Rheumatic fever

World Health Organization. Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease: report of a WHO Expert Consultation. 2004 [internet publication].Full text

Gewitz MH, Baltimore RS, Tani LY, et al. Revision of the Jones criteria for the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever in the era of Doppler echocardiography: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015 May 19;131(20):1806-18.Full text  Abstract

Carapetis JR, Beaton A, Cunningham MW, et al. Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016 Jan 14;2:15084.Full text  Abstract

Denny F, Wannamaker LW, Brink WR, et al. Prevention of rheumatic fever; treatment of preceding streptococci infection. J Am Med Assoc. 1950 May 13;143(2):151-3. Abstract

Gerber MA, Baltimore RS, Eaton CB, et al. Prevention of rheumatic fever and diagnosis and treatment of acute streptococcal pharyngitis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, the Interdisciplinary Council on Functional Genomics and Translational Biology, and the Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research: endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Circulation. 2009 Mar 24;119(11):1541-51.Full text  Abstract

RHDAustralia (ARF/RHD writing group). The 2020 Australian guideline for prevention, diagnosis and management of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease (3.2 edition, March 2022). 2022 [internet publication].Full text

Heart Foundation of New Zealand. New Zealand guidelines for rheumatic fever: diagnosis, management and secondary prevention of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease: 2014 update. 2014 [internet publication].Full text

Manyemba J, Mayosi BM. Penicillin for secondary prevention of rheumatic fever. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002227.Full text  Abstract

1. World Health Organization. Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease: report of a WHO Expert Consultation. 2004 [internet publication].Full text

2. Gewitz MH, Baltimore RS, Tani LY, et al. Revision of the Jones criteria for the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever in the era of Doppler echocardiography: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015 May 19;131(20):1806-18.Full text  Abstract

3. Punukollu M, Mushet N, Linney M, et al. Neuropsychiatric manifestations of Sydenham's chorea: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2016 Jan;58(1):16-28.Full text  Abstract

4. Carapetis JR, Steer AC, Mulholland EK, et al. The global burden of group A streptococcal diseases. Lancet Infect Dis. 2005 Nov;5(11):685-94. Abstract

5. Watkins DA, Johnson CO, Colquhoun SM, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of rheumatic heart disease, 1990-2015. N Engl J Med. 2017 Aug 24;377(8):713-22.Full text  Abstract

6. Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, et al. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990-2019: update from the GBD 2019 study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 Dec 22;76(25):2982-3021.Full text  Abstract

7. Miyake CY, Gauvreau K, Tani LY, et al. Characteristics of children discharged from hospitals in the United States in 2000 with the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever. Pediatrics. 2007 Sep;120(3):503-8. Abstract

8. Milne RJ, Lennon DR, Stewart JM, et al. Incidence of acute rheumatic fever in New Zealand children and youth. J Paediatr Child Health. 2012 Aug;48(8):685-91. Abstract

9. Okello E, Ndagire E, Atala J, et al. Active case finding for rheumatic fever in an endemic country. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020 Aug 4;9(15):e016053.Full text  Abstract

10. Quinn RW. Comprehensive review of morbidity and mortality trends for rheumatic fever, streptococcal disease, and scarlet fever: the decline of rheumatic fever. Rev Infect Dis. 1989 Nov-Dec;11(6):928-53. Abstract

11. Veasy LG, Tani LY, Hill HR. Persistence of acute rheumatic fever in the intermountain area of the United States. J Pediatr. 1994 Jan;124(1):9-16. Abstract

12. Veasy LG, Wiedmeier SE, Orsmond GS, et al. Resurgence of acute rheumatic fever in the intermountain area of the United States. N Engl J Med. 1987 Feb 19;316(8):421-7. Abstract

13. Johnson DR, Stevens DL, Kaplan EL. Epidemiologic analysis of group A streptococcal serotypes associated with severe systemic infections, rheumatic fever, or uncomplicated pharyngitis. J Infect Dis. 1992 Aug;166(2):374-82. Abstract

14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Group A streptococcal disease. Acute rheumatic fever. Jun 2022 [internet publication].Full text

15. Carapetis JR, Currie BJ, Mathews JD. Cumulative incidence of rheumatic fever in an endemic region: a guide to the susceptibility of the population? Epidemiol Infect. 2000 Apr;124(2):239-44.Full text  Abstract

16. Wilson MG, Schweitzer MD, Lubschez R. The familial epidemiology of rheumatic fever: genetic and epidemiologic studies. J Peds. 1943;22:468-92.

