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Feuerstein JD, Isaacs KL, Schneider Y, et al. AGA clinical practice guidelines on the management of moderate to severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2020 Apr;158(5):1450-61.Full text  Abstract

Harbord M, Eliakim R, Bettenworth D, et al. Third European evidence-based consensus on diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis. Part 2: current management. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 Jul 1;11(7):769-84.Full text  Abstract

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK). Ulcerative colitis: management. May 2019 [internet publication].Full text

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18. Kucharzik T, Maaser C, Lügering A, et al. Recent understanding of IBD pathogenesis: implications for future therapies. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006 Nov;12(11):1068-83. Abstract

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22. Birrenbach T, Böcker U. Inflammatory bowel disease and smoking: a review of epidemiology, pathophysiology, and therapeutic implications. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2004 Nov;10(6):848-59. Abstract

23. Rubin DT, Ananthakrishnan AN, Siegel CA, et al. ACG clinical guideline: ulcerative colitis in adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019 Mar;114(3):384-413. Abstract

24. Le Berre C, Honap S, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Ulcerative colitis. Lancet. 2023 Aug 12;402(10401):571-84. Abstract

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28. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Faecal calprotectin diagnostic tests for inflammatory diseases of the bowel. Oct 2013 [internet publication].Full text

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31. Croft A, Lord A, Radford-Smith G. Markers of systemic inflammation in acute attacks of ulcerative colitis: what level of C-reactive protein constitutes severe colitis? J Crohns Colitis. 2022 Aug 4;16(7):1089-96.Full text  Abstract

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33. Lamb CA, Kennedy NA, Raine T, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology consensus guidelines on the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults. Gut. 2019 Dec;68(suppl 3):s1-106.Full text  Abstract

34. Mowat C, Cole A, Windsor A, et al. Guidelines for the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults. Gut. 2011 May;60(5):571-607. Abstract

35. Chavannes M, Dolinger MT, Cohen-Mekelburg S, et al. AGA clinical practice update on the role of intestinal ultrasound in inflammatory bowel disease: commentary. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024 Sep;22(9):1790-95.e1.Full text  Abstract

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38. Simundic AM, Bölenius K, Cadamuro J, et al. Joint EFLM-COLABIOCLI recommendation for venous blood sampling. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2018;56(12):2015-38. Abstract

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41. Vavricka SR, Brun L, Ballabeni P, et al. Frequency and risk factors for extraintestinal manifestations in the Swiss inflammatory bowel disease cohort. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011 Jan;106(1):110-9. Abstract

42. Wędrychowicz A, Zając A, Tomasik P. Advances in nutritional therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases: review. World J Gastroenterol. 2016 Jan 21;22(3):1045-66.Full text  Abstract

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44. Soni S, Srirajaskanthan R, Lucas SB, et al. Lymphogranuloma venereum proctitis masquerading as inflammatory bowel disease in 12 homosexual men. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Jul;32(1):59-65.Full text  Abstract

45. Sturm A, Maaser C, Calabrese E, et al. ECCO-ESGAR guideline for diagnostic assessment in IBD part 2: IBD scores and general principles and technical aspects. J Crohns Colitis. 2019 Mar 26;13(3):273-84.Full text  Abstract

46. Feuerstein JD, Isaacs KL, Schneider Y, et al. AGA clinical practice guidelines on the management of moderate to severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2020 Apr;158(5):1450-61.Full text  Abstract

47. Harbord M, Eliakim R, Bettenworth D, et al. Third European evidence-based consensus on diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis. Part 2: current management. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 Jul 1;11(7):769-84.Full text  Abstract

48. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK). Ulcerative colitis: management. May 2019 [internet publication].Full text

49. Williams JG, Alam MF, Alrubaiy L, et al. Infliximab versus ciclosporin for steroid-resistant acute severe ulcerative colitis (CONSTRUCT): a mixed methods, open-label, pragmatic randomised trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 Sep;1(1):15-24.Full text  Abstract

50. Sternthal MB, Murphy SJ, George J, et al. Adverse events associated with the use of cyclosporine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008 Apr;103(4):937-43. Abstract

51. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Ozanimod for treating moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis. Oct 2022 [internet publication].​Full text

52. D'Haens G, Dubinsky M, Kobayashi T, et al. Mirikizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med. 2023 Jun 29;388(26):2444-55.Full text  Abstract

53. Vickers AD, Ainsworth C, Mody R, et al. Systematic review with network meta-analysis: comparative efficacy of biologics in the treatment of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis. PLoS One. 2016 Oct 24;11(10):e0165435.Full text  Abstract

