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Schizophrenia

Last reviewed: 30 Sep 2024
Last updated: 16 Jul 2024

Summary

Definition

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • auditory hallucinations
  • delusions
  • avolition
  • anhedonia
  • asocial behavior
  • affective blunting
  • alogia
  • cognitive deficits
  • somatization
Full details

Other diagnostic factors

  • lack of insight (anosognosia)
  • bizarre or disorganized behavior
  • tangentiality and looseness of association (derailment)
  • circumstantiality
  • pressured speech
  • distractible speech
  • depression
  • suicidality
  • anxiety
  • elation
  • incongruent affect
  • verbigeration
  • perseveration
  • word salad
  • derealization
  • nonauditory hallucinations
  • déjà-vu
  • stilted goal-directed behaviors
  • catatonic symptoms
  • "soft" neurologic deficits
Full details

Risk factors

  • family history of schizophrenia
  • increasing paternal age
  • obstetric complications
  • cannabis use
  • low IQ
  • motor dysfunction
  • psychological stress
  • childhood abuse
  • migrant status
Full details

Diagnostic tests

1st tests to order

  • clinical diagnosis
Full details

Tests to consider

  • MRI/CT head
  • serum HIV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
  • serum rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test
  • CBC including absolute neutrophil count (ANC)
  • drug toxicology screen
  • BUN and electrolytes
  • liver function tests
  • thyroid-stimulating hormone
  • pregnancy test
  • genetic testing
Full details

Treatment algorithm

INITIAL

at risk of developing psychosis

ACUTE

acute psychotic episode

ONGOING

chronic symptoms

treatment-resistant schizophrenia

Contributors

Authors

Xiaoduo Fan, MD, MPH, MSc

Professor of Psychiatry

Director, UMass MIND

UMass Memorial Health/UMass Chan Medical School

Worcester

MA

Disclosures

XF has received research support from Otsuka, Roche, Intra-Cellular Therapies, Avanir, and Janssen. XF holds a patent on "combination treatment for neuropsychiatric disorders" (USPTO patent # 11,331,319).

Acknowledgements

Dr Xiaoduo Fan would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Adrian Preda and Dr Robert G. Bota, previous contributors to this topic.

Disclosures

AP and RGB declare that they have no competing interests.

Peer reviewers

David Taylor, PhD

Chief Pharmacist

South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust

London

UK

Disclosures

DT declares that he has no competing interests.

Joel Yager, MD

Professor

Department of Psychiatry

University of New Mexico School of Medicine

Albuquerque

NM

Disclosures

JY declares that he has no competing interests.

Kemal Sagduyu, MD

Professor of Psychiatry

University of Missouri Kansas City

Kansas City

MO

Disclosures

KS declares that he has no competing interests.

  • Differentials

    • Schizoaffective disorder
    • Schizophreniform disorder and brief psychotic disorder
    • Substance-induced psychotic disorder
    More Differentials
  • Guidelines

    • Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5-TR)
    • Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia
    More Guidelines
  • Patient information

    Schizophrenia: what is it?

    Schizophrenia: what treatments work?

    More Patient information
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