Subarachnoid haemorrhage

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Subarachnoid haemorrhage caused by a ruptured aneurysm: diagnosis and management. Nov 2022 [internet publication].Full text

Steiner T, Juvela S, Unterberg A, et al. European Stroke Organization guidelines for the management of intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013;35(2):93-112.Full text  Abstract

Royal College of Physicians. National clinical guideline for stroke for the United Kingdom and Ireland. 2023 [internet publication].Full text

Cruickshank A, Auld P, Beetham R, et al; UK NEQAS Specialist Advisory Group for EQA of CSF Proteins and Biochemistry. Revised national guidelines for analysis of cerebrospinal fluid for bilirubin in suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage. Ann Clin Biochem. 2008 May;45(Pt 3):238-44.Full text  Abstract

Lindgren A, Vergouwen MD, van der Schaaf I, et al. Endovascular coiling versus neurosurgical clipping for people with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Aug 15;(8):CD003085.Full text  Abstract

1. Suarez JI, Tarr RW, Selman WR. Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jan 26;354(4):387-96. Abstract

2. Pereira JL, de Albuquerque LA, Dellaretti M, et al. Importance of recognizing sentinel headache. Surg Neurol Int. 2012;3:162.Full text  Abstract

3. Leblanc R. The minor leak preceding subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 1987 Jan;66(1):35-9. Abstract

4. Beck J, Raabe A, Szelenyi A, et al. Sentinel headache and the risk of rebleeding after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2006 Nov;37(11):2733-7. Abstract

5. Hughes JD, Bond KM, Mekary RA, et al. Estimating the global incidence of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review for central nervous system vascular lesions and meta-analysis of ruptured aneurysms. World Neurosurg. 2018 Jul;115:430-47. Abstract

6. Linn FH, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, et al. Incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage: role of region, year, and rate of computed tomography: a meta-analysis. Stroke. 1996 Apr;27(4):625-9. Abstract

7. NHS England. Hospital admitted patient care activity, 2021-22. Sep 2022 [internet publication].Full text

8. Etminan N, Chang HS, Hackenberg K, et al. Worldwide incidence of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage according to region, time period, blood pressure, and smoking prevalence in the population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol. 2019 May 1;76(5):588-97.Full text  Abstract

9. Bruno A, Qualls C. Risk factors for intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage among Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites in a New Mexico community. Neuroepidemiology. 2000 Jul-Aug;19(4):227-32. Abstract

10. Kassell NF, Torner JC, Haley EC Jr, et al. The International Cooperative Study on the Timing of Aneurysm Surgery. Part 1: overall management results. J Neurosurg. 1990 Jul;73(1):18-36. Abstract

11. Kassell NF, Torner JC, Jane JA, et al. The International Cooperative Study on the Timing of Aneurysm Surgery. Part 2: surgical results. J Neurosurg. 1990 Jul;73(1):37-47. Abstract

12. Broderick JP, Brott T, Tomsick T, et al. The risk of subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhages in blacks as compared with whites. N Engl J Med. 1992 Mar 12;326(11):733-6. Abstract

13. Adams HP, Davis P. Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. In: Mohr JP, Choi D, Grotta J, et al, eds. Stroke: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. London: Churchill Livingstone; 2004:377-96.

14. van Gijn J, Rinkel GJ. Subarachnoid haemorrhage: diagnosis, causes and management. Brain. 2001 Feb;124(2):249-78.Full text  Abstract

15. Brisman JL, Song JK, Newell DW. Cerebral aneurysms. N Engl J Med. 2006 Aug 31;355(9):928-39. Abstract

16. Wiebers DO, Piepgras DG, Meyer FB, et al. Pathogenesis, natural history, and treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Mayo Clin Proc. 2004 Dec;79(12):1572-83. Abstract

17. Aoki T, Nishimura M. Targeting chronic inflammation in cerebral aneurysms: focusing on NF-kappaB as a putative target of medical therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2010 Mar;14(3):265-73. Abstract

18. Wermer MJ, van der Schaaf IC, Velthuis BK, et al. Follow-up screening after subarachnoid haemorrhage: frequency and determinants of new aneurysms and enlargement of existing aneurysms. Brain. 2005 Oct;128(10):2421-9. Abstract

19. Backes D, Rinkel GJ, Laban KG, et al. Patient- and aneurysm-specific risk factors for intracranial aneurysm growth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2016 Apr;47(4):951-7.Full text  Abstract

20. Brinjikji W, Zhu YQ, Lanzino G, et al. Risk factors for growth of intracranial aneurysms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2016 Apr;37(4):615-20.Full text  Abstract

21. Can A, Du R. Association of hemodynamic factors with intracranial aneurysm formation and rupture: systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosurgery. 2016 Apr;78(4):510-20. Abstract

22. Connolly ES, Solomon RA. Management of unruptured aneurysms. In: Le Roux PD, Winn HR, Newell DW, eds. Management of cerebral aneurysms. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2004:271-85.

23. International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms Investigators. Unruptured intracranial aneurysms - risk of rupture and risks of surgical intervention. N Engl J Med. 1998 Dec 10;339(24):1725-33.Full text  Abstract

24. Juvela S, Porras M, Poussa K. Natural history of unruptured intracranial aneurysms: probability of and risk factors for aneurysm rupture. J Neurosurg. 2000 Sep;93(3):379-87. Abstract

25. Tsutsumi K, Ueki K, Morita A, et al. Risk of rupture from incidental cerebral aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 2000 Oct;93(4):550-3. Abstract

26. Wiebers DO, Whisnant JP, O'Fallon WM. The natural history of unruptured intracranial aneurysms. N Engl J Med. 1981 Mar 19;304(12):696-8. Abstract

27. Wiebers DO, Whisnant JP, Huston J 3rd, et al. Unruptured intracranial aneurysms: natural history, clinical outcome, and risks of surgical and endovascular treatment. Lancet. 2003 Jul 12;362(9378):103-10. Abstract

28. Rinkel GJ. Intracranial aneurysm screening: indications and advice for practice. Lancet Neurol. 2005 Feb;4(2):122-8. Abstract

29. Broderick JP, Viscoli CM, Brott T, et al; Hemorrhagic Stroke Project Investigators. Major risk factors for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in the young are modifiable. Stroke. 2003 Jun;34(6):1375-81. Abstract

30. Feigin VL, Rinkel GJ, Lawes CM, et al. Risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated systematic review of epidemiological studies. Stroke. 2005 Dec;36(12):2773-80. Abstract

31. Juvela S. Prehemorrhage risk factors for fatal intracranial aneurysm rupture. Stroke. 2003 Aug;34(8):1852-7. Abstract

32. Qureshi AI, Suri MF, Yahia AM, et al. Risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 2001 Sep;49(3):607-12. Abstract

33. Teunissen LL, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, et al. Risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review. Stroke. 1996 Mar;27(3):544-9.Full text  Abstract

