Hip fractures

References

Key articles

American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Management of hip fractures in older adults: evidence-based clinical practice guideline. December 2021 [internet publication].Full text

American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: acute hip pain - suspected fracture. 2018 [internet publication].Full text

Reference articles

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28. Blain H, Chavassieux P, Portero-Muzy N, et al. Cortical and trabecular bone distribution in the femoral neck in osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. Bone. 2008 Nov;43(5):862-8. Abstract

29. Dunstan CR, Somers NM, Evans RA. Osteocyte death and hip fracture. Calcif Tissue Int. 1993;53 Suppl 1:S113-6; discussion S116-7. Abstract

30. Zgoda M, Gorecki A, Bartlomiejczyk I, et al. Femoral neck fracture is accompanied by local changes in the content of transforming growth factor-beta1, interleukin-1beta and collagenase activity. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2007 Apr-Jun;7(2):161-5. Abstract

31. North American Menopause Society. Management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: the 2021 position statement of the North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2021 Sep 1;28(9):973-97. Abstract

32. Royal College of Physicians. National hip fracture database: anaesthesia sprint audit of practice (ASAP). 2014 [internet publication].Full text

33. Shah R, Raji MA, Westra J, et al. Association of co-prescribing of opioid and benzodiazepine substitutes with incident falls and fractures among older adults: a cohort study. BMJ Open. 2021 Dec 30;11(12):e052057.Full text  Abstract

34. De Laet C, Kanis JA, Oden A, et al. Body mass index as a predictor of fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2005 Nov;16(11):1330-8. Abstract

35. Kanis JA, Johansson H, Oden A, et al. A meta-analysis of prior corticosteroid use and fracture risk. J Bone Miner Res. 2004 Jun;19(6):893-9.Full text  Abstract

36. Broersen LH, Pereira AM, Jørgensen JO, et al. Adrenal insufficiency in corticosteroids use: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Jun;100(6):2171-80.Full text  Abstract

37. Tinetti ME, Han L, Lee DS, et al. Antihypertensive medications and serious fall injuries in a nationally representative sample of older adults. JAMA Intern Med. 2014 Apr;174(4):588-95.Full text  Abstract

38. Looker AC, Orwoll ES, Johnston CC Jr, et al. Prevalence of low femoral bone density in older US adults from NHANES III. J Bone Miner Res. 1997 Nov;12(11):1761-8.Full text  Abstract

39. Lewiecki EM, Wright NC, Singer AJ. Racial disparities, FRAX, and the care of patients with osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2020 Nov;31(11):2069-71.Full text  Abstract

40. Amarnath AL, Franks P, Robbins JA, et al. Underuse and overuse of osteoporosis screening in a regional health system: a retrospective cohort study. J Gen Intern Med. 2015 Dec;30(12):1733-40.Full text  Abstract

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42. Oliver D, Connelly JB, Victor CR, et al. Strategies to prevent falls and fractures in hospitals and care homes and effect of cognitive impairment: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ. 2007 Jan 13;334(7584):82.Full text  Abstract

43. Cameron ID, Dyer SM, Panagoda CE, et al. Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Sep 7;9(9):CD005465.Full text  Abstract

44. Parker MJ, Gillespie WJ, Gillespie LD. Effectiveness of hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in elderly people: systematic review. BMJ. 2006 Mar 11;332(7541):571-4.Full text  Abstract

45. Santesso N, Carrasco-Labra A, Brignardello-Petersen R. Hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Mar 31;(3):CD001255.Full text  Abstract

46. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Falls in older people: assessing risk and prevention. June 2013 [internet publication].Full text

47. LaMonte MJ, Wactawski-Wende J, Larson JC, et al. Association of physical activity and fracture risk among postmenopausal women. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Oct 2;2(10):e1914084.Full text  Abstract

48. Choi HG, Kim DS, Lee B, et al. High risk of hip and spinal fractures after distal radius fracture: a longitudinal follow-up study using a national sample cohort. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Jul 10;18(14):7391.Full text  Abstract