17. Engel ME, Stander R, Vogel J, et al. Genetic susceptibility to acute rheumatic fever: a systematic review and meta-analysis of twin studies. PLoS One. 2011;6(9):e25326.Full text  Abstract

18. Harel L, Zeharia A, Kodman Y, et al. Presence of the d8/17 B-cell marker in children with rheumatic fever in Israel. Clin Genet. 2002 Apr;61(4):293-8. Abstract

19. Harrington Z, Visvanathan K, Skinner NA, et al. B-cell antigen D8/17 is a marker of rheumatic fever susceptibility in Aboriginal Australians and can be tested in remote settings. Med J Aust. 2006 May 15;184(10):507-10.Full text  Abstract

20. Khanna AK, Buskirk DR, Williams RC Jr, et al. Presence of a non-HLA B cell antigen in rheumatic fever patients and their families as defined by a monoclonal antibody. J Clin Invest. 1989 May;83(5):1710-6.Full text  Abstract

21. Weisz JL, McMahon WM, Moore JC, et al. D8/17 and CD19 expression on lymphocytes of patients with acute rheumatic fever and Tourette's disorder. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2004 Mar;11(2):330-6.Full text  Abstract

22. Chun LT, Reddy DV, Yamamoto LG. Rheumatic fever in children and adolescents in Hawaii. Pediatrics. 1987 Apr;79(4):549-52. Abstract

23. Chun LT, Reddy V, Rhoads GG. Occurrence and prevention of rheumatic fever among ethnic groups of Hawaii. Am J Dis Child. 1984 May;138(5):476-8. Abstract

24. Pearce N, Pomare E, Marshall S, et al. Mortality and social class in Maori and nonMaori New Zealand men: changes between 1975-7 and 1985-7. N Z Med J. 1993 May 26;106(956):193-6. Abstract

25. Carapetis JR, Wolff DR, Currie BJ. Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in the top end of Australia's Northern Territory. Med J Aust. 1996 Feb 5;164(3):146-9. Abstract

26. Parks T, Mirabel MM, Kado J, et al; Pacific Islands Rheumatic Heart Disease Genetics Network. Association between a common immunoglobulin heavy chain allele and rheumatic heart disease risk in Oceania. Nat Commun. 2017 May 11;8:14946.Full text  Abstract

27. Gray LA, D'Antoine HA, Tong SYC, et al. Genome-wide analysis of genetic risk factors for rheumatic heart disease in Aboriginal Australians provides support for pathogenic molecular mimicry. J Infect Dis. 2017 Dec 12;216(11):1460-70. Abstract

28. Machipisa T, Chong M, Muhamed B, et al. Association of novel locus with rheumatic heart disease in black African individuals: findings from the RHDGen study. JAMA Cardiol. 2021 Sep 1;6(9):1000-11.Full text  Abstract

29. McDonald M, Currie BJ, Carapetis JR. Acute rheumatic fever: a chink in the chain that links the heart to the throat? Lancet Infect Dis. 2004 Apr;4(4):240-5. Abstract

30. Oliver J, Bennett J, Thomas S, et al. Preceding group A streptococcus skin and throat infections are individually associated with acute rheumatic fever: evidence from New Zealand. BMJ Glob Health. 2021 Dec;6(12):e007038.Full text  Abstract

31. Guilherme L, Kalil J, Cunningham M. Molecular mimicry in the autoimmune pathogenesis of rheumatic heart disease. Autoimmunity. 2006 Feb;39(1):31-9. Abstract