34. Hoh BL, Ko NU, Amin-Hanjani S, et al. 2023 guideline for the management of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2023 Jul;54(7):e314-70.Full text  Abstract

35. Thompson BG, Brown RD Jr, Amin-Hanjani S, et al. Guidelines for the management of patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2015 Aug;46(8):2368-400.Full text  Abstract

36. Zuurbier CCM, Bourcier R, Constant Dit Beaufils P, et al. Number of affected relatives, age, smoking, and hypertension prediction score for intracranial aneurysms in persons with a family history for subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2022 May;53(5):1645-50.Full text  Abstract

37. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Subarachnoid haemorrhage caused by a ruptured aneurysm: diagnosis and management. Nov 2022 [internet publication].Full text

38. Schievink WI, Michels VV, Piepgras DG. Neurovascular manifestations of heritable connective tissue disorders. A review. Stroke. 1994 Apr;25(4):889-903. Abstract

39. Steiner T, Juvela S, Unterberg A, et al. European Stroke Organization guidelines for the management of intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013;35(2):93-112.Full text  Abstract

40. Royal College of Physicians. National clinical guideline for stroke for the United Kingdom and Ireland. 2023 [internet publication].Full text

41. Siddiq F, Chaudhry SA, Tummala RP, et al. Factors and outcomes associated with early and delayed aneurysm treatment in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients in the United States. Neurosurgery. 2012 Sep;71(3):670-7. Abstract

42. National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death. Managing the Flow? A review of the care received by patients who were diagnosed with an aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. 2013 [internet publication].Full text

43. Breen DP, Duncan CW, Pope AE, et al. Emergency department evaluation of sudden, severe headache. QJM. 2008 Jun;101(6):435-43. Abstract

44. Day JW, Raskin NH. Thunderclap headache: symptom of unruptured cerebral aneurysm. Lancet. 1986 Nov 29;2(8518):1247-8. Abstract

45. Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 28;391(10131):1693-705. Abstract

46. O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72(suppl 1):ii1-90. Abstract

47. Clusmann H, Schaller C, Schramm J. Fixed and dilated pupils after trauma, stroke, and previous intracranial surgery: management and outcome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001 Aug;71(2):175-81.Full text  Abstract

48. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Evidence review for diagnostic accuracy of investigations. NICE guideline NG228 methods, evidence and recommendations. Nov 2022 [internet publication].Full text

49. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Evidence review for severity scoring systems. NICE guideline NG228 methods, evidence and recommendations. Nov 2022 [internet publication].Full text

50. Perry JJ, Stiell I, Wells G, et al. Diagnostic test utilization in the emergency department for alert headache patients with possible subarachnoid hemorrhage. CJEM. 2002 Sep;4(5):333-7. Abstract

51. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Evidence review for symptoms and signs. NICE guideline NG228 methods, evidence and recommendations. Nov 2022 [internet publication].Full text

52. van Gijn J, Kerr RS, Rinkel GJ. Subarachnoid haemorrhage. Lancet. 2007 Jan 27;369(9558):306-18. Abstract

53. Ducros A, Bousser MG. Thunderclap headache. BMJ. 2013 Jan 8;346:e8557. Abstract

54. Brilstra EH, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, et al. Rebleeding, secondary ischemia, and timing of operation in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology. 2000 Dec 12;55(11):1656-60. Abstract

55. Suwatcharangkoon S, Meyers E, Falo C, et al. Loss of consciousness at onset of subarachnoid hemorrhage as an important marker of early brain injury. JAMA Neurol. 2016 Jan;73(1):28-35.Full text  Abstract

56. Tung P, Kopelnik A, Banki N, et al. Predictors of neurocardiogenic injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2004 Feb;35(2):548-51. Abstract

57. Zaroff JG, Rordorf GA, Newell JB, et al. Cardiac outcome in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and electrocardiographic abnormalities. Neurosurgery. 1999 Jan;44(1):34-9. Abstract

58. Zaroff JG, Rordorf GA, Ogilvy CS, et al. Regional patterns of left ventricular systolic dysfunction after subarachnoid hemorrhage: evidence for neurally mediated cardiac injury. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2000 Aug;13(8):774-9. Abstract

59. Jain R, Deveikis J, Thompson BG. Management of patients with stunned myocardium associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004 Jan;25(1):126-9. Abstract

60. Butzkueven H, Evans AH, Pitman A, et al. Onset seizures independently predict poor outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology. 2000 Nov 14;55(9):1315-20. Abstract

61. Lin CL, Dumont AS, Lieu AS, et al. Characterization of perioperative seizures and epilepsy following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2003 Dec;99(6):978-85. Abstract

62. Ibrahim GM, Fallah A, Macdonald RL. Clinical, laboratory, and radiographic predictors of the occurrence of seizures following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2013 Aug;119(2):347-52. Abstract

63. McCarron MO, Alberts MJ, McCarron P. A systematic review of Terson's syndrome: frequency and prognosis after subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004 Mar;75(3):491-3.Full text  Abstract

64. Behrouz R, Birnbaum LA, Jones PM, et al. Focal neurological deficit at onset of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: frequency and causes. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2016 Nov;25(11):2644-7. Abstract

65. Edlow JA, Caplan LR. Avoiding pitfalls in the diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jan 6;342(1):29-36. Abstract

66. Bromberg JE, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, et al. Subarachnoid haemorrhage in first and second degree relatives of patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage. BMJ. 1995 Jul 29;311(7000):288-9.Full text  Abstract

67. Gaist D, Vaeth M, Tsiropoulos I, et al. Risk of subarachnoid haemorrhage in first degree relatives of patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage: follow up study based on national registries in Denmark. BMJ. 2000 Jan 15;320(7228):141-5.Full text  Abstract

68. de Rooij NK, Linn FH, van der Plas JA, et al. Incidence of subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review with emphasis on region, age, gender and time trends. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007 Dec;78(12):1365-72.Full text  Abstract

69. Rinkel GJ, Djibuti M, Algra A, et al. Prevalence and risk of rupture of intracranial aneurysms: a systematic review. Stroke. 1998 Jan;29(1):251-6.Full text  Abstract

70. Chang TR, Kowalski RG, Caserta F, et al. Impact of acute cocaine use on aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2013 Jul;44(7):1825-9.Full text  Abstract

71. Vannemreddy P, Caldito G, Willis B, et al. Influence of cocaine on ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a case control study of poor prognostic indicators. J Neurosurg. 2008 Mar;108(3):470-6. Abstract

72. Ducros A. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. Lancet Neurol. 2012 Oct;11(10):906-17. Abstract

73. Landtblom AM, Fridriksson S, Boivie J, et al. Sudden onset headache: a prospective study of features, incidence and causes. Cephalalgia. 2002 Jun;22(5):354-60. Abstract

74. Sames TA, Storrow AB, Finkelstein JA, et al. Sensitivity of new-generation computed tomography in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acad Emerg Med. 1996 Jan;3(1):16-20. Abstract