49. Johnson NA, Stirling ER, Divall P, et al. Risk of hip fracture following a wrist fracture: a meta-analysis. Injury. 2017 Feb;48(2):399-405. Abstract

50. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: acute hip pain - suspected fracture. 2018 [internet publication].Full text

51. Jensen JS. Classification of trochanteric fractures. Acta Orthop Scand. 1980 Oct;51(5):803-10. Abstract

52. Dominguez S, Liu P, Roberts C, et al. Prevalence of traumatic hip and pelvic fractures in patients with suspected hip fracture and negative initial standard radiographs--a study of emergency department patients. Acad Emerg Med. 2005 Apr;12(4):366-9.Full text  Abstract

53. Frihagen F, Nordsletten L, Tariq R, et al. MRI diagnosis of occult hip fractures. Acta Orthop. 2005 Aug;76(4):524-30.Full text  Abstract

54. Verbeeten KM, Hermann KL, Hasselqvist M, et al. The advantages of MRI in the detection of occult hip fractures. Eur Radiol. 2005 Jan;15(1):165-9. Abstract

55. Rubin SJ, Marquardt JD, Gottlieb RH, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging: a cost-effective alternative to bone scintigraphy in the evaluation of patients with suspected hip fractures. Skeletal Radiol. 1998 Apr;27(4):199-204. Abstract

56. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Prevention of surgical site infections after major extremity trauma: evidence-based clinical practice guideline. March 2022 [internet publication].Full text

57. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Prevention of surgical site infections after major extremity trauma: appropriate use criteria. March 2022 [internet publication].Full text

58. Handoll HH, Parker MJ. Conservative versus operative treatment for hip fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jul 16;(3):CD000337.Full text  Abstract

59. Mak JC, Cameron ID, March LM; National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia). Evidence-based guidelines for the management of hip fractures in older persons: an update. Med J Aust. 2010 Jan 4;192(1):37-41. Abstract

60. Khan SK, Kalra S, Khanna A, et al. Timing of surgery for hip fractures: a systematic review of 52 published studies involving 291,413 patients. Injury. 2009 Jul;40(7):692-7. Abstract

61. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hip fracture: management. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text

62. Simunovic N, Devereaux PJ, Sprague S, et al. Effect of early surgery after hip fracture on mortality and complications: systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ. 2010 Oct 19;182(15):1609-16.Full text  Abstract

63. Moja L, Piatti A, Pecoraro V, et al. Timing matters in hip fracture surgery: patients operated within 48 hours have better outcomes - a meta-analysis and meta-regression of over 190,000 patients. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e46175.Full text  Abstract

64. Pincus D, Ravi B, Wasserstein D, et al. Association between wait time and 30-day mortality in adults undergoing hip fracture surgery. JAMA. 2017 Nov 28;318(20):1994-2003.Full text  Abstract

65. HIP ATTACK Investigators. Accelerated surgery versus standard care in hip fracture (HIP ATTACK): an international, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet. 2020 Feb 29;395(10225):698-708. Abstract

66. ICM-VTE General Delegates. Recommendations from the ICM-VTE: general. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2022 Mar 16;104(suppl 1):4-162.Full text  Abstract

67. Verhamme P, Yi BA, Segers A, et al. Abelacimab for prevention of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2021 Aug 12;385(7):609-17.Full text  Abstract

68. Southwell-Keely JP, Russo RR, March L, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis in hip fracture surgery: a metaanalysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004 Feb;(419):179-84.Full text  Abstract

69. Gillespie WJ, Walenkamp G. Antibiotic prophylaxis for surgery for proximal femoral and other closed long bone fractures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Mar 17;(3):CD000244.Full text  Abstract

70. Lewis SR, Macey R, Eardley WG, et al. Internal fixation implants for intracapsular hip fractures in older adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Mar 9;3(3):CD013409.Full text  Abstract

71. Fixation using Alternative Implants for the Treatment of Hip fractures (FAITH) Investigators. Fracture fixation in the operative management of hip fractures (FAITH): an international, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2017 Apr 15;389(10078):1519-27.Full text  Abstract

