Otitis externa

References

Key articles

Rosenfeld RM, Schwartz SR, Cannon CR, et al. American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. Clinical practice guideline: acute otitis externa. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014 Feb;150(1 suppl):S1-24. [Erratum in: Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014 Mar;150(3):504].Full text  Abstract

Hirsch BE. Infections of the external ear. Am J Otolaryngol. 1992 May-Jun;13(3):145-55. Abstract

Jackson EA, Geer K. Acute otitis externa: rapid evidence review. Am Fam Physician. 2023 Feb;107(2):145-51. Abstract

Selesnick SH. Otitis externa: management of the recalcitrant case. Am J Otology. 1994 May;15(3):408-12. Abstract

Reference articles

1. Rosenfeld RM, Schwartz SR, Cannon CR, et al. American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. Clinical practice guideline: acute otitis externa. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014 Feb;150(1 suppl):S1-24. [Erratum in: Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014 Mar;150(3):504].Full text  Abstract

2. Browning GG. Aetiopathology of inflammatory conditions of the external and middle ear. In: Kerr AG, ed. Scott-Brown's Otolaryngology. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1997.

3. Hirsch BE. Infections of the external ear. Am J Otolaryngol. 1992 May-Jun;13(3):145-55. Abstract

4. Lee SK, Lee SA, Seon SW, et al. Analysis of prognostic factors in malignant external otitis. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol. 2017 Sep;10(3):228-35.Full text  Abstract

5. Walshe P, Cleary M, McConn WR, et al. Malignant otitis externa: a high index of suspicion is still needed for diagnosis. Irish Med J. 2002 Jan;95(1):14-6. Abstract

6. Johnson AK, Batra PS. Central skull base osteomyelitis: an emerging clinical entity. Laryngoscope. 2014 May;124(5):1083-7. Abstract

7. Frost J, Samson AD. Standardised treatment protocol for necrotizing otitis externa: retrospective case series and systematic literature review. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2021 Sep;26:266-71.Full text  Abstract

8. Kiakojuri K, Mahdavi Omran S, Roodgari S, et al. Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility of yeasts and molds isolated from patients with otomycosis. Mycopathologia. 2021 May;186(2):245-57. Abstract

9. Aboutalebian S, Ahmadikia K, Fakhim H, et al. Direct detection and identification of the most common bacteria and fungi causing otitis externa by a stepwise multiplex PCR. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:644060.Full text  Abstract

10. Koltsidopoulos P, Skoulakis C. Otomycosis with tympanic membrane perforation: a review of the literature. Ear Nose Throat J. 2020 Sep;99(8):518-21.Full text  Abstract

11. Alshahni MM, Alshahni RZ, Fujisaki R, et al. A case of topical ofloxacin-induced otomycosis and literature review. Mycopathologia. 2021 Dec;186(6):871-6. Abstract

12. Jackson EA, Geer K. Acute otitis externa: rapid evidence review. Am Fam Physician. 2023 Feb;107(2):145-51. Abstract

13. Selesnick SH. Otitis externa: management of the recalcitrant case. Am J Otology. 1994 May;15(3):408-12. Abstract

14. Roland PS, Stroman DW. Microbiology of acute otitis externa. Laryngoscope. 2002 Jul;112(7 Pt 1):1166-77. Abstract

15. Rowlands S, Devalia H, Smith C, et al. Otitis externa in UK general practice: a survey using the UK General Practice Research Database. Br J Gen Pract. 2001 Jul;51(468):533-8.Full text  Abstract

16. Schaefer P, Baugh RF. Acute otitis externa: an update. Am Fam Physician. 2012 Dec 1;86(11):1055-61.Full text  Abstract

17. Livingstone DM, Smith KA, Lange B. Scuba diving and otology: a systematic review with recommendations on diagnosis, treatment and post-operative care. Diving Hyperb Med. 2017 Jun;47(2):97-109. Abstract

18. Barry V, Bhamra N, Balai E, et al. Otitis externa. BMJ. 2021 Mar 31;372:n714.Full text  Abstract

19. Schwartz SR, Magit AE, Rosenfeld RM, et al. Clinical practice guideline (update): earwax (cerumen impaction). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017 Jan;156(1_suppl):S1-29.Full text  Abstract

20. Moss WJ, Finegersh A, Narayanan A, et al. Meta-analysis does not support routine traditional nuclear medicine studies for malignant otitis. Laryngoscope. 2020 Jul;130(7):1812-6. Abstract