75. Perry JJ, Stiell IG, Sivilotti ML, et al. Sensitivity of computed tomography performed within six hours of onset of headache for diagnosis of subarachnoid haemorrhage: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2011 Jul 18;343:d4277.Full text  Abstract

76. Backes D, Rinkel GJ, Kemperman H, et al. Time-dependent test characteristics of head computed tomography in patients suspected of nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2012 Aug;43(8):2115-9.Full text  Abstract

77. Dubosh NM, Bellolio MF, Rabinstein AA, et al. Sensitivity of early brain computed tomography to exclude aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2016 Mar;47(3):750-5. Abstract

78. McGirt MJ, Mavropoulos JC, McGirt LY, et al. Leukocytosis as an independent risk factor for cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2003 Jun;98(6):1222-6. Abstract

79. de Oliveira Manoel AL, Goffi A, Marotta TR, et al. The critical care management of poor-grade subarachnoid haemorrhage. Crit Care. 2016 Jan 23;20:21.Full text  Abstract

80. Sherlock M, O'Sullivan E, Agha A, et al. The incidence and pathophysiology of hyponatraemia after subarachnoid haemorrhage. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Mar;64(3):250-4. Abstract

81. Deibert E, Barzilai B, Braverman AC, et al. Clinical significance of elevated troponin I levels in patients with nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2003 Apr;98(4):741-6. Abstract

82. Bulsara KR, McGirt MJ, Liao L, et al. Use of the peak troponin value to differentiate myocardial infarction from reversible neurogenic left ventricular dysfunction associated with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2003 Mar;98(3):524-8. Abstract

83. Zhang L, Wang Z, Qi S. Cardiac troponin elevation and outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2015 Oct;24(10):2375-84. Abstract

84. Solenski NJ, Haley EC Jr, Kassell NF, et al. Medical complications of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a report of the multicenter, cooperative aneurysm study. Participants of the Multicenter Cooperative Aneurysm Study. Crit Care Med. 1995 Jun;23(6):1007-17. Abstract

85. Perkins GD, Graesner JT, Federico Semeraro, et al. European Resuscitation Council guidelines 2021: Executive summary. Resuscitation. 2021 Apr;161:1-60.Full text

86. Toussaint LG 3rd, Friedman JA, Wijdicks EF, et al. Survival of cardiac arrest after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 2005 Jul;57(1):25-31. Abstract

87. Cruickshank A, Auld P, Beetham R, et al; UK NEQAS Specialist Advisory Group for EQA of CSF Proteins and Biochemistry. Revised national guidelines for analysis of cerebrospinal fluid for bilirubin in suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage. Ann Clin Biochem. 2008 May;45(Pt 3):238-44.Full text  Abstract

88. Perry JJ, Alyahya B, Sivilotti ML, et al. Differentiation between traumatic tap and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2015 Feb 18;350:h568.Full text  Abstract

89. Wijdicks EF, Kallmes DF, Manno EM, et al. Subarachnoid hemorrhage: neurointensive care and aneurysm repair. Mayo Clin Proc. 2005 Apr;80(4):550-9. Abstract

90. Ditta M, Galea J, Holland J, et al. Lumbar puncture and the diagnosis of CT negative subarachnoid haemorrhage: time for a new approach? Br J Neurosurg. 2013 Oct;27(5):599-602. Abstract

91. Sayer D, Bloom B, Fernando K, et al. An observational study of 2,248 patients presenting with headache, suggestive of subarachnoid hemorrhage, who received lumbar punctures following normal computed tomography of the head. Acad Emerg Med. 2015 Nov;22(11):1267-73.Full text  Abstract

92. Brunell A, Ridefelt P, Zelano J. Differential diagnostic yield of lumbar puncture in investigation of suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage: a retrospective study. J Neurol. 2013 Jun;260(6):1631-6. Abstract

93. Wood MJ, Dimeski G, Nowitzke AM. CSF spectrophotometry in the diagnosis and exclusion of spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Clin Neurosci. 2005 Feb;12(2):142-6. Abstract

94. Migdal VL, Wu WK, Long D, et al. Risk-benefit analysis of lumbar puncture to evaluate for nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage in adult ED patients. Am J Emerg Med. 2015 Nov;33(11):1597-601.Full text  Abstract

95. Gee C, Dawson M, Bledsoe J, et al. Sensitivity of newer-generation computed tomography scanners for subarachnoid hemorrhage: a Bayesian analysis. J Emerg Med. 2012 Jul;43(1):13-8. Abstract

96. Lavi R, Yarnitsky D, Rowe JM, et al. Standard vs atraumatic Whitacre needle for diagnostic lumbar puncture: a randomized trial. Neurology. 2006 Oct 24;67(8):1492-4. Abstract

97. Arendt K, Demaerschalk BM, Wingerchuk DM, Camann W. Atraumatic lumbar puncture needles: after all these years, are we still missing the point? Neurologist. 2009 Jan;15(1):17-20. Abstract

98. Nath S, Koziarz A, Badhiwala JH, et al. Atraumatic versus conventional lumbar puncture needles: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Mar 24;391(10126):1197-204. Abstract

99. Rochwerg B, Almenawer SA, Siemieniuk RAC, et al. Atraumatic (pencil-point) versus conventional needles for lumbar puncture: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 May 22;361:k1920.Full text  Abstract

100. Ahmed SV, Jayawarna C, Jude E. Post lumbar puncture headache: diagnosis and management. Postgrad Med J. 2006 Nov;82(973):713-6.Full text  Abstract

101. Arevalo-Rodriguez I, Ciapponi A, Roqué i Figuls M, et al. Posture and fluids for preventing post-dural puncture headache. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Mar 7;(3):CD009199.Full text  Abstract

102. Perry JJ, Spacek A, Forbes M, et al. Is the combination of negative computed tomography result and negative lumbar puncture result sufficient to rule out subarachnoid hemorrhage? Ann Emerg Med. 2008 Jun;51(6):707-13. Abstract

103. Pandey AS, Gemmete JJ, Wilson TJ, et al. High subarachnoid hemorrhage patient volume associated with lower mortality and better outcomes. Neurosurgery. 2015 Sep;77(3):462-70.Full text  Abstract

104. Al-Shahi R, White PM, Davenport RJ, et al. Clinical review: subarachnoid haemorrhage. BMJ. 2006 Jul 29;333(7561):235-40. Abstract

105. Menke J, Larsen J, Kallenberg K. Diagnosing cerebral aneurysms by computed tomographic angiography: meta-analysis. Ann Neurol. 2011 Apr;69(4):646-54. Abstract

106. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Evidence review for diagnostic imaging strategies. NICE guideline NG228 methods, evidence and recommendations. Nov 2022 [internet publication].Full text

107. Sailer AM, Wagemans BA, Nelemans PJ, et al. Diagnosing intracranial aneurysms with MR angiography: systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2014 Jan;45(1):119-26. Abstract

