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Feuerstein JD, Isaacs KL, Schneider Y, et al. AGA clinical practice guidelines on the management of moderate to severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2020 Apr;158(5):1450-61.Full text  Abstract

Harbord M, Eliakim R, Bettenworth D, et al. Third European evidence-based consensus on diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis. Part 2: current management. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 Jul 1;11(7):769-84.Full text  Abstract

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8. World Gastroenterology Organisation. Global guidelines: inflammatory bowel disease. Aug 2015 [internet publication].Full text

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13. Childers RE, Eluri S, Vazquez C, et al. Family history of inflammatory bowel disease among patients with ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Crohns Colitis. 2014 Nov;8(11):1480-97.Full text  Abstract

14. Ardizzone S, Bianchi Porro G. Inflammatory bowel disease: new insights into pathogenesis and treatment. J Intern Med. 2002 Dec;252(6):475-96.Full text  Abstract

15. Moller FT, Andersen V, Wohlfahrt J, et al. Familial risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study 1977-2011. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015 Apr;110(4):564-71. Abstract

16. Jostins L, Ripke S, Weersma RK, et al. Host-microbe interactions have shaped the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature. 2012 Nov 1;491(7422):119-24.Full text  Abstract

17. Liu JZ, van Sommeren S, Huang H, et al. Association analyses identify 38 susceptibility loci for inflammatory bowel disease and highlight shared genetic risk across populations. Nat Genet. 2015 Sep;47(9):979-86. Abstract

18. Sartor RB. Mechanisms of disease: pathogenesis of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Jul;3(7):390-407. Abstract

19. Kucharzik T, Maaser C, Lügering A, et al. Recent understanding of IBD pathogenesis: implications for future therapies. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006 Nov;12(11):1068-83. Abstract

20. Yantiss RK, Odze RD. Diagnostic difficulties in inflammatory bowel disease pathology. Histopathology. 2006 Jan;48(2):116-32. Abstract

21. Nayar M, Rhodes JM. Management of inflammatory bowel disease. Postgrad Med J. 2004 Apr;80(942):206-13.Full text  Abstract

22. Takeuchi K, Smale S, Premchand P, et al. Prevalence and mechanism of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced clinical relapse in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Feb;4(2):196-202. Abstract

23. Birrenbach T, Böcker U. Inflammatory bowel disease and smoking: a review of epidemiology, pathophysiology, and therapeutic implications. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2004 Nov;10(6):848-59. Abstract

24. Rubin DT, Ananthakrishnan AN, Siegel CA, et al. ACG clinical guideline: ulcerative colitis in adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019 Mar;114(3):384-413. Abstract

25. Palmela C, Peerani F, Castaneda D, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis: a review of the phenotype and associated specific features. Gut Liver. 2018 Jan 15;12(1):17-29.Full text  Abstract

26. Maaser C, Sturm A, Vavricka SR, et al. ECCO-ESGAR guideline for diagnostic assessment in IBD part 1: initial diagnosis, monitoring of known IBD, detection of complications. J Crohns Colitis. 2019 Feb 1;13(2):144-64.Full text  Abstract

27. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Faecal calprotectin diagnostic tests for inflammatory diseases of the bowel. Oct 2013 [internet publication].Full text

28. Poullis A, Foster R, Northfield TC, et al. Review article: faecal markers in the assessment of activity in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002 Apr;16(4):675-81.Full text  Abstract

29. Magro F, Langner C, Driessen A, et al; European Crohn's and Colitis Organisation; European Society of Pathology. European consensus on the histopathology of inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2013 Nov;7(10):827-51.Full text  Abstract

30. Lamb CA, Kennedy NA, Raine T, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology consensus guidelines on the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults. Gut. 2019 Dec;68(suppl 3):s1-106.Full text  Abstract

31. Mowat C, Cole A, Windsor A, et al. Guidelines for the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults. Gut. 2011 May;60(5):571-607. Abstract

32. American College of Radiology. Ten things physicians and patients should question. Choosing Wisely, an initiative of the ABIM Foundation. 2021 [internet publication].Full text

33. Shergill AK, Lightdale JR, Bruining DH, et al; American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Standards of Practice Committee. The role of endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastrointest Endosc. 2015 May;81(5):1101-21;e13.Full text  Abstract