54. Archer R, Tappenden P, Ren S, et al. Infliximab, adalimumab and golimumab for treating moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis after the failure of conventional therapy (including a review of TA140 and TA262): clinical effectiveness systematic review and economic model. Health Technol Assess. 2016 May;20(39):1-326.Full text  Abstract

55. Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Marano C, et al. Subcutaneous golimumab induces clinical response and remission in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2014 Jan;146(1):85-95.Full text  Abstract

56. Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Marano C, et al. Subcutaneous golimumab maintains clinical response in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2014 Jan;146(1):96-109;e1.Full text  Abstract

57. Reinisch W, Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P, et al. Long-term infliximab maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis: the ACT-1 and -2 extension studies. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012 Feb;18(2):201-11. Abstract

58. Huang X, Lv B, Jin HF, et al. A meta-analysis of the therapeutic effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha blockers on ulcerative colitis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2011 Aug;67(8):759-66. Abstract

59. Feagan BG, Rutgeerts P, Sands BE, et al; GEMINI 1 Study Group. Vedolizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med. 2013 Aug 22;369(8):699-710.Full text  Abstract

60. Engel T, Ungar B, Yung DE, et al. Vedolizumab in IBD-lessons from real-world experience; a systematic review and pooled analysis. J Crohns Colitis. 2018 Jan 24;12(2):245-57.Full text  Abstract

61. Bickston SJ, Behm BW, Tsoulis DJ, et al. Vedolizumab for induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Aug 8;(8):CD007571.Full text  Abstract

62. Cholapranee A, Hazlewood GS, Kaplan GG, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: comparative efficacy of biologics for induction and maintenance of mucosal healing in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis controlled trials. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017 May;45(10):1291-302.Full text  Abstract

63. Colombel JF, Sands BE, Rutgeerts P, et al. The safety of vedolizumab for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Gut. 2017 May;66(5):839-51.Full text  Abstract

64. Danese S, Sands BE, O'Brien CD, et al. DOP54 efficacy and safety of ustekinumab through week 16 in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis randomised to ustekinumab: results from the UNIFI induction trial. J Crohns Colitis. 2019 Mar;13(suppl 1):S061-2.Full text

65. Sandborn WJ, Sands BE, Panaccione R, et al. OP37 efficacy and safety of ustekinumab as maintenance therapy in ulcerative colitis: week 44 results from UNIFI. J Crohns Colitis. 2019 Mar;13(suppl 1):S025-6.Full text

66. Frei P, Biedermann L, Nielsen OH, et al. Use of thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2013 Feb 21;19(7):1040-8.Full text  Abstract

67. Lemaitre M, Kirchgesner J, Rudnichi A, et al. Association between use of thiopurines or tumor necrosis factor antagonists alone or in combination and risk of lymphoma in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. JAMA. 2017 Nov 7;318(17):1679-86.Full text  Abstract

68. Long MD, Kappelman MD, Pipkin CA. Nonmelanoma skin cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: a review. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2011 Jun;17(6):1423-7.Full text  Abstract

69. Hutson JR, Matlow JN, Moretti ME, et al. The fetal safety of thiopurines for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2013 Jan;33(1):1-8. Abstract

70. Primrose N, Johnston E. Prescribing for pregnancy: inflammatory bowel disease. Drug Ther Bull. 2022 Feb;60(2):24-8. Abstract

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72. Cummins D, Sekar M, Halil O, et al. Myelosuppression associated with azathioprine-allopurinol interaction after heart and lung transplantation. Transplantation. 1996 Jun 15;61(11):1661-2.Full text  Abstract

73. Sparrow MP. Use of allopurinol to optimize thiopurine immunomodulator efficacy in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2008 Jul;4(7):505-11.Full text  Abstract

74. Wall GC, Muktar H, Effken C, et al. Addition of allopurinol for altering thiopurine metabolism to optimize therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Pharmacotherapy. 2018 Feb;38(2):259-70. Abstract

75. Houwen JPA, Egberts ACG, de Boer A, et al. Influence of allopurinol on thiopurine associated toxicity: a retrospective population-based cohort study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2021 May;87(5):2333-40.Full text  Abstract

76. Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, D'Haens G, et al. Ozanimod as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med. 2021 Sep 30;385(14):1280-91.Full text  Abstract

77. Sandborn WJ, Vermeire S, Peyrin-Biroulet L, et al. Etrasimod as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis (ELEVATE): two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 studies. Lancet. 2023 Apr 8;401(10383):1159-71.Full text  Abstract

78. Matsuoka K, Hibi T. Etrasimod for ulcerative colitis: evaluating phase III results. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023 Dec;20(12):762-3.