108. Tatter SB, Crowell RM, Ogilvy CS. Aneurysmal and microaneurysmal "angiogram-negative" subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 1995 Jul;37(1):48-55. Abstract

109. Jung JY, Kim YB, Lee JW, et al. Spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage with negative initial angiography: a review of 143 cases. J Clin Neurosci. 2006 Dec;13(10):1011-7. Abstract

110. Rinkel GJ, van Gijn J, Wijdicks EF. Subarachnoid hemorrhage without detectable aneurysm. A review of the causes. Stroke. 1993 Sep;24(9):1403-9.Full text  Abstract

111. Urbach H, Zentner J, Solymosi L. The need for repeat angiography in subarachnoid haemorrhage. Neuroradiology. 1998 Jan;40(1):6-10. Abstract

112. Schwartz TH, Solomon RA. Perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: review of the literature. Neurosurgery. 1996 Sep;39(3):433-40.Full text  Abstract

113. Rinkel GJ, Wijdicks EF, Hasan D, et al. Outcome in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage and negative angiography according to pattern of haemorrhage on computed tomography. Lancet. 1991 Oct 19;338(8773):964-8. Abstract

114. Kull LL, Emerson RG. Continuous EEG monitoring in the intensive care unit: technical and staffing considerations. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2005 Apr;22(2):107-18. Abstract

115. Rahman M, Friedman WA. Hyponatremia in neurosurgical patients: clinical guidelines development. Neurosurgery. 2009 Nov;65(5):925-35. Abstract

116. Hunt WE, Hess RM. Surgical risk as related to time of intervention in the repair of intracranial aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 1968 Jan;28(1):14-20. Abstract

117. Frontera JA, Claassen J, Schmidt JM, et al. Prediction of symptomatic vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: the modified fisher scale. Neurosurgery. 2006 Jul;59(1):21-7. Abstract

118. Fisher CM, Kistler JP, Davis JM. Relation of cerebral vasospasm to subarachnoid hemorrhage visualized by computerized tomographic scanning. Neurosurgery. 1980 Jan;6(1):1-9. Abstract

119. Wermer MJ, Koffijberg H, van der Schaaf IC, et al. Effectiveness and costs of screening for aneurysms every 5 years after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology. 2008 May 27;70(22):2053-62. Abstract

120. Tenny S, Thorell W. Cerebral salt wasting syndrome. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2021.Full text  Abstract

121. van Gijn J, Hijdra A, Wijdicks EF, et al. Acute hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 1985 Sep;63(3):355-62. Abstract

122. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Evidence review for managing hydrocephalus. NICE guideline NG228 methods, evidence and recommendations. Nov 2022 [internet publication].Full text

123. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: adult advanced life support. Resuscitation. 2021 Apr;161:115-51.Full text  Abstract

124. Colquhoun MC, Handley AJ, Evans TR, eds. ABC of resuscitation. 5th ed. Wiley-Blackwell; 2004.

125. Barnett A, Beasley R, Buchan C, et al. Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand position statement on acute oxygen use in adults: 'swimming between the flags'. Respirology. 2022 Apr;27(4):262-76.Full text  Abstract

126. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2023 [internet publication].Full text

127. Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169. Abstract

128. British Thoracic Society. BTS guideline for oxygen use in healthcare and emergency settings. Dec 2019 [internet publication].Full text

129. Voshaar T, Stais P, Köhler D, et al. Conservative management of COVID-19 associated hypoxaemia. ERJ Open Res. 2021 Jan;7(1):00026-2021.Full text  Abstract

130. Barbateskovic M, Schjørring OL, Russo Krauss S, et al. Higher versus lower fraction of inspired oxygen or targets of arterial oxygenation for adults admitted to the intensive care unit. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Nov 27;2019(11):CD012631.Full text  Abstract

131. ICU-ROX Investigators and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group., Mackle D, Bellomo R, et al. Conservative oxygen therapy during mechanical ventilation in the ICU. N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar 12;382(11):989-98.Full text  Abstract

132. Cumpstey AF, Oldman AH, Smith AF, et al. Oxygen targets in the intensive care unit during mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome: a rapid review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Sep 1;(9):CD013708.Full text  Abstract

133. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Evidence review for medical management strategies. NICE guideline NG228 methods, evidence and recommendations. Nov 2022 [internet publication].Full text

134. Barker FG 2nd, Ogilvy CS. Efficacy of prophylactic nimodipine for delayed ischemic deficit after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a metaanalysis. J Neurosurg. 1996 Mar;84(3):405-14. Abstract

135. Feigin VL, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, et al. Calcium antagonists in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review. Neurology. 1998 Apr;50(4):876-83. Abstract

136. Pickard JD, Murray GD, Illingworth R, et al. Effect of oral nimodipine on cerebral infarction and outcome after subarachnoid haemorrhage: British aneurysm nimodipine trial. BMJ. 1989 Mar 11;298(6674):636-42.Full text  Abstract

137. Rowland MJ, Hadjipavlou G, Kelly M, et al. Delayed cerebral ischaemia after subarachnoid haemorrhage: looking beyond vasospasm. Br J Anaesth. 2012 Sep;109(3):315-29.Full text  Abstract

138. Petruk KC, West M, Mohr G, et al. Nimodipine treatment in poor-grade aneurysm patients. Results of a multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Neurosurg. 1988 Apr;68(4):505-17. Abstract

139. Dorhout Mees SM, Luitse MJ, van den Bergh WM, et al. Fever after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: relation with extent of hydrocephalus and amount of extravasated blood. Stroke. 2008 Jul;39(7):2141-3.Full text  Abstract

140. Lindgren A, Vergouwen MD, van der Schaaf I, et al. Endovascular coiling versus neurosurgical clipping for people with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Aug 15;(8):CD003085.Full text  Abstract

141. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Evidence review for interventions to prevent re-bleeding. NICE guideline NG228 methods, evidence and recommendations. Nov 2022 [internet publication].Full text

142. Kundra S, Mahendru V, Gupta V, et al. Principles of neuroanesthesia in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2014 Jul;30(3):328-37.Full text  Abstract

143. van den Berg R, Foumani M, Schröder RD, et al. Predictors of outcome in World Federation of Neurologic Surgeons grade V aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients. Crit Care Med. 2011 Dec;39(12):2722-7. Abstract

144. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Evidence review for timing of interventions to prevent rebleeding. NICE guideline NG228 methods, evidence and recommendations. Nov 2022 [internet publication].Full text

145. Molyneux AJ, Kerr RS, Yu LM, et al; International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) Collaborative Group. International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a randomised comparison of effects on survival, dependency, seizures, rebleeding, subgroups, and aneurysm occlusion. Lancet. 2005 Sep 3-9;366(9488):809-17. Abstract

146. Johnston SC, Dowd CF, Higashida RT, et al. Predictors of rehemorrhage after treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms: the Cerebral Aneurysm Rerupture After Treatment (CARAT) study. Stroke. 2008 Jan;39(1):120-5.Full text  Abstract