32. Carapetis JR, Beaton A, Cunningham MW, et al. Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016 Jan 14;2:15084.Full text  Abstract

33. Galvin JE, Hemric ME, Ward K, et al. Cytotoxic mAb from rheumatic carditis recognizes heart valves and laminin. J Clin Invest. 2000 Jul;106(2):217-24.Full text  Abstract

34. Martin WJ, Steer AC, Smeesters PR, et al. Post-infectious group A streptococcal autoimmune syndromes and the heart. Autoimmun Rev. 2015 Aug;14(8):710-25. Abstract

35. Kumar V, Fausto N, Abbas A. Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2004.

36. Coffey PM, Ralph AP, Krause VL. The role of social determinants of health in the risk and prevention of group A streptococcal infection, acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018 Jun;12(6):e0006577.Full text  Abstract

37. Kumar P, Garhwal S, Chaudhary V. Rheumatic heart disease: a school survey in a rural area of Rajasthan. Indian Heart J. 1992 Jul-Aug;44(4):245-6. Abstract

38. Jaine R, Baker M, Venugopal K. Acute rheumatic fever associated with household crowding in a developed country. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011 Apr;30(4):315-9. Abstract

39. Steer AC, Carapetis JR, Nolan TM, et al. Systematic review of rheumatic heart disease prevalence in children in developing countries: the role of environmental factors. J Paediatr Child Health. 2002 Jun;38(3):229-3. Abstract

40. Wannamaker LW. The epidemiology of streptococcal infections. In: McCarty M, ed. Streptococcal infections. New York: Columbia University Press; 1954.

41. Taranta A, Torodsag S, Metrakoset, et al. Rheumatic fever in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Circulation. 1959;20:778.

42. Guedez Y, Kotby A, El-Demellawy M, et al. HLA class II associations with rheumatic heart disease are more evident and consistent among clinically homogeneous patients. Circulation. 1999 Jun 1;99(21):2784-90.Full text  Abstract

43. Azevedo PM, Merriman TR, Topless RK, et al. Association study involving polymorphisms in IL-6, IL-1RA, and CTLA4 genes and rheumatic heart disease in New Zealand population of Māori and Pacific ancestry. Cytokine. 2016 Sep;85:201-6. Abstract

44. Salie MT, Yang J, Ramírez Medina CR, et al. Data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry in severe rheumatic heart disease (RHD) identifies a proteomic signature showing ongoing inflammation and effectively classifying RHD cases. Clin Proteomics. 2022 Mar 22;19(1):7.Full text  Abstract

45. Kemeny E, Husby GW, Williams RC Jr, et al. Tissue distribution of antigen(s) defined by monoclonal antibody D8/17 reacting with B lymphocytes of patients with rheumatic heart disease. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1994 Jul;72(1):35-43. Abstract

46. Kaur S, Kumar D, Grover A, et al. Ethnic differences in expression of susceptibility marker(s) in rheumatic fever/rheumatic heart disease patients. Int J Cardiol. 1998 Mar 13;64(1):9-14. Abstract

47. Spinks A, Glasziou PP, Del Mar CB. Antibiotics for treatment of sore throat in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Dec 9;(12):CD000023.Full text  Abstract

48. Denny F, Wannamaker LW, Brink WR, et al. Prevention of rheumatic fever; treatment of preceding streptococci infection. J Am Med Assoc. 1950 May 13;143(2):151-3. Abstract

49. Gerber MA, Baltimore RS, Eaton CB, et al. Prevention of rheumatic fever and diagnosis and treatment of acute streptococcal pharyngitis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, the Interdisciplinary Council on Functional Genomics and Translational Biology, and the Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research: endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Circulation. 2009 Mar 24;119(11):1541-51.Full text  Abstract

50. Altamimi S, Khalil A, Khalaiwi KA, et al. Short-term late-generation antibiotics versus longer term penicillin for acute streptococcal pharyngitis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Aug 15;(8):CD004872.Full text  Abstract