34. Simundic AM, Bölenius K, Cadamuro J, et al. Joint EFLM-COLABIOCLI recommendation for venous blood sampling. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2018;56(12):2015-38. Abstract

35. Baumgart DC, Sandborn WJ. Inflammatory bowel disease: clinical aspects and established and evolving therapies. Lancet. 2007 May 12;369(9573):1641-57. Abstract

36. Vavricka SR, Rogler G, Gantenbein C, et al. Chronological order of appearance of extraintestinal manifestations relative to the time of IBD diagnosis in the Swiss Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cohort. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015 Aug;21(8):1794-800.Full text  Abstract

37. Vavricka SR, Brun L, Ballabeni P, et al. Frequency and risk factors for extraintestinal manifestations in the Swiss inflammatory bowel disease cohort. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011 Jan;106(1):110-9. Abstract

38. Wędrychowicz A, Zając A, Tomasik P. Advances in nutritional therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases: review. World J Gastroenterol. 2016 Jan 21;22(3):1045-66.Full text  Abstract

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40. Soni S, Srirajaskanthan R, Lucas SB, et al. Lymphogranuloma venereum proctitis masquerading as inflammatory bowel disease in 12 homosexual men. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Jul;32(1):59-65.Full text  Abstract

41. Sturm A, Maaser C, Calabrese E, et al. ECCO-ESGAR guideline for diagnostic assessment in IBD part 2: IBD scores and general principles and technical aspects. J Crohns Colitis. 2019 Mar 26;13(3):273-84.Full text  Abstract

42. Feuerstein JD, Isaacs KL, Schneider Y, et al. AGA clinical practice guidelines on the management of moderate to severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2020 Apr;158(5):1450-61.Full text  Abstract

43. Harbord M, Eliakim R, Bettenworth D, et al. Third European evidence-based consensus on diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis. Part 2: current management. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 Jul 1;11(7):769-84.Full text  Abstract

44. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK). Ulcerative colitis: management. May 2019 [internet publication].Full text

45. Williams JG, Alam MF, Alrubaiy L, et al. Infliximab versus ciclosporin for steroid-resistant acute severe ulcerative colitis (CONSTRUCT): a mixed methods, open-label, pragmatic randomised trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 Sep;1(1):15-24.Full text  Abstract

46. Sternthal MB, Murphy SJ, George J, et al. Adverse events associated with the use of cyclosporine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008 Apr;103(4):937-43. Abstract

47. Frei P, Biedermann L, Nielsen OH, et al. Use of thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2013 Feb 21;19(7):1040-8.Full text  Abstract

48. Lemaitre M, Kirchgesner J, Rudnichi A, et al. Association between use of thiopurines or tumor necrosis factor antagonists alone or in combination and risk of lymphoma in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. JAMA. 2017 Nov 7;318(17):1679-86.Full text  Abstract

49. Long MD, Kappelman MD, Pipkin CA. Nonmelanoma skin cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: a review. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2011 Jun;17(6):1423-7.Full text  Abstract

50. Hutson JR, Matlow JN, Moretti ME, et al. The fetal safety of thiopurines for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2013 Jan;33(1):1-8. Abstract

51. Relling MV, Gardner EE, Sandborn WJ, et al. Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guidelines for thiopurine methyltransferase genotype and thiopurine dosing. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Mar;89(3):387-91. [Erratum in: Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Dec;90(6):894.]Full text  Abstract

52. Cummins D, Sekar M, Halil O, et al. Myelosuppression associated with azathioprine-allopurinol interaction after heart and lung transplantation. Transplantation. 1996 Jun 15;61(11):1661-2.Full text  Abstract

53. Sparrow MP. Use of allopurinol to optimize thiopurine immunomodulator efficacy in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2008 Jul;4(7):505-11.Full text  Abstract

54. Wall GC, Muktar H, Effken C, et al. Addition of allopurinol for altering thiopurine metabolism to optimize therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Pharmacotherapy. 2018 Feb;38(2):259-70. Abstract

55. Houwen JPA, Egberts ACG, de Boer A, et al. Influence of allopurinol on thiopurine associated toxicity: a retrospective population-based cohort study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2021 May;87(5):2333-40.Full text  Abstract

56. Vickers AD, Ainsworth C, Mody R, et al. Systematic review with network meta-analysis: comparative efficacy of biologics in the treatment of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis. PLoS One. 2016 Oct 24;11(10):e0165435.Full text  Abstract