147. Ryttlefors M, Enblad P, Kerr RS, et al. International subarachnoid aneurysm trial of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling: subgroup analysis of 278 elderly patients. Stroke. 2008 Oct;39(10):2720-6.Full text  Abstract

148. Molyneux AJ, Birks J, Clarke A, et al. The durability of endovascular coiling versus neurosurgical clipping of ruptured cerebral aneurysms: 18 year follow-up of the UK cohort of the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT). Lancet. 2015 Feb 21;385(9969):691-7.Full text  Abstract

149. McDougall CG, Spetzler RF, Zabramski JM, et al. The Barrow ruptured aneurysm trial. J Neurosurg. 2012 Jan;116(1):135-44.Full text  Abstract

150. Spetzler RF, McDougall CG, Albuquerque FC, et al. The Barrow ruptured aneurysm trial: 3-year results. J Neurosurg. 2013 Jul;119(1):146-57.Full text  Abstract

151. Spetzler RF, McDougall CG, Zabramski JM, et al. The Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial: 6-year results. J Neurosurg. 2015 Sep;123(3):609-17.Full text  Abstract

152. Molyneux AJ, Kerr RS, Birks J, et al; ISAT Collaborators. Risk of recurrent subarachnoid haemorrhage, death, or dependence and standardised mortality ratios after clipping or coiling of an intracranial aneurysm in the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT): long-term follow-up. Lancet Neurol. 2009 May;8(5):427-33.Full text  Abstract

153. Koivisto T, Vanninen R, Hurskainen H, et al. Outcomes of early endovascular versus surgical treatment of ruptured cerebral aneurysms: a prospective randomized study. Stroke. 2000 Oct;31(10):2369-77.Full text  Abstract

154. Falk Delgado A, Andersson T, Falk Delgado A. Clinical outcome after surgical clipping or endovascular coiling for cerebral aneurysms: a pragmatic meta-analysis of randomized and non-randomized trials with short- and long-term follow-up. J Neurointerv Surg. 2017 Mar;9(3):264-77. Abstract

155. Li H, Pan R, Wang H, et al. Clipping versus coiling for ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2013 Jan;44(1):29-37.Full text  Abstract

156. Gaberel T, Borha A, di Palma C, et al. Clipping versus coiling in the management of posterior communicating artery aneurysms with third nerve palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World Neurosurg. 2016 Mar;87:498-506. Abstract

157. Guan J, Li G, Kong X, et al. Endovascular treatment for ruptured and unruptured vertebral artery dissecting aneurysms: a meta-analysis. J Neurointerv Surg. 2017 Jun;9(6):558-63. Abstract

158. Fang S, Brinjikji W, Murad MH, et al. Endovascular treatment of anterior communicating artery aneurysms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2014 May;35(5):943-7.Full text  Abstract

159. Baharoglu MI, Germans MR, Rinkel GJ, et al. Antifibrinolytic therapy for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. 2013 Aug 30;(8):CD001245.Full text  Abstract

160. Germans MR, Coert BA, Vandertop WP, et al. Time intervals from subarachnoid hemorrhage to rebleed. J Neurol. 2014 Jul;261(7):1425-31. Abstract

161. Fujii Y, Takeuchi S, Sasaki O, et al. Ultra-early rebleeding in spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 1996 Jan;84(1):35-42. Abstract

162. Starke RM, Connolly ES Jr, Participants in the International Multi-Disciplinary Consensus Conference on the Critical Care Management of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: rebleeding after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2011 Sep;15(2):241-6. Abstract

163. Hijdra A, van Gijn J, Nagelkerke NJ, et al. Prediction of delayed cerebral ischemia, rebleeding, and outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 1988 Oct;19(10):1250-6. Abstract

164. Rosengart AJ, Huo JD, Tolentino J, et al. Outcome in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage treated with antiepileptic drugs. J Neurosurg. 2007 Aug;107(2):253-60. Abstract

165. Naidech AM, Kreiter KT, Janjua N, et al. Phenytoin exposure is associated with functional and cognitive disability after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2005 Mar;36(3):583-7.Full text  Abstract

166. Panczykowski D, Pease M, Zhao Y, et al. Prophylactic antiepileptics and seizure incidence following subarachnoid hemorrhage: a propensity score-matched analysis. Stroke. 2016 Jul;47(7):1754-60.Full text  Abstract

167. Marigold R, Günther A, Tiwari D, et al. Antiepileptic drugs for the primary and secondary prevention of seizures after subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jun 5;(6):CD008710.Full text  Abstract

168. Claassen J, Jetté N, Chum F, et al. Electrographic seizures and periodic discharges after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2007 Sep 25;69(13):1356-65. Abstract

169. Luoma A, Reddy U. Acute management of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cont Ed Anaesth Crit Care & Pain. 2013 Apr;13(2);52-8.Full text

170. Greenberg ED, Gold R, Reichman M, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of CT angiography and CT perfusion for cerebral vasospasm: a meta-analysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010 Nov;31(10):1853-60.Full text  Abstract

171. Amin-Hanjani S, Schwartz RB, Sathi S, et al. Hypertensive encephalopathy as a complication of hyperdynamic therapy for vasospasm: report of two cases. Neurosurgery. 1999 May;44(5):1113-6. Abstract

172. Wartenberg KE, Parra A. CT and CT-perfusion findings of reversible leukoencephalopathy during triple-H therapy for symptomatic subarachnoid hemorrhage-related vasospasm. J Neuroimaging. 2006 Apr;16(2):170-5. Abstract

173. Dankbaar JW, Slooter AJ, Rinkel GJ, et al. Effect of different components of triple-H therapy on cerebral perfusion in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review. Crit Care. 2010;14(1):R23.Full text  Abstract

174. Durrant JC, Hinson HE. Rescue therapy for refractory vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2015;15(2):521.Full text  Abstract

175. Kang DH, Park J, Lee SH, et al. Does non-perimesencephalic type non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage have a benign prognosis? J Clin Neurosci. 2009 Jul;16(7):904-8. Abstract

176. Hsu W, Pradilla G, Garonzik IM, et al. Pretruncal nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage causing basilar artery vasospasm. Neurocrit Care. 2010 Oct;13(2):256-60. Abstract

177. Mayor S, Erro ME, Zazpe I, et al. Pontine stroke due to vasospasm secondary to perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage [in Spanish]. Neurologia. 2008 May;23(4):256-8. Abstract

178. Rinkel GJ, Wijdicks EF, Vermeulen M, et al. The clinical course of perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Ann Neurol. 1991 May;29(5):463-8. Abstract

179. Connolly ES Jr, Rabinstein AA, Carhuapoma JR, et al. Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2012 Jun;43(6):1711-37.Full text  Abstract

180. Kirkpatrick PJ, Turner CL, Smith C, et al. Simvastatin in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (STASH): a multicentre randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2014 Jul;13(7):666-75. Abstract