51. Lennon D, Kerdemelidis M, Arroll B. Meta-analysis of trials of streptococcal throat treatment programs to prevent rheumatic fever. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009 Jul;28(7):e259-64. Abstract

52. Lennon D, Stewart J, Farrell E, et al. School-based prevention of acute rheumatic fever: a group randomized trial in New Zealand. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009 Sep;28(9):787-94. Abstract

53. Health New Zealand. Rheumatic fever guidance [internet publication].Full text

54. Lennon D, Anderson P, Kerdemelidis M, et al. First presentation acute rheumatic fever is preventable in a community setting: a school-based intervention. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2017 Dec;36(12):1113-8. Abstract

55. Carapetis J, Steer A. Prevention of rheumatic fever. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010 Jan;29(1):91-2;author reply 92. Abstract

56. Coates MM, Sliwa K, Watkins DA, et al. An investment case for the prevention and management of rheumatic heart disease in the African Union 2021-30: a modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2021 Jul;9(7):e957-66.Full text  Abstract

57. Jones TD. The diagnosis of rheumatic fever. J Am Med Assoc. 1944;126:481-4.

58. Reményi B, Wilson N, Steer A, et al. World Heart Federation criteria for echocardiographic diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease - an evidence-based guideline. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2012 Feb 28;9(5):297-309.Full text  Abstract

59. Vasan RS, Shrivastava S, Vijayakumar M, et al. Echocardiographic evaluation of patients with acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic carditis. Circulation. 1996 Jul 1;94(1):73-82.Full text  Abstract

60. Steer AC, Kado J, Jenney AW, et al. Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in Fiji: prospective surveillance, 2005-2007. Med J Aust. 2009 Feb 2;190(3):133-5. Abstract

61. Feinstein AR, Spagnuolo M, Wood HF, et al. Rheumatic fever in children and adolescents. A long-term epidemiologic study of subsequent prophylaxis, streptococcal infections, and clinical sequelae. VI. Clinical features of streptococcal infections and rheumatic recurrences. Ann Intern Med. 1964 Feb;60(suppl 5):68-86. Abstract

62. Carapetis JR, Currie BJ. Rheumatic chorea in northern Australia: a clinical and epidemiological study. Arch Dis Child. 1999 Apr;80(4):353-8.Full text  Abstract

63. RHDAustralia (ARF/RHD writing group). The 2020 Australian guideline for prevention, diagnosis and management of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease (3.2 edition, March 2022). 2022 [internet publication].Full text

64. Carapetis JR, Currie BJ. Rheumatic fever in a high incidence population: the importance of monoarthritis and low grade fever. Arch Dis Child. 2001 Sep;85(3):223-7.Full text  Abstract

65. Veasy LG. Time to take soundings in acute rheumatic fever. Lancet. 2001 Jun 23;357(9273):1994-5. Abstract

66. Narula J, Kaplan EL. Echocardiographic diagnosis of rheumatic fever. Lancet. 2001 Dec 8;358(9297):2000. Abstract

67. Abernethy M, Bass N, Sharpe N, et al. Doppler echocardiography and the early diagnosis of carditis in acute rheumatic fever. Aust N Z J Med. 1994 Oct;24(5):530-5. Abstract

68. Vijayalakshmi IB, Vishnuprabhu RO, Chitra N, et al. The efficacy of echocardiographic criterions for the diagnosis of carditis in acute rheumatic fever. Cardiol Young. 2008 Dec;18(6):586-92. Abstract

69. Martin DR, Voss LM, Walker SJ, et al. Acute rheumatic fever in Auckland, New Zealand: spectrum of associated group A streptococci different from expected. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994 Apr;13(4):264-9. Abstract

70. Upton A, Lowe C, Stewart J, et al. In vitro comparison of four rapid antigen tests for group A streptococcus detection. N Z Med J. 2014 Jul 18;127(1398):77-83. Abstract

71. Cohen JF, Bertille N, Cohen R, et al. Rapid antigen detection test for group A streptococcus in children with pharyngitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Jul 4;7:CD010502.Full text  Abstract