57. Archer R, Tappenden P, Ren S, et al. Infliximab, adalimumab and golimumab for treating moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis after the failure of conventional therapy (including a review of TA140 and TA262): clinical effectiveness systematic review and economic model. Health Technol Assess. 2016 May;20(39):1-326.Full text  Abstract

58. Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Marano C, et al. Subcutaneous golimumab induces clinical response and remission in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2014 Jan;146(1):85-95.Full text  Abstract

59. Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Marano C, et al. Subcutaneous golimumab maintains clinical response in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2014 Jan;146(1):96-109;e1.Full text  Abstract

60. Reinisch W, Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P, et al. Long-term infliximab maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis: the ACT-1 and -2 extension studies. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012 Feb;18(2):201-11. Abstract

61. Huang X, Lv B, Jin HF, et al. A meta-analysis of the therapeutic effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha blockers on ulcerative colitis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2011 Aug;67(8):759-66. Abstract

62. Feagan BG, Rutgeerts P, Sands BE, et al; GEMINI 1 Study Group. Vedolizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med. 2013 Aug 22;369(8):699-710.Full text  Abstract

63. Engel T, Ungar B, Yung DE, et al. Vedolizumab in IBD-lessons from real-world experience; a systematic review and pooled analysis. J Crohns Colitis. 2018 Jan 24;12(2):245-57.Full text  Abstract

64. Bickston SJ, Behm BW, Tsoulis DJ, et al. Vedolizumab for induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Aug 8;(8):CD007571.Full text  Abstract

65. Cholapranee A, Hazlewood GS, Kaplan GG, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: comparative efficacy of biologics for induction and maintenance of mucosal healing in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis controlled trials. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017 May;45(10):1291-302.Full text  Abstract

66. Colombel JF, Sands BE, Rutgeerts P, et al. The safety of vedolizumab for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Gut. 2017 May;66(5):839-51.Full text  Abstract

67. Danese S, Sands BE, O'Brien CD, et al. DOP54 efficacy and safety of ustekinumab through week 16 in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis randomised to ustekinumab: results from the UNIFI induction trial. J Crohns Colitis. 2019 Mar;13(suppl 1):S061-2.Full text

68. Sandborn WJ, Sands BE, Panaccione R, et al. OP37 efficacy and safety of ustekinumab as maintenance therapy in ulcerative colitis: week 44 results from UNIFI. J Crohns Colitis. 2019 Mar;13(suppl 1):S025-6.Full text

69. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK). Tofacitinib for moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis. November 2018 [internet publication].Full text

70. Sandborn WJ, Su C, Sands BE, et al; OCTAVE Induction 1, OCTAVE Induction 2, and OCTAVE Sustain Investigators. Tofacitinib as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med. 2017 May 4;376(18):1723-36.Full text  Abstract

71. Bonovas S, Lytras T, Nikolopoulos G, et al. Systematic review with network meta-analysis: comparative assessment of tofacitinib and biological therapies for moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018 Feb;47(4):454-65. Abstract

72. Singh S, Fumery M, Sandborn WJ, et al. Systematic review with network meta-analysis: first- and second-line pharmacotherapy for moderate-severe ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018 Jan;47(2):162-75. Abstract

73. Danese S, Vermeire S, Zhou W, et al. Upadacitinib as induction and maintenance therapy for moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis: results from three phase 3, multicentre, double-blind, randomised trials. Lancet. 2022 Jun 4;399(10341):2113-28. Abstract

74. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Upadacitinib for treating moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text

75. Food and Drug Administration. FDA requires warnings about increased risk of serious heart-related events, cancer, blood clots, and death for JAK inhibitors that treat certain chronic inflammatory conditions. Sept 2021 [internet publication].Full text

76. ClinicalTrials.gov. Safety study of tofacitinib versus tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis (NCT02092467). August 2021 [internet publication].Full text

77. European Medicines Agency. Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi): EMA confirms measures to minimise risk of serious side effects with Janus kinase inhibitors for chronic inflammatory disorders. 2023 [internet publication].Full text

78. Medicines and Healthcare Regulatory Agency. Drug safety update: Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors: new measures to reduce risks of major cardiovascular events, malignancy, venous thromboembolism, serious infections and increased mortality. Apr 2023 [internet publication].Full text

79. Colombel JF, Narula N, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Management strategies to improve outcomes of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology. 2017 Feb;152(2):351-61;e5. Abstract

