Narcolepsy

References

Key articles

American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The AASM International classification of sleep disorders – third edition, text revision (ICSD-3-TR). Jun 2023 [internet publication].Full text

Smith MT, McCrae CS, Cheung J, et al. Use of actigraphy for the evaluation of sleep disorders and circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline. J Clin Sleep Med. 2018 Jul 15;14(7):1231-7.Full text  Abstract

Maski K, Trotti LM, Kotagal S, et al. Treatment of central disorders of hypersomnolence: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021 Sep 1;17(9):1881-93.Full text  Abstract

Bassetti CLA, Kallweit U, Vignatelli L, et al. European guideline and expert statements on the management of narcolepsy in adults and children. Eur J Neurol. 2021 Sep;28(9):2815-30.Full text  Abstract

Maski K, Trotti LM, Kotagal S, et al. Treatment of central disorders of hypersomnolence: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021 Sep 1;17(9):1895-945.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

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30. Clavelou P, Tournilhac M, Vidal C, et al. Narcolepsy associated with arteriovenous malformation of the diencephalon. Sleep. 1995 Apr;18(3):202-5. Abstract

31. Fleming WE, Pollak CP. Sleep disorders in multiple sclerosis. Semin Neurol. 2005 Mar;25(1):64-8. Abstract

32. Dalmau J, Graus F, Villarejo A, et al. Clinical analysis of anti-Ma2-associated encephalitis. Brain. 2004 Aug;127(pt 8):1831-44.Full text  Abstract

33. Landolfi JC, Nadkarni M. Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis and possible narcolepsy in a patient with testicular cancer: case study. Neuro Oncol. 2003 Jul;5(3):214-6.Full text  Abstract

34. Overeem S, Dalmau J, Bataller L, et al. Hypocretin-1 CSF levels in anti-Ma2 associated encephalitis. Neurology. 2004 Jan 13;62(1):138-40. Abstract

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36. Vankova J, Stepanova I, Jech R, et al. Sleep disturbances and hypocretin deficiency in Niemann-Pick disease type C. Sleep. 2003 Jun 15;26(4):427-30.Full text  Abstract

37. Vossler DG, Wyler AR, Wilkus RJ, et al. Cataplexy and monoamine oxidase deficiency in Norrie disease. Neurology. 1996 May;46(5):1258-61. Abstract

38. Manni R, Politini L, Nobili L, et al. Hypersomnia in the Prader Willi syndrome: clinical-electrophysiological features and underlying factors. Clin Neurophysiol. 2001 May;112(5):800-5. Abstract

39. Hayduk R, Flodman P, Spence MA, et al. HLA haplotypes, polysomnography, and pedigrees in a case series of patients with narcolepsy. Sleep. 1997 Oct;20(10):850-7.Full text  Abstract

40. Taheri S, Mignot E. The genetics of sleep disorders. Lancet Neurol. 2002 Aug;1(4):242-50. Abstract

41. Tisdale RK, Yamanaka A, Kilduff TS. Animal models of narcolepsy and the hypocretin/orexin system: past, present, and future. Sleep. 2021 Jun 11;44(6):zsaa278.Full text  Abstract

42. Thannickal TC, Nienhuis R, Siegel JM. Localized loss of hypocretin (orexin) cells in narcolepsy without cataplexy. Sleep. 2009 Aug;32(8):993-8.Full text  Abstract

43. Cvetkovic-Lopes V, Bayer L, Dorsaz S, et al. Elevated Tribbles homolog 2-specific antibody levels in narcolepsy patients. J Clin Invest. 2010 Mar;120(3):713-9.Full text  Abstract

44. Kawashima M, Lin L, Tanaka S, et al. Anti-Tribbles homolog 2 (TRIB2) autoantibodies in narcolepsy are associated with recent onset of cataplexy. Sleep. 2010 Jul;33(7):869-74.Full text  Abstract

45. Lim AS, Scammell TE. The trouble with Tribbles: do antibodies against TRIB2 cause narcolepsy? Sleep. 2010 Jul;33(7):857-8.Full text  Abstract

46. Toyoda H, Tanaka S, Miyagawa T, et al. Anti-Tribbles homolog 2 autoantibodies in Japanese patients with narcolepsy. Sleep. 2010 Jul;33(7):875-8.Full text  Abstract