21. Stern Shavit S, Bernstine H, Sopov V, et al. FDG-PET/CT for diagnosis and follow-up of necrotizing (malignant) external otitis. Laryngoscope. 2019 Apr;129(4):961-6. Abstract

22. Hodgson SH, Khan MM, Patrick-Smith M, et al. UK consensus definitions for necrotising otitis externa: a Delphi study. BMJ Open. 2023 Feb 20;13(2):e061349.Full text  Abstract

23. Chan KL, Soo G, van Hasselt CA. Furunculosis. Ear Nose Throat J. 1997 Mar;76(3):126. Abstract

24. Dubach P, Mantokoudis G, Caversaccio M. Ear canal cholesteatoma: meta-analysis of clinical characteristics with update on classification, staging and treatment. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010 Oct;18(5):369-76. Abstract

25. Leung DY, Boguniewicz M, Howell MD, et al. New insights into atopic dermatitis. J Clin Invest. 2004 Mar;113(5):651-7.Full text  Abstract

26. Clark GW, Pope SM, Jaboori KA. Diagnosis and treatment of seborrheic dermatitis. Am Fam Physician. 2015 Feb 1;91(3):185-90.Full text  Abstract

27. List T, Jensen RH. Temporomandibular disorders: old ideas and new concepts. Cephalalgia. 2017 Jun;37(7):692-704.Full text  Abstract

28. Durham J, Newton-John TR, Zakrzewska JM. Temporomandibular disorders. BMJ. 2015 Mar 12;350:h1154.Full text  Abstract

29. Hui CP; Canadian Paediatric Society, Infectious Diseases and Immunization Committee. Acute otitis externa. Paediatr Child Health. 2013 Feb;18(2):96-101.Full text  Abstract

30. Kaushik V, Malik T, Saeed SR. Interventions for acute otitis externa. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jan 20;(1):CD004740.Full text  Abstract

31. Kantas I, Balatsouras DG, Vafiadis M, et al. The use of trichloroacetic acid in the treatment of acute external otitis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2007 Jan;264(1):9-14. Abstract

32. Dohar JE. Evolution of management approaches for otitis externa. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003 Apr;22(4):299-305;quiz 306-8. Abstract

33. van Balen FA, Smit WM, Zuithoff NP, et al. Clinical efficacy of three common treatments in acute otitis externa in primary care: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2003 Nov 22;327(7425):1201-5.Full text  Abstract

34. Lambert IJ. A comparison of the treatment of otitis externa with "Otosporin" and aluminium acetate: a report from a services practice in Cyprus. J R Coll Gen Pract. 1981 May;31(226):291-4.Full text  Abstract

35. Mösges R, Schröder T, Baues CM, et al. Dexamethasone phosphate in antibiotic ear drops for the treatment of acute bacterial otitis externa. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008 Aug;24(8):2339-47. Abstract

36. Pistorius B, Westberry K, Drehobl M, et al. Prospective, randomized, comparative trial of ciprofloxacin otic drops, with or without hydrocortisone, vs. polymyxin B-neomycin-hydrocortisone otic suspension in the treatment of acute diffuse otitis externa. Infect Dis Clin Pract. 1999;8:387-95.

37. Jones RN, Milazzo J, Seidlin M. Ofloxacin otic solution for treatment of otitis externa in children and adults. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997 Nov;123(11):1193-200. Abstract

38. Wall GM, Stroman DW, Roland PS, et al. Ciprofloxacin 0.3%/dexamethasone 0.1% sterile otic suspension for the topical treatment of ear infections: a review of the literature. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009 Feb;28(2):141-4. Abstract

39. Mösges R, Nematian-Samani M, Hellmich M, et al. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of quinolone containing otics in comparison to antibiotic-steroid combination drugs in the local treatment of otitis externa. Curr Med Res Opin. 2011 Oct;27(10):2053-60. Abstract

40. Wang X, Winterstein AG, Alrwisan A, et al. Risk for tympanic membrane perforation after quinolone ear drops for acute otitis externa. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Mar 3;70(6):1103-9.Full text  Abstract

41. Rahman A, Rizwan S, Waycaster C, et al. Pooled analysis of two clinical trials comparing the clinical outcomes of topical ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone otic suspension and polymyxin B/neomycin/hydrocortisone otic suspension for the treatment of acute otitis externa in adults and children. Clin Ther. 2007 Sep;29(9):1950-6. Abstract