72. Wang F, Tian Y, Chen L, et al. Accurate detection of Streptococcus pyogenes at the point of care using the Cobas Liat Strep A nucleic acid test. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2017 Oct;56(12):1128-34. Abstract

73. Parker KG, Gandra S, Matushek S, et al. Comparison of 3 nucleic acid amplification tests and a rapid antigen test with culture for the detection of group A streptococci from throat swabs. J Appl Lab Med. 2019 Sep;4(2):164-9.Full text  Abstract

74. Ferrieri P, Thonen-Kerr E, Nelson K, et al. Prospective evaluation of Xpert® Xpress strep A automated PCR assay vs. Solana® group A streptococcal nucleic acid amplification testing vs. conventional throat culture. Curr Microbiol. 2021 Aug;78(8):2956-60.Full text  Abstract

75. Barth DD, Cinanni G, Carapetis JR, et al. Roadmap to incorporating group A Streptococcus molecular point-of-care testing for remote Australia: a key activity to eliminate rheumatic heart disease. Med J Aust. 2022 Aug 28 [Epub ahead of print].Full text  Abstract

76. Simundic AM, Bölenius K, Cadamuro J, et al. Joint EFLM-COLABIOCLI recommendation for venous blood sampling. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2018;56(12):2015-38. Abstract

77. Gentles TL, Colan SD, Wilson NJ, et al. Left ventricular mechanics during and after acute rheumatic fever: contractile dysfunction is closely related to valve regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001 Jan;37(1):201-7.Full text  Abstract

78. Tubridy-Clark M, Carapetis JR. Subclinical carditis in rheumatic fever: a systematic review. Int J Cardiol. 2007 Jun 25;119(1):54-8. Abstract

79. Wilson NJ, Neutze JM. Echocardiographic diagnosis of subclinical carditis in acute rheumatic fever. Int J Cardiol. 1995 Jun 2;50(1):1-6. Abstract

80. Upton A, Farrell E, Stewart J, e al. Disappointing performance of rapid antigen detection tests for group A streptococcus in the Auckland school-based sore throat programme. N Z Med J. 2014 Feb 14;127(1389):103-5. Abstract

81. Kaplan EL, Rothermel CD, Johnson DR. Antistreptolysin O and anti-deoxyribonuclease B titers: normal values for children ages 2 to 12 in the United States. Pediatrics. 1998 Jan;101(1 Pt 1):86-8. Abstract

82. Danchin MH, Carlin JB, Devenish W, et al. New normal ranges of antistreptolysin O and anti-deoxyribonuclease B titres for Australian children. J Paediatr Child Health. 2005 Nov;41(11):583-6. Abstract

83. American Heart Association. Guidelines for the diagnosis of rheumatic fever. Jones Criteria, 1992 update. Special Writing Group of the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young of the American Heart Association. JAMA. 1992 Oct 21;268(15):2069-73. [Erratum in: JAMA. 1993 Jan 27;269(4):476.] Abstract

84. Rutstein DD. Report of the committee on standards and criteria for programs of care of the council of rheumatic fever and congenital heart disease of the American Heart Association: Jones criteria (modified) for guidance in the diagnosis of rheumatic fever. Circulation. 1956 Apr;13(4):617-20.Full text  Abstract

85. Stollerman GH, Markowitz M, Taranta A, et al. Committee report: Jones criteria (revised) for guidance in the diagnosis of rheumatic fever. Circulation. 1965 Oct;32(4):664-8. Abstract

86. Committee of rheumatic fever and bacterial endocarditis of the American Heart Association: Jones criteria (revised) for guidance in the diagnosis of rheumatic fever. Circulation. 1984 Jan;69(1):204A-8A. Abstract

87. Carapetis JR. Rheumatic heart disease in developing countries. N Engl J Med. 2007 Aug 2;357(5):439-41. Abstract

88. WHO global programme for the prevention of rheumatic fever/rheumatic heart disease in sixteen developing countries (AGFUND supported). Meeting of national programme managers. 4-6 November, 1986. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 1987. Report No.: WHO/CVD/87.1.