47. Aran A, Lin L, Nevsimalova S, et al. Elevated anti-streptococcal antibodies in patients with recent narcolepsy onset. Sleep. 2009 Aug;32(8):979-83. Abstract

48. Longstreth WT Jr, Ton TG, Koepsell TD. Narcolepsy and streptococcal infections. Sleep. 2009 Dec;32(12):1548. Abstract

49. Okun ML, Giese S, Lin L, et al. Exploring the cytokine and endocrine involvement in narcolepsy. Brain Behav Immun. 2004 Jul;18(4):326-32. Abstract

50. Hohjoh H, Nakayama T, Ohashi J, et al. Significant association of a single nucleotide polymorphism in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) gene promoter with human narcolepsy. Tissue Antigens. 1999 Aug;54(2):138-45. Abstract

51. Himmerich H, Beitinger PA, Fulda S, et al. Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors in patients with narcolepsy. Arch Intern Med. 2006 Sep 18;166(16):1739-43.Full text  Abstract

52. Hohjoh H, Terada N, Kawashima M, et al. Significant association of the tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) gene with human narcolepsy. Tissue Antigens. 2000 Nov;56(5):446-8. Abstract

53. Dauvilliers Y, Carlander B, Rivier F, et al. Successful management of cataplexy with intravenous immunoglobulins at narcolepsy onset. Ann Neurol. 2004 Dec;56(6):905-8. Abstract

54. Dauvilliers Y, Abril B, Mas E, et al. Normalization of hypocretin-1 in narcolepsy after intravenous immunoglobulin treatment. Neurology. 2009 Oct 26;73(16):1333-4. Abstract

55. Hallmayer J, Faraco J, Lin L, et al. Narcolepsy is strongly associated with the T-cell receptor alpha locus. Nat Genet. 2009 Jun;41(6):708-11. Abstract

56. Kornum BR, Kawashima M, Faraco J, et al. Common variants in P2RY11 are associated with narcolepsy. Nat Genet. 2011 Jan;43(1):66-71.Full text  Abstract

57. Han F, Faraco J, Dong XS, et al. Genome wide analysis of narcolepsy in China implicates novel immune loci and reveals changes in association prior to versus after the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. PLoS Genet. 2013 Oct;9(10):e1003880.Full text  Abstract

58. Nakayama J, Miura M, Honda M, et al. Linkage of human narcolepsy with HLA association to chromosome 4p13-q21. Genomics. 2000 Apr 1;65(1):84-6. Abstract

59. Miyagawa T, Hohjoh H, Honda Y, et al. Identification of a telomeric boundary of the HLA region with potential for predisposition to human narcolepsy. Immunogenetics. 2000 Nov;52(1-2):12-8. Abstract

60. Dauvilliers Y, Blouin JL, Neidhart E, et al. A narcolepsy susceptibility locus maps to a 5 Mb region of chromosome 21q. Ann Neurol. 2004 Sep;56(3):382-8. Abstract

61. Guilleminault C, Heinzer R, Mignot E, et al. Investigations into the neurologic basis of narcolepsy. Neurology. 1998 Feb;50(2 suppl 1):S8-15. Abstract

62. Faull KF, Thiemann S, King RJ, et al. Monoamine interactions in narcolepsy and hypersomnia: reanalysis. Sleep. 1989 Apr;12(2):185-6. Abstract

63. Faull KF, Barchas JD, Foutz AS, et al. Monoamine metabolite concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of normal and narcoleptic dogs. Brain Res. 1982 Jun 17;242(1):137-43. Abstract

64. Aldrich MS, Hollingsworth Z, Penney JB. Dopamine-receptor autoradiography of human narcoleptic brain. Neurology. 1992 Feb;42(2):410-5. Abstract

65. Nishino S, Sakurai E, Nevsimalova S, et al. Decreased CSF histamine in narcolepsy with and without low CSF hypocretin-1 in comparison to healthy controls. Sleep. 2009 Feb;32(2):175-80.Full text  Abstract

66. Kanbayashi T, Kodama T, Kondo H, et al. CSF histamine contents in narcolepsy, idiopathic hypersomnia and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep. 2009 Feb;32(2):181-7. Abstract