79. Sandborn WJ, Su C, Sands BE, et al; OCTAVE Induction 1, OCTAVE Induction 2, and OCTAVE Sustain Investigators. Tofacitinib as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med. 2017 May 4;376(18):1723-36.Full text  Abstract

80. Bonovas S, Lytras T, Nikolopoulos G, et al. Systematic review with network meta-analysis: comparative assessment of tofacitinib and biological therapies for moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018 Feb;47(4):454-65. Abstract

81. Singh S, Fumery M, Sandborn WJ, et al. Systematic review with network meta-analysis: first- and second-line pharmacotherapy for moderate-severe ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018 Jan;47(2):162-75. Abstract

82. Danese S, Vermeire S, Zhou W, et al. Upadacitinib as induction and maintenance therapy for moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis: results from three phase 3, multicentre, double-blind, randomised trials. Lancet. 2022 Jun 4;399(10341):2113-28. Abstract

83. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Upadacitinib for treating moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text

84. Lasa JS, Olivera PA, Danese S, et al. Efficacy and safety of biologics and small molecule drugs for patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 Feb;7(2):161-70. Abstract

85. Food and Drug Administration. FDA requires warnings about increased risk of serious heart-related events, cancer, blood clots, and death for JAK inhibitors that treat certain chronic inflammatory conditions. Sept 2021 [internet publication].Full text

86. ClinicalTrials.gov. Safety study of tofacitinib versus tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis (NCT02092467). August 2021 [internet publication].Full text

87. European Medicines Agency. Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi): EMA confirms measures to minimise risk of serious side effects with Janus kinase inhibitors for chronic inflammatory disorders. 2023 [internet publication].Full text

88. Medicines and Healthcare Regulatory Agency. Drug safety update: Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors: new measures to reduce risks of major cardiovascular events, malignancy, venous thromboembolism, serious infections and increased mortality. Apr 2023 [internet publication].Full text

89. Colombel JF, Narula N, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Management strategies to improve outcomes of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology. 2017 Feb;152(2):351-61;e5. Abstract

90. Colombel JF, D'haens G, Lee WJ, et al. Outcomes and strategies to support a treat-to-target approach in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review. J Crohns Colitis. 2020 Feb 10;14(2):254-66.Full text  Abstract

91. Lee SD, Shivashankar R, Quirk D, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring for current and investigational inflammatory bowel disease treatments. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2021 Mar 1;55(3):195-206.Full text  Abstract

92. Feuerstein JD, Nguyen GC, Kupfer SS, et al. American Gastroenterological Association Institute guideline on therapeutic drug monitoring in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2017 Sep;153(3):827-34.Full text  Abstract

93. Peyrin-Biroulet L, Germain A, Patel AS, et al. Systematic review: outcomes and post-operative complications following colectomy for ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016 Oct;44(8):807-16.Full text  Abstract

94. Sandborn WJ, Travis S, Moro L, et al. Once-daily budesonide MMX® extended-release tablets induce remission in patients with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis: results from the CORE I study. Gastroenterology. 2012 Nov;143(5):1218-26;e2.Full text  Abstract

95. Sherlock ME, MacDonald JK, Griffiths AM, et al. Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Oct 26;(10):CD007698.Full text  Abstract

96. Bonovas S, Nikolopoulos GK, Lytras T, et al. Comparative safety of systemic and low-bioavailability steroids in inflammatory bowel disease: systematic review and network meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018 Feb;84(2):239-51.Full text  Abstract

97. Bezzio C, Fascì-Spurio F, Viganò C, et al. The problem of adherence to therapy in ulcerative colitis and the potential utility of multi-matrix system (MMX) technology. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Jan;11(1):33-41. Abstract

98. Feagan BG, Danese S, Loftus EV Jr, et al. Filgotinib as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis (SELECTION): a phase 2b/3 double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2021 Jun 19;397(10292):2372-84. Abstract

99. Razanskaite V, Bettey M, Downey L, et al. Biosimilar infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease: outcomes of a managed switching programme. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 Jun 1;11(6):690-6.Full text  Abstract

100. Radin M, Sciascia S, Roccatello D, et al. Infliximab biosimilars in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review. BioDrugs. 2017 Feb;31(1):37-49. Abstract

101. Sandborn WJ. Preliminary data on the use of apheresis in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006 Jan;12(suppl 1):S15-21. Abstract

102. Habermalz B, Sauerland S. Clinical effectiveness of selective granulocyte, monocyte adsorptive apheresis with the Adacolumn device in ulcerative colitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2010 May;55(5):1421-8. Abstract

103. Zhu M, Xu X, Nie F, et al. The efficacy and safety of selective leukocytapheresis in the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2011 Aug;26(8):999-1007. Abstract