72. Okike K, Udogwu UN, Isaac M, et al. Not all Garden-I and II femoral neck fractures in the elderly should be fixed: effect of posterior tilt on rates of subsequent arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2019 Oct 16;101(20):1852-9.Full text  Abstract

73. Sjöholm P, Otten V, Wolf O, et al. Posterior and anterior tilt increases the risk of failure after internal fixation of Garden I and II femoral neck fracture. Acta Orthop. 2019 Dec;90(6):537-41.Full text  Abstract

74. Jain R, Koo M, Kreder HJ, et al. Comparison of early and delayed fixation of subcapital hip fractures in patients sixty years of age or less. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002 Sep;84-A(9):1605-12. Abstract

75. Dedrick DK, Mackenzie JR, Burney RE. Complications of femoral neck fracture in young adults. J Trauma. 1986 Oct;26(10):932-7. Abstract

76. Duckworth AD, Bennet SJ, Aderinto J, et al. Fixation of intracapsular fractures of the femoral neck in young patients: risk factors for failure. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2011 Jun;93(6):811-6. Abstract

77. Lowe JA, Crist BD, Bhandari M, et al. Optimal treatment of femoral neck fractures according to patient's physiologic age: an evidence-based review. Orthop Clin North Am. 2010 Apr;41(2):157-66. Abstract

78. Lu Q, Tang G, Zhao X, et al. Hemiarthroplasty versus internal fixation in super-aged patients with undisplaced femoral neck fractures: a 5-year follow-up of randomized controlled trial. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2017 Jan;137(1):27-35. Abstract

79. Støen RØ, Lofthus CM, Nordsletten L, et al. Randomized trial of hemiarthroplasty versus internal fixation for femoral neck fractures: no differences at 6 years. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014 Jan;472(1):360-7.Full text  Abstract

80. Parker MJ, Pryor G, Gurusamy K. Hemiarthroplasty versus internal fixation for displaced intracapsular hip fractures: a long-term follow-up of a randomised trial. Injury. 2010 Apr;41(4):370-3. Abstract

81. Bhandari M, Devereaux PJ, Swiontkowski MF, et al. Internal fixation compared with arthroplasty for displaced fractures of the femoral neck: a meta-analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003 Sep;85-A(9):1673-81. Abstract

82. Parker MJ, Gurusamy K. Internal fixation versus arthroplasty for intracapsular proximal femoral fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD001708.Full text  Abstract

83. Lewis DP, Wæver D, Thorninger R, et al. Hemiarthroplasty vs total hip arthroplasty for the management of displaced neck of femur fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Arthroplasty. 2019 Aug;34(8):1837-43. Abstract

84. Burgers PT, Van Geene AR, Van den Bekerom MP, et al. Total hip arthroplasty versus hemiarthroplasty for displaced femoral neck fractures in the healthy elderly: a meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized trials. Int Orthop. 2012 Aug;36(8):1549-60.Full text  Abstract

85. HEALTH Investigators; Bhandari M, Einhorn TA, Guyatt G, et al. Total hip arthroplasty or hemiarthroplasty for hip fracture. N Engl J Med. 2019 Dec 5;381(23):2199-208.Full text  Abstract

86. Sharma V, Awasthi B, Kumar K, et al. Outcome analysis of hemiarthroplasty vs. total hip replacement in displaced femoral neck fractures in the elderly. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016 May;10(5):RC11-3.Full text  Abstract

87. Bhandari M, Devereaux PJ, Tornetta P 3rd, et al. Operative management of displaced femoral neck fractures in elderly patients: an international survey. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005 Sep;87(9):2122-30. Abstract

88. Woon CYL, Moretti VM, Schwartz BE, et al. Total hip arthroplasty and hemiarthroplasty: US national trends in the treatment of femoral neck fractures. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2017 Nov/Dec;46(6):E474-8. Abstract