80. Colombel JF, D'haens G, Lee WJ, et al. Outcomes and strategies to support a treat-to-target approach in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review. J Crohns Colitis. 2020 Feb 10;14(2):254-66.Full text  Abstract

81. Lee SD, Shivashankar R, Quirk D, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring for current and investigational inflammatory bowel disease treatments. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2021 Mar 1;55(3):195-206.Full text  Abstract

82. Feuerstein JD, Nguyen GC, Kupfer SS, et al. American Gastroenterological Association Institute guideline on therapeutic drug monitoring in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2017 Sep;153(3):827-34.Full text  Abstract

83. Peyrin-Biroulet L, Germain A, Patel AS, et al. Systematic review: outcomes and post-operative complications following colectomy for ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016 Oct;44(8):807-16.Full text  Abstract

84. Sandborn WJ, Travis S, Moro L, et al. Once-daily budesonide MMX® extended-release tablets induce remission in patients with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis: results from the CORE I study. Gastroenterology. 2012 Nov;143(5):1218-26;e2.Full text  Abstract

85. Sherlock ME, MacDonald JK, Griffiths AM, et al. Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Oct 26;(10):CD007698.Full text  Abstract

86. Bonovas S, Nikolopoulos GK, Lytras T, et al. Comparative safety of systemic and low-bioavailability steroids in inflammatory bowel disease: systematic review and network meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018 Feb;84(2):239-51.Full text  Abstract

87. Bezzio C, Fascì-Spurio F, Viganò C, et al. The problem of adherence to therapy in ulcerative colitis and the potential utility of multi-matrix system (MMX) technology. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Jan;11(1):33-41. Abstract

88. Feagan BG, Danese S, Loftus EV Jr, et al. Filgotinib as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis (SELECTION): a phase 2b/3 double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2021 Jun 19;397(10292):2372-84. Abstract

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90. Razanskaite V, Bettey M, Downey L, et al. Biosimilar infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease: outcomes of a managed switching programme. J Crohns Colitis. 2017 Jun 1;11(6):690-6.Full text  Abstract

91. Radin M, Sciascia S, Roccatello D, et al. Infliximab biosimilars in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review. BioDrugs. 2017 Feb;31(1):37-49. Abstract

92. Sandborn WJ. Preliminary data on the use of apheresis in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006 Jan;12(suppl 1):S15-21. Abstract

93. Habermalz B, Sauerland S. Clinical effectiveness of selective granulocyte, monocyte adsorptive apheresis with the Adacolumn device in ulcerative colitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2010 May;55(5):1421-8. Abstract

94. Zhu M, Xu X, Nie F, et al. The efficacy and safety of selective leukocytapheresis in the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2011 Aug;26(8):999-1007. Abstract

95. Vecchi M, Vernia P, Riegler G, et al. Therapeutic landscape for ulcerative colitis: where is the Adacolumn(®) system and where should it be? Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2013 Jan;6:1-7.Full text  Abstract

96. Lai YM, Yao WY, He Y, et al. Adsorptive granulocyte and monocyte apheresis in the treatment of ulcerative colitis: the first multicenter study in China. Gut Liver. 2017 Mar 15;11(2):216-25.Full text  Abstract

97. Chen XL, Mao JW, Wang YD. Selective granulocyte and monocyte apheresis in inflammatory bowel disease: Its past, present and future. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2020 May 12;11(3):43-56.Full text  Abstract

98. Rosenfeld G, Parker CE, MacDonald JK, et al. Etrolizumab for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Dec 2;(12):CD011661.Full text  Abstract

99. Sandborn WJ, Vermeire S, Tyrrell H, et al. Etrolizumab for the treatment of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease: an overview of the phase 3 clinical program. Adv Ther. 2020 Jul;37(7):3417-31.Full text  Abstract

100. Huang X, Zeng LR, Chen FS, et al. Trichuris suis ova therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018 Aug;97(34):e12087.Full text  Abstract

101. Gordon M, Sinopoulou V, Grafton-Clarke C, et al. Antibiotics for the induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 May 18;(5):CD013743.Full text  Abstract

102. Sandborn WJ, Bosworth B, Zakko S, et al. Budesonide foam induces remission in patients with mild to moderate ulcerative proctitis and ulcerative proctosigmoiditis. Gastroenterology. 2015 Apr;148(4):740-50;e2.Full text  Abstract

103. Zeng J, Lv L, Mei ZC. Budesonide foam for mild to moderate distal ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Mar;32(3):558-66. Abstract

104. Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Kaur L, Gordon M, et al. Probiotics for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Mar 4;(3):CD007443.Full text  Abstract

105. Do VT, Baird BG, Kockler DR, et al. Probiotics for maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis in adults. Ann Pharmacother. 2010 Mar;44(3):565-71. Abstract

106. Ma JC, Zhang XL. Efficacy of probiotic agents in maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis: a meta analysis. World Chin J Digestol. 2008;16(36):4123-7.