89. Marijon E, Ou P, Celermajer DS, et al. Prevelance of rheumatic heart disease detected by echocardiographic screening. N Engl J Med. 2007 Aug 2;357(5):470-6.Full text  Abstract

90. Rothenbühler M, O'Sullivan CJ, Stortecky S, et al. Active surveillance for rheumatic heart disease in endemic regions: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence among children and adolescents. Lancet Glob Health. 2014 Dec;2(12):e717-26.Full text  Abstract

91. Beaton A, Okello E, Rwebembera J, et al. Secondary antibiotic prophylaxis for latent rheumatic heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2022 Jan 20;386(3):230-40.Full text  Abstract

92. Yacoub M, Mayosi B, ElGuindy A, et al. Eliminating acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Lancet. 2017 Jul 15;390(10091):212-3. Abstract

93. Pandian NG, Kim JK, Arias-Godinez JA, et al. Recommendations for the use of echocardiography in the evaluation of rheumatic heart disease: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2023 Jan;36(1):3-28.Full text  Abstract

94. Heart Foundation of New Zealand. New Zealand guidelines for rheumatic fever: group A streptococcal sore throat management guideline - 2019 update. 2019 [internet publication].Full text

95. Heart Foundation of New Zealand. New Zealand guidelines for rheumatic fever: diagnosis, management and secondary prevention of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease: 2014 update. 2014 [internet publication].Full text

96. Cilliers A, Adler AJ, Saloojee H. Anti-inflammatory treatment for carditis in acute rheumatic fever. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 May 28;(5):CD003176.Full text  Abstract

97. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA requires labeling changes for prescription opioid cough and cold medicines to limit their use to adults 18 years and older. Jan 2018 [internet publication].Full text

98. Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. Codeine: restricted use as analgesic in children and adolescents after European safety review. Drug Safety Update. 2013;6:S1.Full text

99. European Medicines Agency. Restrictions on use of codeine for pain relief in children - CMDh endorses PRAC recommendation. Jun 2013 [internet publication].Full text

100. Mortimer EA Jr, Vaisman S, Vigneau A, et al. The effect of penicillin on acute rheumatic fever and valvular heart disease. N Engl J Med. 1959 Jan 15;260(3):101-12. Abstract

101. Illingworth RS, Lorber J, Holt KS, et al. Acute rheumatic fever in children: a comparison of six forms of treatment in 200 cases. Lancet. 1957 Oct 5;273(6997):653-9. Abstract

102. Bywaters EG, Thomas GT. Bed rest, salicylates, and steroid in rheumatic fever. Br Med J. 1961 Jun 10;1(5240):1628-34.Full text  Abstract

103. Dorfman A, Gross JI, Lorincz AE. The treatment of acute rheumatic fever. Pediatrics. 1961 May;27:692-706. Abstract

104. Çetin İİ, Ekici F, Kocabaş A, et al. The efficacy and safety of naproxen in acute rheumatic fever: The comparative results of 11-year experience with acetylsalicylic acid and naproxen. Turk J Pediatr. 2016;58(5):473-9. Abstract

105. Hashkes PJ, Tauber T, Somekh E, et al; Pediatric Rheumatlogy Study Group of Israel. Naproxen as an alternative to aspirin for the treatment of arthritis of rheumatic fever: a randomized trial. J Pediatr. 2003 Sep;143(3):399-401. Abstract

106. Albert DA, Harel L, Karrison T. The treatment of rheumatic carditis: a review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 1995 Jan;74(1):1-12. Abstract

107. Voss LM, Wilson NJ, Neutze JM, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin in acute rheumatic fever: a randomized controlled trial. Circulation. 2001 Jan 23;103(3):401-6.Full text  Abstract

108. Pena J, Mora E, Cardozo J, et al. Comparison of the efficacy of carbamazepine, haloperidol and valproic acid in the treatment of children with Sydenham's chorea: clinical follow-up of 18 patients. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2002 Jun;60(2-B):374-7.Full text  Abstract