89. Iorio R, Schwartz B, Macaulay W, et al. Surgical treatment of displaced femoral neck fractures in the elderly: a survey of the American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons. J Arthroplasty. 2006 Dec;21(8):1124-33. Abstract

90. Ravi B, Jenkinson R, Austin PC, et al. Relation between surgeon volume and risk of complications after total hip arthroplasty: propensity score matched cohort study. BMJ. 2014 May 23;348:g3284.Full text  Abstract

91. Alolabi N, Alolabi B, Mundi R, et al. Surgical preferences of patients at risk of hip fractures: hemiarthroplasty versus total hip arthroplasty. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011 Dec 23;12:289.Full text  Abstract

92. Parker MI, Pryor G, Gurusamy K. Cemented versus uncemented hemiarthroplasty for intracapsular hip fractures: a randomised controlled trial in 400 patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2010 Jan;92(1):116-22. Abstract

93. Inngul C, Blomfeldt R, Ponzer S, et al. Cemented versus uncemented arthroplasty in patients with a displaced fracture of the femoral neck: a randomised controlled trial. Bone Joint J. 2015 Nov;97-B(11):1475-80. Abstract

94. Deangelis JP, Ademi A, Staff I, et al. Cemented versus uncemented hemiarthroplasty for displaced femoral neck fractures: a prospective randomized trial with early follow-up. J Orthop Trauma. 2012 Mar;26(3):135-40. Abstract

95. Ning GZ, Li YL, Wu Q, et al. Cemented versus uncemented hemiarthroplasty for displaced femoral neck fractures: an updated meta-analysis. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2014 Jan;24(1):7-14. Abstract

96. Luo X, He S, Li Z, et al. Systematic review of cemented versus uncemented hemiarthroplasty for displaced femoral neck fractures in older patients. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012 Apr;132(4):455-63. Abstract

97. Veldman HD, Heyligers IC, Grimm B, et al. Cemented versus cementless hemiarthroplasty for a displaced fracture of the femoral neck: a systematic review and meta-analysis of current generation hip stems. Bone Joint J. 2017 Apr;99-B(4):421-31. Abstract

98. Fernandez MA, Achten J, Lerner RG, et al. Randomised controlled trial comparing hydroxyapatite coated uncemented hemiarthroplasty with cemented hemiarthroplasty for the treatment of displaced intracapsular hip fractures: a protocol for the WHITE 5 study. BMJ Open. 2019 Dec 9;9(12):e033957.Full text  Abstract

99. Lewis SR, Macey R, Parker MJ, et al. Arthroplasties for hip fracture in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Feb 14;2(2):CD013410.Full text  Abstract

100. Niu E, Yang A, Harris AH, et al. Which fixation device is preferred for surgical treatment of intertrochanteric hip fractures in the United States? A survey of orthopaedic surgeons. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015 Nov;473(11):3647-55.Full text  Abstract

101. Parker MJ, Cawley S. Sliding hip screw versus the Targon PFT nail for trochanteric hip fractures: a randomised trial of 400 patients. Bone Joint J. 2017 Sep;99-B(9):1210-5. Abstract

102. Pandarinath R, Amdur R, DeBritz JN, et al. Comparison of short-term complication rates between cephalomedullary hip screw devices and sliding hip screws: an analysis of the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Database. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2018 Dec 1;26(23):845-51. Abstract

103. Cai L, Wang T, Di L, et al. Comparison of intramedullary and extramedullary fixation of stable intertrochanteric fractures in the elderly: a prospective randomised controlled trial exploring hidden perioperative blood loss. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016 Nov 15;17(1):475.Full text  Abstract

104. Varela-Egocheaga JR, Iglesias-Colao R, Suárez-Suárez MA, et al. Minimally invasive osteosynthesis in stable trochanteric fractures: a comparative study between Gotfried percutaneous compression plate and Gamma 3 intramedullary nail. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2009 Oct;129(10):1401-7. Abstract