181. Liu J, Chen Q. Effect of statins treatment for patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized controlled trials. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015 May 15;8(5):7198-208.Full text  Abstract

182. Shen J, Shen J, Zhu K, et al. Efficacy of statins in cerebral vasospasm, mortality, and delayed cerebral ischemia in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. World Neurosurg. 2019 Nov;131:e65-e73. Abstract

183. Dorhout Mees SM, Algra A, Vandertop WP, et al; MASH-2 Study Group. Magnesium for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (MASH-2): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2012 Jul 7;380(9836):44-9.Full text  Abstract

184. Mackey J, Khoury JC, Alwell K, et al. Stable incidence but declining case-fatality rates of subarachnoid hemorrhage in a population. Neurology. 2016 Nov 22;87(21):2192-7.Full text  Abstract

185. Lovelock CE, Rinkel GJ, Rothwell PM. Time trends in outcome of subarachnoid hemorrhage: Population-based study and systematic review. Neurology. 2010 May 11;74(19):1494-501.Full text  Abstract

186. Hop JW, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, et al. Case-fatality rates and functional outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review. Stroke. 1997 Mar;28(3):660-4. Abstract

187. Dijkland SA, Roozenbeek B, Brouwer PA, et al. Prediction of 60-day case fatality after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: external validation of a prediction model. Crit Care Med. 2016 Aug;44(8):1523-9. Abstract

188. Johnston SC, Selvin S, Gress DR. The burden, trends, and demographics of mortality from subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology. 1998 May;50(5):1413-8. Abstract

189. Abulhasan YB, Alabdulraheem N, Simoneau G, et al. Mortality after spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage: causality and validation of a prediction model. World Neurosurg. 2018 Apr;112:e799-e811. Abstract

190. Broderick JP, Brott TG, Duldner JE, et al. Initial and recurrent bleeding are the major causes of death following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 1994 Jul;25(7):1342-7. Abstract

191. Mahaney KB, Todd MM, Bayman EO, et al; IHAST Investigators. Acute postoperative neurological deterioration associated with surgery for ruptured intracranial aneurysm: incidence, predictors, and outcomes. J Neurosurg. 2012 Jun;116(6):1267-78. Abstract

192. Diringer MN. Subarachnoid hemorrhage: a multiple-organ system disease. Crit Care Med. 2003 Jun;31(6):1884-5. Abstract

193. van der Bilt I, Hasan D, van den Brink R, et al; SEASAH (Serial Echocardiography After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage) Investigators. Cardiac dysfunction after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: relationship with outcome. Neurology. 2014 Jan 28;82(4):351-8. Abstract

194. Hackett ML, Anderson CS. Health outcomes 1 year after subarachnoid hemorrhage: an international population-based study. The Australian Cooperative Research on Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Study Group. Neurology. 2000 Sep 12;55(5):658-62. Abstract

195. Mayer SA, Kreiter KT, Copeland D, et al. Global and domain-specific cognitive impairment and outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology. 2002 Dec 10;59(11):1750-8. Abstract

196. Scott RB, Eccles F, Molyneux AJ, et al. Improved cognitive outcomes with endovascular coiling of ruptured intracranial aneurysms: neuropsychological outcomes from the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT). Stroke. 2010 Aug;41(8):1743-7.Full text  Abstract

197. Gruber A, Reinprecht A, Illievich UM, et al. Extracerebral organ dysfunction and neurologic outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Crit Care Med. 1999 Mar;27(3):505-14. Abstract

198. Kochanek PM, Yonas H. Subarachnoid hemorrhage, systemic immune response syndrome, and MODS: is there cross-talk between the injured brain and the extra-cerebral organ systems? Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Crit Care Med. 1999 Mar;27(3):454-5. Abstract

199. Berman MF, Solomon RA, Mayer SA, et al. Impact of hospital-related factors on outcome after treatment of cerebral aneurysms. Stroke. 2003 Sep;34(9):2200-7. Abstract

200. Johnston SC. Effect of endovascular services and hospital volume on cerebral aneurysm treatment outcomes. Stroke. 2000 Jan;31(1):111-7. Abstract

201. Solomon RA, Mayer SA, Tarmey JJ. Relationship between the volume of craniotomies for cerebral aneurysm performed at New York state hospitals and in-hospital mortality. Stroke. 1996 Jan;27(1):13-7. Abstract

202. Bardach NS, Olson SJ, Elkins JS, et al. Regionalization of treatment for subarachnoid hemorrhage: a cost-utility analysis. Circulation. 2004 May 11;109(18):2207-12. Abstract

203. Gruber A, Reinprecht A, Bavinzski G, et al. Chronic shunt-dependent hydrocephalus after early surgical and early endovascular treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Neurosurgery. 1999 Mar;44(3):503-9. Abstract

204. Tomasello F, d'Avella D, de Divitiis O. Does lamina terminalis fenestration reduce the incidence of chronic hydrocephalus after subarachnoid hemorrhage? Neurosurgery. 1999 Oct;45(4):827-31. Abstract

205. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Stroke rehabilitation in adults. Oct 2023 [internet publication].Full text

206. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Rehabilitation after critical illness in adults. March 2009 [internet publication].Full text  Abstract

207. O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72(suppl 1):ii1-90Full text  Abstract

208. Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 26;391(10131):1693-705 Abstract

209. Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169. Abstract

210. Royal College of Physicians. National early warning score (NEWS2). Standardising the assessment of acute-illness severity in the NHS. December 2017 [internet publication]Full text

211. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2024 [internet publication]Full text

212. British Thoracic Society; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma: a national clinical guideline. July 2019 [internet publication].Full text

213. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Intravenous fluid therapy in adults in hospital. Clinical guideline CG174. May 2017 [internet publication]Full text

214. Verbrugge FH, Grieten L, Mullens W. Management of the cardiorenal syndrome in decompensated heart failure. Cardiorenal Med. 2014 Dec;4(3-4):176-88Full text  Abstract

215. Steiner T, Juvela S, Unterberg A, et al. European Stroke Organization guidelines for the management of intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013;35(2):93-112Full text  Abstract

216. Umapathysivam MM, Gunton J, Stranks SN, et al. Euglycemic ketoacidosis in two patients without diabetes after introduction of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(1):140-3.Full text  Abstract

217. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. SGLT2 inhibitors: monitor ketones in blood during treatment interruption for surgical procedures or acute serious medical illness. March 2020 [internet publication]Full text

218. Scott JF, Robinson GM, French JM, et al. Prevalence of admission hyperglycaemia across clinical subtypes of acute stroke. Lancet. 1999 Jan 30;353(9150):376-7 Abstract

219. Luitse MJ, Biessels GJ, Rutten GE, et al. Diabetes, hyperglycaemia, and acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet Neurol. 2012 Mar;11(3):261-71 Abstract