67. Fronczek R, Lammers GJ, Balesar R, et al. The number of hypothalamic hypocretin (orexin) neurons is not affected in Prader-Willi syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Sep;90(9):5466-50.Full text  Abstract

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70. Smit LS, Lammers GJ, Catsman-Berrevoets CE. Cataplexy leading to the diagnosis of Niemann-Pick disease type C. Pediatr Neurol. 2006 Jul;35(1):82-4. Abstract

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77. Dantz B, Edgar DM, Dement WC. Circadian rhythms in narcolepsy: studies on a 90 minute day. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1994 Jan;90(1):24-35. Abstract

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79. Anic-Labat S, Guilleminault C, Kraemer HC, et al. Validation of a cataplexy questionnaire in 983 sleep-disorders patients. Sleep. 1999 Feb 1;22(1):77-87. Abstract

80. Howell M, Avidan AY, Foldvary-Schaefer N, et al. Management of REM sleep behavior disorder: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline. J Clin Sleep Med. 2023 Apr 1;19(4):759-68.Full text  Abstract

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83. Littner M, Johnson SF, McCall WV, et al. Practice parameters for the treatment of narcolepsy: an update for 2000. Sleep. 2001 Jun 15;24(4):451-66. Abstract

84. Krahn LE, Arand DL, Avidan AY, et al. Recommended protocols for the Multiple Sleep Latency Test and Maintenance of Wakefulness Test in adults: guidance from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021 Dec 1;17(12):2489-98.Full text  Abstract

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87. Dauvilliers Y, Gosselin A, Paquet J, et al. Effect of age on MSLT results in patients with narcolepsy-cataplexy. Neurology. 2004 Jan 13;62(1):46-50. Abstract

88. Mignot E, Lammers GJ, Ripley B, et al. The role of cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin measurement in the diagnosis of narcolepsy and other hypersomnias. Arch Neurol. 2002 Oct;59(10):1553-62.Full text  Abstract

89. Overeem S, Scammell TE, Lammers GJ. Hypocretin/orexin and sleep: implications for the pathophysiology and diagnosis of narcolepsy. Curr Opin Neurol. 2002 Dec;15(6):739-45. Abstract

90. Smith MT, McCrae CS, Cheung J, et al. Use of actigraphy for the evaluation of sleep disorders and circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline. J Clin Sleep Med. 2018 Jul 15;14(7):1231-7.Full text  Abstract

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92. Maski KP, Amos LB, Carter JC, et al. Recommended protocols for the multiple sleep latency test and maintenance of wakefulness test in children: guidance from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. J Clin Sleep Med. 2024 Apr 1;20(4):631-41.Full text  Abstract

93. Maski K, Trotti LM, Kotagal S, et al. Treatment of central disorders of hypersomnolence: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021 Sep 1;17(9):1881-93.Full text  Abstract

94. Bassetti CLA, Kallweit U, Vignatelli L, et al. European guideline and expert statements on the management of narcolepsy in adults and children. Eur J Neurol. 2021 Sep;28(9):2815-30.Full text  Abstract

95. Maski K, Trotti LM, Kotagal S, et al. Treatment of central disorders of hypersomnolence: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021 Sep 1;17(9):1895-945.Full text  Abstract

96. Goswami M. The influence of clinical symptoms on quality of life in patients with narcolepsy. Neurology. 1998 Feb;50(2 suppl 1):S31-6. Abstract

97. Dauvilliers Y, Bassetti C, Lammers GJ, et al. Pitolisant versus placebo or modafinil in patients with narcolepsy: a double-blind, randomised trial. Lancet Neurol. 2013 Nov;12(11):1068-75. Abstract

98. Romigi A, Vitrani G, Lo Giudice T, et al. Profile of pitolisant in the management of narcolepsy: design, development, and place in therapy. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2018 Aug 30;12:2665-75.Full text  Abstract

99. Lehert P, Falissard B. Multiple treatment comparison in narcolepsy: a network meta-analysis. Sleep. 2018 Dec 1;41(12):zsy185.Full text  Abstract

100. Davis CW, Kallweit U, Schwartz JC, et al. Efficacy of pitolisant in patients with high burden of narcolepsy symptoms: pooled analysis of short-term, placebo-controlled studies. Sleep Med. 2021 May;81:210-17.Full text  Abstract

