-296. Abstract

52. TASC Steering Committee; Jaff MR, White CJ, Hiatt WR, et al. An update on methods for revascularization and expansion of the TASC lesion classification to include below-the-knee arteries: a supplement to the inter-society consensus for the management of peripheral arterial disease (TASC II). Vasc Med. 2015 Oct;20(5):465-78. Abstract

53. Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 May 15;71(19):e127-248.Full text  Abstract

54. Anand SS, Bosch J, Eikelboom JW, et al; COMPASS Investigators. Rivaroxaban with or without aspirin in patients with stable peripheral or carotid artery disease: an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2018 Jan 20;391(10117):219-29.Full text  Abstract

55. Smolderen KG, Ujueta F, Buckley Behan D, et al. Understanding the pain experience and treatment considerations along the spectrum of peripheral artery disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2025 Mar;18(3):e000135.Full text  Abstract

56. Razavi MK, Lee DS, Hofmann LV. Catheter-directed thrombolytic therapy for limb ischemia: current status and controversies. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2004 Jan;15(1 Pt 1):13-23. Abstract

57. Broderick C, Patel JV. Infusion techniques for peripheral arterial thrombolysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Nov 17;11:CD000985.Full text  Abstract

58. Robertson I, Kessel DO, Berridge DC. Fibrinolytic agents for peripheral arterial occlusion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Dec 19;(12):CD001099.Full text  Abstract

59. Guidon M, McGee H. Exercise-based interventions and health-related quality of life in intermittent claudication: a 20-year (1989-2008) review. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2010 Apr;17(2):140-54. Abstract

60. Mays RJ, Hiatt WR, Casserly IP, et al. Community-based walking exercise for peripheral artery disease: an exploratory pilot study. Vasc Med. 2015 Aug;20(4):339-47. Abstract

61. Mangiafico RA, Fiore CE. Current management of intermittent claudication: the role of pharmacological and nonpharmacological symptom-directed therapies. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2009 Jul;7(3):394-413. Abstract

62. Pande RL, Hiatt WR, Zhang P, et al. A pooled analysis of the durability and predictors of treatment response of cilostazol in patients with intermittent claudication. Vasc Med. 2010 Jun;15(3):181-8.Full text  Abstract

63. Brown T, Forster RB, Cleanthis M, et al. Cilostazol for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Jun 30;6(6):CD003748.Full text  Abstract

64. Warner CJ, Greaves SW, Larson RJ, et al. Cilostazol is associated with improved outcomes after peripheral endovascular interventions. J Vasc Surg. 2014 Jun;59(6):1607-14. Abstract

65. Iida O, Yokoi H, Soga Y, et al; STOP-IC investigators. Cilostazol reduces angiographic restenosis after endovascular therapy for femoropopliteal lesions in the Sufficient Treatment of Peripheral Intervention by Cilostazol study. Circulation. 2013 Jun 11;127(23):2307-15.Full text  Abstract

66. Fakhry F, Fokkenrood HJ, Spronk S, et al. Endovascular revascularisation versus conservative management for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 8;(3):CD010512.Full text  Abstract

67. Malgor RD, Alahdab F, Elraiyah TA, et al. A systematic review of treatment of intermittent claudication in the lower extremities. Vasc Surg. 2015;61:54S-73S. Abstract

68. Kamoen V, Vander Stichele R, Campens L, et al. Propionyl-L-carnitine for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Dec 26;12(12):CD010117.Full text  Abstract

69. Nicolaï SP, Kruidenier LM, Bendermacher BL, et al. Ginkgo biloba for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(6):CD006888.Full text  Abstract

70. Ubbink DT, Vermeulen H. Spinal cord stimulation for non-reconstructable chronic critical leg ischaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(2):CD004001.Full text  Abstract

71. Liu Y, Xu Y, Fang F, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of stem cell-based therapy in peripheral arterial disease: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015 Apr 29;10(4):e0125032. Abstract

72. Rigato M, Monami M, Fadini GP. Autologous cell therapy for peripheral arterial disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, nonrandomized, and noncontrolled studies. Circ Res. 2017 Apr 14;120(8):1326-40. Abstract

73. Bachoo P, Thorpe PA, Maxwell H, et al. Endovascular stents for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(1):CD003228.Full text  Abstract

74. Chowdhury MM, McLain AD, Twine CP. Angioplasty versus bare metal stenting for superficial femoral artery lesions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(6):CD006767.Full text  Abstract

75. Nguyen BN, Amdur RL, Abugideiri M, et al. Postoperative complications after common femoral endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg. 2015 Jun;61(6):1489-94. Abstract