220. Muir KW, McCormick M, Baird T, et al. Prevalence, predictors and prognosis of post-stroke hyperglycaemia in acute stroke trials: individual patient data pooled analysis from the virtual international stroke trials archive (VISTA). Cerebrovasc Dis Extra. 2011 Jan-Dec;1(1):17-27Full text  Abstract

221. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The use of variable rate intravenous insulin infusion (VRIII) in medical inpatients. Oct 2014 [internet publication].Full text

222. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. A good inpatient diabetes service. Jul 2019 [internet publication].Full text

223. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Glycaemic management during enteral feeding for people with diabetes in hospital. Apr 2024 [internet publication].Full text

224. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 16. Diabetes care in the hospital: standards of care in diabetes - 2024. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(suppl 1):S295-306.Full text  Abstract

225. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of diabetic ketoacidosis in adults. Mar 2023 [internet publication].Full text

226. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of the hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS) in adults. Feb 2022 [internet publication].Full text

227. Rehman A, Setter SM, Vue MH. Drug-induced glucose alterations part 2: drug-Induced hyperglycemia. Diabetes Spect. 2011 Nov;24(4):234-8Full text

228. NHS Digital. National Diabetes Inpatient Audit (NaDIA) - 2019. Nov 2020 [internet publication]Full text

229. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The hospital management of hypoglycaemia in adults with diabetes mellitus. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text

230. TREND Diabetes. End of life guidance for diabetes care. November 2021 [internet publication]Full text

231. NHS England. Toolkit for general practice in supporting older people living with frailty. March 2017 [internet publication]Full text

232. British Geriatrics Society (BGS), Getting It Right First Time (GIRFT). Six steps to better care for older people in acute hospitals. Jul 2023 [internet publication].Full text

233. Falk Erhag H, Guðnadóttir G, Alfredsson J, et al. The association between the clinical frailty scale and adverse health outcomes in older adults in acute clinical settings: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Interv Aging. 2023 Feb;18:249-61.Full text  Abstract

234. Quinn TJ, Mooijaart SP, Gallacher K, et al. Acute care assessment of older adults living with frailty. BMJ. 2019 Jan 31;364:l13 Abstract

235. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2024 Apr;105(4s):S117-S314.Full text  Abstract

236. Chowdhury TA, Cheston H, Claydon A. Managing adults with diabetes in hospital during an acute illness. BMJ. 2017 Jun 22;357:j2551 Abstract

237. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Self-management of diabetes in hospital. Feb 2023 [internet publication].Full text

238. Centre for Perioperative Care. Guideline for perioperative care for people with diabetes mellitus undergoing elective and emergency surgery. Dec 2022 [internet publication].Full text

239. Pasquel FJ, Lansang MC, Dhatariya K, et al. Management of diabetes and hyperglycaemia in the hospital. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Mar;9(3):174-88Full text  Abstract

240. Peters AL, Buschur EO, Buse JB, et al. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: a potential complication of treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition. Diabetes Care. 2015 Jun 15;38(9):1687-93 Abstract

241. Fritz Z, Slowther AM, Perkins GD. Resuscitation policy should focus on the patient, not the decision. BMJ. 2017 Feb 28;356:j813Full text  Abstract

242. British Medical Association, the Resuscitation Council (UK) and the Royal College of Nursing. Decisions relating to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. 2016 [internet publication].Full text

243. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Decision making and mental capacity. October 2018 [internet publication]Full text

244. Office of the Public Guardian. Mental Capacity Act: making decisions. Jun 2023 [internet publication]Full text

245. Social Care Institute for Excellence. Independent mental capacity advocate (IMCA). January 2010 [internet publication]Full text

246. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute kidney injury: prevention, detection and management. Sep 2023 [internet publication].Full text

247. Sharfuddin AA, Weisbord SD, Palevsky PM, et al. Acute kidney injury. In: Taal MW, Chertow GM, Marsden PA, et al., eds. Brenner and Rector's the kidney. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2012.

248. Wilhelm-Leen E, Montez-Rath ME, Chertow G. Estimating the risk of radiocontrast-associated nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Feb;28(2):653-9.Full text  Abstract

249. Brinjikji W, Demchuk AM, Murad MH, et al. Neurons over nephrons: systematic review and meta-analysis of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with acute stroke. Stroke. 2017 Jul;48(7):1862-8.Full text  Abstract

250. Ehrmann S, Quartin A, Hobbs BP, et al. Contrast-associated acute kidney injury in the critically ill: systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2017 Jun;43(6):785-94. Abstract

251. Davenport MS, Perazella MA, Yee J, et al. Use of intravenous iodinated contrast media in patients with kidney disease: consensus statements from the American College of Radiology and the National Kidney Foundation. Radiology. 2020 Mar;294(3):660-8.Full text  Abstract

252. Royal College of Radiologists. iRefer: making the best use of clinical radiology. 8th edition 2017 [internet publication]Full text

253. Janse RJ, Fu EL, Clase CM, et al. Stopping versus continuing renin-angiotensin-system inhibitors after acute kidney injury and adverse clinical outcomes: an observational study from routine care data. Clin Kidney J. 2022 Jun;15(6):1109-19.Full text  Abstract

254. Pendlebury ST, Klaus SP, Mather M, et al. Routine cognitive screening in older patients admitted to acute medicine: abbreviated mental test score (AMTS) and subjective memory complaint versus Montreal Cognitive Assessment and IQCODE. Age Ageing. 2015 Oct 13;44(6):1000-5Full text  Abstract

255. Hodkinson HM. Evaluation of a mental test score for assessment of mental impairment in the elderly. Age Ageing. 1972 Nov;1(4):233-8 Abstract

256. Emery A, Wells J, Klaus SP, et al. Underestimation of cognitive impairment in older inpatients by the Abbreviated Mental Test Score versus the Montreal Cognitive Assessment: cross-sectional observational study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2020 Sep-Dec;10(3):205-15.Full text  Abstract

257. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text

258. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers. Jun 2018 [internet publication].Full text

259. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Risk reduction and management of delirium. Mar 2019 [internet publication].Full text

260. Bellelli G, Morandi A, Davis DH, et al. Validation of the 4AT, a new instrument for rapid delirium screening: a study in 234 hospitalised older people. Age Ageing. 2014 Mar 2;43(4):496-502.Full text  Abstract

261. Tieges Z, Maclullich AMJ, Anand A, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of the 4AT for delirium detection in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2021 May 5;50(3):733-43.Full text  Abstract

262. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. 2023 [internet publication]Full text

263. Bishara D. Managing drugs with anticholinergic activity. Drug Ther Bull. 2023 Sep;61(9):135-9.Full text  Abstract

264. Lisibach A, Gallucci G, Benelli V, et al. Evaluation of the association of anticholinergic burden and delirium in older hospitalised patients: a cohort study comparing 19 anticholinergic burden scales. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2022 Nov;88(11):4915-27.Full text  Abstract

265. Smith H, Fligelstone H. Reducing patient and planetary harms from high anticholinergic burden medication. BMJ. 2024 Jan 15;384:e075708.Full text  Abstract