42. Roland PS, Belcher BP, Bettis R, et al; Cipro HC Study Group. A single topical agent is clinically equivalent to the combination of topical and oral antibiotic treatment for otitis externa. Am J Otolaryngol. 2008 Jul-Aug;29(4):255-61. Abstract

43. Hannley MT, Denneny JC 3rd, Holzer SS. Use of ototopical antibiotics in treating 3 common ear diseases. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000 Jun;122(6):934-40. Abstract

44. European Medicines Agency. Quinolone- and fluoroquinolone-containing medicinal products. March 2019 [internet publication].Full text

45. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics: new restrictions and precautions for use due to very rare reports of disabling and potentially long-lasting or irreversible side effects. March 2019 [internet publication].Full text

46. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA updates warnings for oral and injectable fluoroquinolone antibiotics due to disabling side effects. July 2016 [internet publication].Full text

47. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA warns about increased risk of ruptures or tears in the aorta blood vessel with fluoroquinolone antibiotics in certain patients. December 2018 [internet publication].Full text

48. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA reinforces safety information about serious low blood sugar levels and mental health side effects with fluoroquinolone antibiotics; requires label changes. July 2018 [internet publication].Full text

49. Hopkins ME, Bennett A, Henderson N, et al. A retrospective review and multi-specialty, evidence-based guideline for the management of necrotising otitis externa. J Laryngol Otol. 2020 Jun;134(6):487-92. Abstract

50. Carfrae MJ, Kesser BW. Malignant otitis externa. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2008 Jun;41(3):537-49;viii-ix. Abstract

51. Bernstein JM, Holland NJ, Porter GC, et al. Resistance of Pseudomonas to ciprofloxacin: implications for the treatment of malignant otitis externa. J Laryngol Otol. 2007 Feb;121(2):118-23. Abstract

52. Sreepada GS, Kwartler JA. Skull base osteomyelitis secondary to malignant otitis externa. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003 Oct;11(5):316-23. Abstract

53. Franco-Vidal V, Blanchet H, Bebear C, et al. Necrotizing external otitis: a report of 46 cases. Otol Neurotol. 2007 Sep;28(6):771-3. Abstract

54. Amaro CE, Espiney R, Radu L, et al. Malignant (necrotizing) externa otitis: the experience of a single hyperbaric centre. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2019 Jul;276(7):1881-7. Abstract

55. Phillips JS, Jones SE. Hyperbaric oxygen as an adjuvant treatment for malignant otitis externa. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 May 31;(5):CD004617.Full text  Abstract

56. Hajioff D, Mackeith S. Otitis externa. BMJ Clin Evid. 2010 Aug 3;2010:0510.Full text  Abstract

57. Martin TJ, Kerschner JE, Flanary VA. Fungal causes of otitis externa and tympanostomy tube otorrhea. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2005 Nov;69(11):1503-8. Abstract

58. Mion M, Bovo R, Marchese-Ragona R, et al. Outcome predictors of treatment effectiveness for fungal malignant external otitis: a systematic review. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2015 Oct;35(5):307-13.Full text  Abstract

59. Abou-Halawa AS, Khan MA, Alrobaee AA, et al. Otomycosis with perforated tympanic membrane: self medication with topical antifungal solution versus medicated ear wick. Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2012 Jan;6(1):73-7.Full text  Abstract

60. Görür K, İsmi O, Özcan C, et al. Treatment of otomycosis in ears with tympanic membrane perforation is easier with paper patch. Turk Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2019 Dec;57(4):182-6.Full text  Abstract

61. Demir D, Yılmaz MS, Güven M, et al. Comparison of clinical outcomes of three different packing materials in the treatment of severe acute otitis externa. J Laryngol Otol. 2018 Jun 13;132(6):523-8. Abstract

62. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA requires labeling changes for prescription opioid cough and cold medicines to limit their use to adults 18 years and older. January 2018 [internet publication].Full text

63. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Codeine: restricted use as analgesic in children and adolescents after European safety review. Drug Safety Update. December 2014 [internet publication].Full text

64. European Medicines Agency. Restrictions on use of codeine for pain relief in children - CMDh endorses PRAC recommendation. June 2013 [internet publication].Full text

65. Ali T, Meade K, Anari S, et al. Malignant otitis externa: case series. J Laryngol Otol. 2010 Aug;124(8):846-51. Abstract

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