76. Reifsnyder T, Arhuidese IJ, Hicks CW, et al. Contemporary outcomes for open infrainguinal bypass in the endovascular era. Ann Vasc Surg. 2016 Jan;30:52-8. Abstract

77. Bedenis R, Lethaby A, Maxwell H, et al. Antiplatelet agents for preventing thrombosis after peripheral arterial bypass surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(2):CD000535.Full text  Abstract

78. Bonaca MP, Bauersachs RM, Anand SS, et al. Rivaroxaban in peripheral artery disease after revascularization. N Engl J Med. 2020 May 21;382(21):1994-2004.Full text  Abstract

79. Debus ES, Nehler MR, Govsyeyev N, et al. Effect of rivaroxaban and aspirin in patients with peripheral artery disease undergoing surgical revascularization: insights from the VOYAGER PAD trial. Circulation. 2021 Oct 5;144(14):1104-16.Full text  Abstract

80. Abu Dabrh AM, Steffen MW, Asi N, et al. Bypass surgery versus endovascular interventions in severe or critical limb ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 2016 Jan;63(1):244-53.Full text  Abstract

81. Hsu CC, Kwan GN, Singh D, et al. Angioplasty versus stenting for infrapopliteal arterial lesions in chronic limb-threatening ischaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Dec 8;(12):CD009195.Full text  Abstract

82. Orringer CE, Jacobson TA, Maki KC. National Lipid Association scientific statement on the use of icosapent ethyl in statin-treated patients with elevated triglycerides and high or very-high ASCVD risk. J Clin Lipidol. 2019 Nov-Dec;13(6):860-72.Full text  Abstract

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85. Basili S, Raparelli V, Vestri A, et al. Comparison of efficacy of antiplatelet treatments for patients with claudication. A meta-analysis. Thromb Haemost. 2010 Apr;103(4):766-73. Abstract

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87. Kayssi A1, Al-Atassi T, Oreopoulos G, et al. Drug-eluting balloon angioplasty versus uncoated balloon angioplasty for peripheral arterial disease of the lower limbs. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(8):CD011319.Full text  Abstract

88. Antoniou GA, Georgiadis GS, Antoniou SA, et al. Bypass surgery for chronic lower limb ischaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(4):CD002000.Full text  Abstract

89. Abu Dabrh AM, Steffen MW, Asi N, et al. Nonrevascularization-based treatments in patients with severe or critical limb ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 2015 Nov;62(5):1330-9. Abstract

90. Paraskevas KI, Mikhailidis DP. Angiogenesis: a promising treatment option for peripheral arterial disease. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2008Apr;6(2):78-80. Abstract

91. Fadini GP, Agostini C, Avogaro A. Autologous stem cell therapy for peripheral arterial disease: meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature. Atherosclerosis. 2010 Mar;209(1):10-7. Abstract

92. Moazzami B, Mohammadpour Z, Zabala ZE, et al. Local intramuscular transplantation of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells for critical lower limb ischaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Jul 8;7:CD008347.Full text  Abstract

93. Teraa M, Sprengers RW, van der Graaf Y, et al. Autologous bone marrow-derived cell therapy in patients with critical limb ischemia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Ann Surg. 2013 Dec;258(6):922-9. Abstract

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97. Tepe G, Laird J, Schneider P, et al. Drug-coated balloon versus standard percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for the treatment of superficial femoral and popliteal peripheral artery disease: 12-month results from the IN.PACT SFA randomized trial. Circulation. 2015 Feb 3;131(5):495-502.Full text  Abstract

98. Kayssi A, Al-Jundi W, Papia G, et al. Drug-eluting balloon angioplasty versus uncoated balloon angioplasty for the treatment of in-stent restenosis of the femoropopliteal arteries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jan 26;(1):CD012510.Full text  Abstract

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104. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Intravascular lithotripsy for calcified arteries in peripheral arterial disease. Jan 2024 [internet publication].Full text

105. Primary Panel:., Abramson BL, Al-Omran M, et al. Canadian Cardiovascular Society 2022 guidelines for peripheral arterial disease. Can J Cardiol. 2022 May;38(5):560-87.Full text  Abstract

106. Bailey SR, Beckman JA, Dao TD, et al. ACC/AHA/SCAI/SIR/SVM 2018 appropriate use criteria for peripheral artery intervention: a report of the American College of Cardiology Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, American Heart Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, and Society for Vascular Medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019 Jan 22;73(2):214-37.Full text  Abstract

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