266. White S, Griffiths R, Baxter M, et al. Guidelines for the peri-operative care of people with dementia: guidelines from the Association of Anaesthetists. Anaesthesia. 2019 Jan 11;74(3):357-72Full text  Abstract

267. Burton JK, Craig L, Yong SQ, et al. Non-pharmacological interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Nov 26;(11):CD013307.Full text  Abstract

268. Public Health England. Urinary tract infection: diagnostic tools for primary care. October 2020 [internet publication]Full text

269. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Haloperidol (haldol): reminder of risks when used in elderly patients for the acute treatment of delirium. Dec 2021 [internet publication]Full text

270. Mühlbauer V, Möhler R, Dichter MN, et al. Antipsychotics for agitation and psychosis in people with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Dec 17;12(12):CD013304.Full text  Abstract

271. Yunusa I, Alsumali A, Garba AE, et al. Assessment of reported comparative effectiveness and safety of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: a network meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Mar 1;2(3):e190828.Full text  Abstract

272. Van Leeuwen E, Petrovic M, van Driel ML, et al. Withdrawal versus continuation of long-term antipsychotic drug use for behavioural and psychological symptoms in older people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 30;3:CD007726.Full text  Abstract

273. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetic foot problems: prevention and management. October 2019 [internet publication]Full text

274. Rayman G, Vas PR, Baker N, et al. The Ipswich Touch Test: a simple and novel method to identify inpatients with diabetes at risk of foot ulceration. Diabetes Care. 2011 May 18;34(7):1517-8Full text  Abstract

275. Salpeter SR, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE. Cardiovascular effects of beta-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: a meta-analysis. Chest. 2004 Jun;125(6):2309-21Full text  Abstract

276. Au DH, Curtis JR, Every NR, et al. Association between inhaled beta-agonists and the risk of unstable angina and myocardial infarction. Chest. 2002 Mar;121(3):846-51Full text  Abstract

277. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2024 [internet publication].Full text

278. Walters JA, Tan DJ, White CJ, et al. Different durations of corticosteroid therapy for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 19;3:CD006897Full text  Abstract

279. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in over 16s: diagnosis and management. July 2019 [internet publication]Full text

280. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001 Sep;16(9):606-13 Abstract

281. Boden JM, Fergusson DM. Alcohol and depression. Addiction. 2011 May;106(5):906-14. Abstract

282. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults: treatment and management. Jun 2022 [internet publication]Full text

283. Horowitz M, Taylor DM. The Maudsley deprescribing guidelines: antidepressants, benzodiazepines, gabapentinoids and Z-drugs. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2024.

284. Bartlett M, Bulters D, Hou R. Psychological distress after subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res. 2021 Sep;148:110559.Full text  Abstract

285. Licht CM, de Geus EJ, Seldenrijk A, et al. Depression is associated with decreased blood pressure, but antidepressant use increases the risk for hypertension. Hypertension. 2009 Apr;53(4):631-8.Full text  Abstract

286. Taylor DM, Barnes TRE, Young AH. The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry. 14th edition. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2021

287. Renoux C, Vahey S, Dell'Aniello S, et al. Association of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors with the risk for spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage. JAMA Neurol. 2017 Feb 1;74(2):173-80Full text  Abstract

288. Kubiszewski P, Sugita L, Kourkoulis C, et al. Association of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use after intracerebral hemorrhage with hemorrhage recurrence and depression severity. JAMA Neurol. 2020 Aug 31;78(1):1-8. Abstract

289. Cleare A, Pariante CM, Young AH, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: a revision of the 2008 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines. J Psychopharmacol. 2015 May 12;29(5):459-525Full text  Abstract

290. Boyer EW, Shannon M. The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 17;352(11):1112-20. Abstract

291. Buckley NA, Dawson AH, Isbister GK. Serotonin syndrome. BMJ. 2014 Feb 19;348:g1626 Abstract

292. Roose SP, Rutherford BR. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and operative bleeding risk: a review of the literature. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2016 Dec;36(6):704-9 Abstract

293. Kneebone I, Baker J, O’Malley H. Screening for depression after stroke: developing protocols for the occupational therapist. British Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2010;73(2):71-6

294. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Stroke rehabilitation in adults. Oct 2023 [internet publication].Full text

295. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Liaison psychiatry. In: Emergency acute medical care in over 16s: service delivery and organisation. March 2018 [internet publication]Full text

296. National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (NCEPOD). Treat as one. Bridging the gap between mental and physical healthcare in general hospitals. 2017 [internet publication]Full text

297. DiMatteo MR, Lepper HS, Croghan TW. Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Jul 24;160(14):2101-7 Abstract

298. Clarke DM, Currie KC. Depression, anxiety and their relationship with chronic diseases: a review of the epidemiology, risk and treatment evidence. Med J Aust. 2009 Apr 6;190(S7):S54-60 Abstract

299. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults with a chronic physical health problem: recognition and management. October 2009 [internet publication]Full text

300. Prina AM, Cosco TD, Dening T, et al. The association between depressive symptoms in the community, non-psychiatric hospital admission and hospital outcomes: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2015 Jan;78(1):25-33Full text  Abstract

301. Archer G, Kuh D, Hotopf M, et al. Association between lifetime affective symptoms and premature mortality. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020 Aug 1;77(8):806-13Full text  Abstract

302. Machado MO, Veronese N, Sanches M, et al. The association of depression and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. BMC Med. 2018 Jul 20;16(1):112Full text  Abstract

303. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Tobacco: preventing uptake, promoting quitting and treating dependence. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text

304. Theodoulou A, Chepkin SC, Ye W, et al. Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jun 19;6(6):CD013308Full text  Abstract

305. Rigotti NA, Kruse GR, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. Treatment of tobacco smoking: a review. JAMA. 2022 Feb 8;327(6):566-77.Full text  Abstract

306. Agrawal S, Evison M, Ananth S, et al. Medical management of inpatients with tobacco dependency. Thorax. 2024 Mar 26;79(suppl 1):3-11.Full text  Abstract

307. Lindson N, Theodoulou A, Ordóñez-Mena JM, et al. Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta-analyses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Sep 12;9(9):CD015226.Full text  Abstract

308. Thomas KH, Dalili MN, López-López JA, et al. Comparative clinical effectiveness and safety of tobacco cessation pharmacotherapies and electronic cigarettes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Addiction. 2022 Apr;117(4):861-76.Full text  Abstract

309. Livingstone-Banks J, Fanshawe TR, Thomas KH, et al. Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 June 28;6(6):CD006103Full text

310. Streck JM, Rigotti NA, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024 May 21;5(5):CD001837.Full text  Abstract

311. Davison SN. Clinical pharmacology considerations in pain management in patients with advanced kidney failure. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019 Jun 7;14(6):917-31Full text  Abstract

312. UK Kidney Association. Kidney Patient Safety Committee: safe prescribing of opiates in kidney disease. Nov 2020 [internet publication].Full text