107. Kaur L, Gordon M, Baines PA, et al. Probiotics for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Mar 4;(3):CD005573.Full text  Abstract

108. Sang LX, Chang B, Zhang WL, et al. Remission induction and maintenance effect of probiotics on ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2010 Apr 21;16(15):1908-15. Abstract

109. Van Assche G, Manguso F, Zibellini M, et al. Oral prolonged release beclomethasone dipropionate and prednisone in the treatment of active ulcerative colitis: results from a double-blind, randomized, parallel group study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015 May;110(5):708-15. Abstract

110. Zhao X, Li N, Ren Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of beclomethasone dipropionate versus 5-aminosalicylic acid in the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2016 Aug 8;11(8):e0160500.Full text  Abstract

111. Imdad A, Pandit NG, Zaman M, et al. Fecal transplantation for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Apr 25;4(4):CD012774.Full text  Abstract

112. Costello SP, Hughes PA, Waters O, et al. Effect of fecal microbiota transplantation on 8-week remission in patients with ulcerative colitis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019 Jan 15;321(2):156-64.Full text  Abstract

113. Farraye FA, Melmed GY, Lichtenstein GR, et al. ACG clinical guideline: preventive care in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017 Feb;112(2):241-58.Full text  Abstract

114. Levine A, Rhodes JM, Lindsay JO, et al. Dietary guidance from the International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 May;18(6):1381-92. Abstract

115. Bischoff SC, Escher J, Hébuterne X, et al. ESPEN practical guideline: clinical nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Nutr. 2020 Mar;39(3):632-53.Full text  Abstract

116. Wei SC, Chang TA, Chao TH, et al. Management of ulcerative colitis in Taiwan: consensus guideline of the Taiwan Society of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Intest Res. 2017 Jul;15(3):266-84.Full text  Abstract

117. Bernstein CN, Nugent Z, Targownik LE, et al. Predictors and risks for death in a population-based study of persons with IBD in Manitoba. Gut. 2015 Sep;64(9):1403-11. Abstract

118. Montgomery SM, Ekbom A. Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2002 Jul;18(4):416-20. Abstract

119. Winther KV, Jess T, Langholz E, et al. Survival and cause-specific mortality in ulcerative colitis: follow-up of a population-based cohort in Copenhagen County. Gastroenterology. 2003 Dec;125(6):1576-82. Abstract

120. Negrón ME, Rezaie A, Barkema HW, et al. Ulcerative colitis patients with clostridium difficile are at increased risk of death, colectomy, and postoperative complications: a population-based inception cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016 May;111(5):691-704. Abstract

121. Edwards FC, Truelove SC. The course and prognosis of ulcerative colitis. Gut. 1963 Dec;4(4):299-315.Full text  Abstract

122. Gan SI, Beck PL. A new look at toxic megacolon: an update and review of incidence, etiology, pathogenesis, and management. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003 Nov;98(11):2363-71. Abstract

123. Munkholm P. Review article: the incidence and prevalence of colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003 Sep;18(suppl 2):1-5. Abstract

124. Loftus EV Jr. Epidemiology and risk factors for colorectal dysplasia and cancer in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2006 Sep;35(3):517-31. Abstract

125. Jess T, Loftus EV Jr, Harmsen WS, et al. Survival and cause specific mortality in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a long term outcome study in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1940-2004. Gut. 2006 Sep;55(9):1248-54.Full text  Abstract

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127. Bonovas S, Fiorino G, Lytras T, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: use of 5-aminosalicylates and risk of colorectal neoplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017 May;45(9):1179-92. Abstract

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130. de Vries AB, Janse M, Blokzijl H, et al. Distinctive inflammatory bowel disease phenotype in primary sclerosing cholangitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2015 Feb 14;21(6):1956-71.Full text  Abstract

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