104. Vecchi M, Vernia P, Riegler G, et al. Therapeutic landscape for ulcerative colitis: where is the Adacolumn(®) system and where should it be? Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2013 Jan;6:1-7.Full text  Abstract

105. Lai YM, Yao WY, He Y, et al. Adsorptive granulocyte and monocyte apheresis in the treatment of ulcerative colitis: the first multicenter study in China. Gut Liver. 2017 Mar 15;11(2):216-25.Full text  Abstract

106. Chen XL, Mao JW, Wang YD. Selective granulocyte and monocyte apheresis in inflammatory bowel disease: Its past, present and future. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2020 May 12;11(3):43-56.Full text  Abstract

107. Rosenfeld G, Parker CE, MacDonald JK, et al. Etrolizumab for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Dec 2;(12):CD011661.Full text  Abstract

108. Sandborn WJ, Vermeire S, Tyrrell H, et al. Etrolizumab for the treatment of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease: an overview of the phase 3 clinical program. Adv Ther. 2020 Jul;37(7):3417-31.Full text  Abstract

109. Rubin DT, Dotan I, DuVall A, et al. Etrolizumab versus adalimumab or placebo as induction therapy for moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis (HIBISCUS): two phase 3 randomised, controlled trials. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 Jan;7(1):17-27. Abstract

110. Peyrin-Biroulet L, Hart A, Bossuyt P, et al. Etrolizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis in patients previously treated with tumour necrosis factor inhibitors (HICKORY): a phase 3, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 Feb;7(2):128-40.Full text  Abstract

111. Gordon M, Sinopoulou V, Grafton-Clarke C, et al. Antibiotics for the induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 May 18;(5):CD013743.Full text  Abstract

112. Sandborn WJ, Bosworth B, Zakko S, et al. Budesonide foam induces remission in patients with mild to moderate ulcerative proctitis and ulcerative proctosigmoiditis. Gastroenterology. 2015 Apr;148(4):740-50;e2.Full text  Abstract

113. Zeng J, Lv L, Mei ZC. Budesonide foam for mild to moderate distal ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Mar;32(3):558-66. Abstract

114. Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Kaur L, Gordon M, et al. Probiotics for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Mar 4;(3):CD007443.Full text  Abstract

115. Do VT, Baird BG, Kockler DR, et al. Probiotics for maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis in adults. Ann Pharmacother. 2010 Mar;44(3):565-71. Abstract

116. Ma JC, Zhang XL. Efficacy of probiotic agents in maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis: a meta analysis. World Chin J Digestol. 2008;16(36):4123-7.

117. Kaur L, Gordon M, Baines PA, et al. Probiotics for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Mar 4;(3):CD005573.Full text  Abstract

118. Sang LX, Chang B, Zhang WL, et al. Remission induction and maintenance effect of probiotics on ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2010 Apr 21;16(15):1908-15. Abstract

119. Van Assche G, Manguso F, Zibellini M, et al. Oral prolonged release beclomethasone dipropionate and prednisone in the treatment of active ulcerative colitis: results from a double-blind, randomized, parallel group study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015 May;110(5):708-15. Abstract

120. Zhao X, Li N, Ren Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of beclomethasone dipropionate versus 5-aminosalicylic acid in the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2016 Aug 8;11(8):e0160500.Full text  Abstract

121. Imdad A, Pandit NG, Zaman M, et al. Fecal transplantation for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Apr 25;4(4):CD012774.Full text  Abstract

122. Costello SP, Hughes PA, Waters O, et al. Effect of fecal microbiota transplantation on 8-week remission in patients with ulcerative colitis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019 Jan 15;321(2):156-64.Full text  Abstract

123. Farraye FA, Melmed GY, Lichtenstein GR, et al. ACG clinical guideline: preventive care in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017 Feb;112(2):241-58.Full text  Abstract

124. Levine A, Rhodes JM, Lindsay JO, et al. Dietary guidance from the International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 May;18(6):1381-92. Abstract

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126. Bischoff SC, Escher J, Hébuterne X, et al. ESPEN practical guideline: clinical nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Nutr. 2020 Mar;39(3):632-53.Full text  Abstract

127. Bernstein CN, Nugent Z, Targownik LE, et al. Predictors and risks for death in a population-based study of persons with IBD in Manitoba. Gut. 2015 Sep;64(9):1403-11. Abstract

128. Montgomery SM, Ekbom A. Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2002 Jul;18(4):416-20. Abstract

129. Winther KV, Jess T, Langholz E, et al. Survival and cause-specific mortality in ulcerative colitis: follow-up of a population-based cohort in Copenhagen County. Gastroenterology. 2003 Dec;125(6):1576-82. Abstract

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