105. Lewis SR, Macey R, Gill JR, et al. Cephalomedullary nails versus extramedullary implants for extracapsular hip fractures in older adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Jan 26;1(1):CD000093.Full text  Abstract

106. Whale CS, Hulet DA, Beebe MJ, et al. Cephalomedullary nail versus sliding hip screw for fixation of AO 31 A1/2 intertrochanteric femoral fracture: a 12-year comparison of failure, complications, and mortality. Curr Orthop Pract. Nov-Dec 2016;27(6):604-13.Full text  Abstract

107. Warren JA, Sundaram K, Hampton R, et al. Cephalomedullary nailing versus sliding hip screws for Intertrochanteric and basicervical hip fractures: a propensity-matched study of short-term outcomes in over 17,000 patients. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2020 Feb;30(2):243-50. Abstract

108. Miedel R, Ponzer S, Törnkvist H, et al. The standard Gamma nail or the Medoff sliding plate for unstable trochanteric and subtrochanteric fractures. A randomised, controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005 Jan;87(1):68-75. Abstract

109. Cameron ID. Coordinated multidisciplinary rehabilitation after hip fracture. Disabil Rehabil. 2005 Sep 30-Oct 15;27(18-19):1081-90. Abstract

110. Foss NB, Kristensen MT, Kristensen BB, et al. Effect of postoperative epidural analgesia on rehabilitation and pain after hip fracture surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-cotrolled trial. Anesthesiology. 2005 Jun;102(6):1197-204. Abstract

111. Foss NB, Kristensen MT, Palm H, et al. Postoperative pain after hip fracture is procedure specific. Br J Anaesth. 2009 Jan;102(1):111-6.Full text  Abstract

112. Guay J, Kopp S. Peripheral nerve blocks for hip fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Nov 25;11(11):CD001159.Full text  Abstract

113. Momsen AM, Rasmussen JO, Nielsen CV, et al. Multidisciplinary team care in rehabilitation: an overview of reviews. J Rehabil Med. 2012 Nov;44(11):901-12.Full text  Abstract

114. Handoll HH, Cameron ID, Mak JC, et al. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for older people with hip fractures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Nov 12;11(11):CD007125.Full text  Abstract

115. Chudyk AM, Jutai JW, Petrella RJ, et al. Systematic review of hip fracture rehabilitation practices in the elderly. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009 Feb;90(2):246-62. Abstract

116. Prestmo A, Hagen G, Sletvold O, et al. Comprehensive geriatric care for patients with hip fractures: a prospective, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet. 2015 Apr 25;385(9978):1623-33. Abstract

117. Eamer G, Taheri A, Chen SS, et al. Comprehensive geriatric assessment for older people admitted to a surgical service. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jan 31;(1):CD012485.Full text  Abstract

118. Crotty M, Unroe K, Cameron ID, et al. Rehabilitation interventions for improving physical and psychosocial functioning after hip fracture in older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jan 20;(1):CD007624.Full text  Abstract

119. Auais MA, Eilayyan O, Mayo NE. Extended exercise rehabilitation after hip fracture improves patients' physical function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Phys Ther. 2012 Nov;92(11):1437-51. Abstract

120. Avenell A, Smith TO, Curtain JP, et al. Nutritional supplementation for hip fracture aftercare in older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Nov 30;(11):CD001880.Full text  Abstract

121. Farooqi V, van den Berg ME, Cameron ID, et al. Anabolic steroids for rehabilitation after hip fracture in older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Oct 6;(10):CD008887.Full text  Abstract

122. Handoll HH, Queally JM, Parker MJ. Pre-operative traction for hip fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Dec 7;(12):CD000168.Full text  Abstract

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132. van de Ree CLP, Landers MJF, Kruithof N, et al. Effect of frailty on quality of life in elderly patients after hip fracture: a longitudinal study. BMJ Open. 2019 Jul 18;9(7):e025941.Full text  Abstract

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134. Zee AA, van Lieshout K, van der Heide M, et al. Low molecular weight heparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients with lower-limb immobilization. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 6;8:CD006681.Full text  Abstract

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