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110. Mohammad SS, Nosadini M, Grattan-Smith P, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin in acute Sydenham's chorea: a systematic review. J Paediatr Child Health. 2015 Dec;51(12):1235-8. Abstract

111. Feinstein AR, Stern EK, Spagnuolo M. The prognosis of acute rheumatic fever. Am Heart J. 1964 Dec;68:817-34. Abstract

112. Sanyal SK, Berry AM, Duggal S, et al. Sequelae of the initial attack of acute rheumatic fever in children from north India. A prospective 5-year follow-up study. Circulation. 1982 Feb;65(2):375-9. Abstract

113. Stollerman GH. Rheumatic fever and streptococcal infection. New York: Grune & Stratton; 1975.

114. Manyemba J, Mayosi BM. Penicillin for secondary prevention of rheumatic fever. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002227.Full text  Abstract

115. Sanyahumbi A, Ali S, Benjamin IJ, et al. Penicillin reactions in patients with severe rheumatic heart disease: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. J Am Heart Assoc. 2022 Mar;11(5):e024517.Full text  Abstract

116. Karthikeyan G, Devasenapathy N, Zühlke L, et al. Digoxin and clinical outcomes in the Global Rheumatic Heart Disease Registry. Heart. 2019 Mar;105(5):363-69. Abstract

117. Working Group on Pediatric Acute Rheumatic Fever and Cardiology Chapter of Indian Academy of Pediatrics, Saxena A, Kumar RK, et al. Consensus guidelines on pediatric acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Indian Pediatr. 2008 Jul;45(7):565-73.Full text  Abstract

118. Al-Jazairi A, Al-Jaser R, Al-Halees Z, et al. Guidelines for the secondary prevention of rheumatic heart disease: Endorsed by Saudi Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (SPIDS). Int J Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2017 Mar;4(1):47-50.Full text

119. UK Health Security Agency. Group A streptococcal infections: guidance and data. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

120. Spinetto H, Lennon D, Horsburgh M. Rheumatic fever recurrence prevention: a nurse-led programme of 28-day penicillin in an area of high endemnicity. J Paediatr Child Health. 2011 Apr;47(4):228-34. Abstract

121. Kumar RK, Antunes MJ, Beaton A, et al. Contemporary diagnosis and management of rheumatic heart disease: implications for closing the gap: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020 Nov 17;142(20):e337-57.Full text  Abstract

122. Tompkins DG, Boxerbaum B, Liebman J. Long-term prognosis of rheumatic fever patients receiving regular intramuscular benzathine penicillin. Circulation. 1972 Mar;45(3):543-51.Full text  Abstract

123. Tompkins RK, Burnes DC, Cable WE. An analysis of the cost-effectiveness of pharyngitis management and acute rheumatic fever prevention. Ann Intern Med. 1977 Apr;86(4):481-92. Abstract

124. Dajani A, Taubert K, Ferrieri P, et al. Treatment of acute streptococcal pharyngitis and prevention of rheumatic fever: a statement for health professionals. Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, the American Heart Association. Pediatrics. 1995 Oct;96(4 Pt 1):758-64. Abstract

125. Lue HC, Wu MH, Hsieh KH, et al, Rheumatic fever recurrences: controlled study of 3-week versus 4-week benzathine penicillin prevention programs. J Pediatr. 1986 Feb;108(2):299-304. Abstract

126. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Prophylaxis against infective endocarditis: antimicrobial prophylaxis against infective endocarditis in adults and children undergoing interventional procedures. Jul 2016 [internet publication].Full text

127. Otto CM, Nishimura RA, Bonow RO, et al. 2020 ACC/AHA guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2021 Feb 2;143(5):e72-227.Full text  Abstract

128. Baskerville CA, Hanrahan BB, Burke AJ, et al. Infective endocarditis and rheumatic heart disease in the north of Australia. Heart Lung Circ. 2012 Jan;21(1):36-41. Abstract