101. Dauvilliers Y, Arnulf I, Szakacs Z, et al. Long-term use of pitolisant to treat patients with narcolepsy: Harmony III Study. Sleep. 2019 Oct 21;42(11):zsz174.Full text  Abstract

102. Xu XM, Wei YD, Liu Y, et al. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) for narcolepsy in adults: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med. 2019 Dec;64:62-70. Abstract

103. Kushida CA, Shapiro CM, Roth T, et al. Once-nightly sodium oxybate (FT218) demonstrated improvement of symptoms in a phase 3 randomized clinical trial in patients with narcolepsy. Sleep. 2022 Jun 13;45(6):zsab200.Full text  Abstract

104. Bogan RK, Thorpy MJ, Dauvilliers Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium oxybates (lower-sodium oxybate [LXB]; JZP-258) in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized withdrawal study in adults with narcolepsy with cataplexy. Sleep. 2021 Mar 12;44(3):zsaa206.Full text  Abstract

105. Thorpy MJ. Recently approved and upcoming treatments for narcolepsy. CNS Drugs. 2020 Jan;34(1):9-27.Full text  Abstract

106. Dauvilliers Y, Bogan RK, Šonka K, et al. Calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium oxybates oral solution: a lower-sodium alternative for cataplexy or excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy. Nat Sci Sleep. 2022;14:531-46.Full text  Abstract

107. Thorpy MJ, Shapiro C, Mayer G, et al. A randomized study of solriamfetol for excessive sleepiness in narcolepsy. Ann Neurol. 2019 Mar;85(3):359-70.Full text  Abstract

108. Malhotra A, Shapiro C, Pepin JL. Long-term study of the safety and maintenance of efficacy of solriamfetol (JZP-110) in the treatment of excessive sleepiness in participants with narcolepsy or obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep. 2020 Feb 13;43(2):zsz220.Full text  Abstract

109. Szakacs Z, Dauvilliers Y, Mikhaylov V, et al. Safety and efficacy of pitolisant on cataplexy in patients with narcolepsy: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2017 Mar;16(3):200-7. Abstract

110. Vignatelli L, D'Alessandro R, Candelise L. Antidepressant drugs for narcolepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jan 23;(1):CD003724. Abstract

111. Avis KT, Shen J, Weaver P, et al. Psychosocial characteristics of children with central disorders of hypersomnolence versus matched healthy children. J Clin Sleep Med. 2015 Nov 15;11(11):1281-8.Full text  Abstract

112. Dauvilliers Y, Lecendreux M, Lammers GJ, et al. Safety and efficacy of pitolisant in children aged 6 years or older with narcolepsy with or without cataplexy: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2023 Apr;22(4):303-11. Abstract

113. Weinhold SL, Seeck-Hirschner M, Nowak A, et al. The effect of intranasal orexin-A (hypocretin-1) on sleep, wakefulness and attention in narcolepsy with cataplexy. Behav Brain Res. 2014 Apr 1;262:8-13. Abstract

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115. Lee EK, Douglass AB. Baclofen for narcolepsy with cataplexy: two cases. Nat Sci Sleep. 2015 Jul 29;7:81-3.Full text  Abstract

116. Morse AM, Kelly-Pieper K, Kothare SV. Management of excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy with baclofen. Pediatr Neurol. 2019 Apr;93:39-42. Abstract

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118. Swick TJ. Treatment paradigms for cataplexy in narcolepsy: past, present, and future. Nat Sci Sleep. 2015 Dec 11;7:159-69.Full text  Abstract

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120. Mitler MM, Aldrich MS, Koob GF, et al. Narcolepsy and its treatment with stimulants. ASDA standards of practice. Sleep. 1994 Jun;17(4):352-71. Abstract

121. Boivin DB, Montplaisir J, Petit D, et al. Effects of modafinil on symptomatology of human narcolepsy. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1993 Feb;16(1):46-53. Abstract

122. Miller MM, Hajdukovic R, Erman MK. Treatment of narcolepsy with methamphetamine. Sleep. 1993 Jun;16(4):306-17.Full text  Abstract

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