Ankle fractures

References

Key articles

British Orthopaedic Association Standards for Trauma. The management of ankle fractures​. Aug 2016 [internet publication].Full text

American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: acute trauma to the ankle. 2020 [internet publication].Full text

American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons. Prevention of surgical site infections after major extremity trauma: evidence-based clinical practice guideline. Mar 2022 [internet publication].Full text

Reference articles

1. Inokuchi R, Jujo Y, Iwashita K, et al. Maisonneuve fracture: a type of ankle fracture. BMJ Case Rep. 2019 Nov 4;12(11):e231961.Full text

2. Fracture and dislocation compendium. Orthopaedic Trauma Association Committee for Coding and Classification. J Orthop Trauma. 1996;10 Suppl 1:v-154.

3. Lauge-Hansen N. Fractures of the ankle. II. Combined experimental-surgical and experimental-roentgenologic investigations. Arch Surg. 1950;60:957-85.

4. Court-Brown C, McQueen M, Tornetta P 3rd. Ankle fractures. In: Tornetta P 3rd, Einhorn T, eds. Trauma, orthopaedic surgery essentials. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2006.

5. Briet JP, Houwert RM, Smeeing DPJ, et al. Differences in classification between mono- and polytrauma and low- and high-energy trauma patients with an ankle fracture: a retrospective cohort study. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2017 Jul-Aug;56(4):793-6. Abstract

6. Fennelly JT, Gourbault LJ, Stedman T, et al. The acute management of ankle fractures (Augment) study: a prospective trainee led national collaborative audit of the Boast 12 guidelines. Surgeon. 2021 Oct;19(5):e237-44. Abstract

7. British Orthopaedic Association Standards for Trauma. The management of ankle fractures​. Aug 2016 [internet publication].Full text

8. Simske NM, Audet MA, Kim CY, et al. Open ankle fractures are associated with complications and reoperations. OTA Int. 2019 Dec;2(4):e042.Full text  Abstract

9. Cooke ME, Tornetta P 3rd, Firoozabadi R, et al. Open ankle fractures: what predicts infection? A multicenter study. J Orthop Trauma. 2022 Jan 1;36(1):43-8. Abstract

10. Bartoníček J, Rammelt S, Tuček M. Maisonneuve fractures of the ankle: a critical analysis review. JBJS Rev. 2022 Feb 21;10(2). Abstract

11. Koval KJ, Lurie J, Zhou W, et al. Ankle fractures in the elderly: what you get depends on where you live and who you see. J Orthop Trauma. 2005;19:635-639. Abstract

12. Hasselman CT, Vogt MT, Stone KL, et al. Foot and ankle fractures in elderly white women. Incidence and risk factors. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85:820-824. Abstract

13. Weening B, Bhandari M. Predictors of functional outcome following transsyndesmotic screw fixation of ankle fractures. 2005;19:102-108. Abstract

14. Jensen SL, Andresen BK, Mencke S. Epidemiology of ankle fractures. A prospective population-based study of 212 cases in Aalborg, Denmark. Acta Orthop Scand. 1998;69:48-50. Abstract

15. Gardner MJ, Demetrakopoulos D, Briggs SM, et al. The ability of the Lauge-Hansen classification to predict ligament injury and mechanism in ankle fractures: an MRI study. J Orthop Trauma. 2006;20:267-272. Abstract

16. Greenfield DM, Eastell R. Risk factors for ankle fracture. Osteoporos Int. 2001;12:97-103. Abstract

17. Seeley DG, Kelsey J, Jergas M, et al. Predictors of ankle and foot fractures in older women. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. J Bone Miner Res. 1996;11:1347-1355. Abstract

18. McGuine TA, Brooks A, Hetzel S. The effect of lace-up ankle braces on injury rates in high school basketball players. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39:1840-1848.Full text  Abstract

19. Kyriacou H, Mostafa AMHAM, Davies BM, et al. Principles and guidelines in the management of ankle fractures in adults. J Perioper Pract. 2021 Nov;31(11):427-34.Full text  Abstract

20. Larkins LW, Baker RT, Baker JG. Physical examination of the ankle: a review of the original orthopedic special test description and scientific validity of common tests for ankle examination. Arch Rehabil Res Clin Transl. 2020 Sep;2(3):100072.Full text  Abstract

21. Coleman N. General fracture considerations. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018 Jun;17(6):175-6.Full text

22. van den Bekerom MP, Mutsaerts EL, van Dijk CN. Evaluation of the integrity of the deltoid ligament in supination external rotation ankle fractures: a systematic review of the literature. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2009;129:227-235. Abstract

23. Lawson KA, Ayala AE, Morin ML, et al. Republication of "ankle fracture-dislocations: a review". Foot Ankle Orthop. 2023 Aug 12;8(3):24730114231195058.Full text  Abstract

24. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Fractures (complex): assessment and management. Nov 2022 [internet publication].Full text

25. Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS): Student Course Manual. 10th ed. Chicago (IL): American College of Surgeons; 2018.

26. Milne L. Ottawa ankle decision rules. West J Med. 1996;164:67.Full text

27. Stiell IG, Greenberg GH, McKnight RD, et al. Decision rules for the use of radiography in acute ankle injuries. Refinement and prospective validation. JAMA. 1993;269:1127-32. Abstract

28. Vangsness CT Jr, Carter V, Hunt T, et al. Radiographic diagnosis of ankle fractures: are three views necessary? Foot Ankle Int. 1994 Apr;15(4):172-4. Abstract

29. Park SS, Kubiak EN, Egol KA, et al. Stress radiographs after ankle fracture: the effect of ankle position and deltoid ligament status on medial clear space measurements. J Orthop Trauma. 2006;20:11-18. Abstract

30. Nielson JH, Gardner MJ, Peterson MG, et al. Radiographic measurements do not predict syndesmotic injury in ankle fractures: an MRI study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005;436;216-221. Abstract

31. Schock HJ, Pinzur M, Manion L, et al. The use of gravity or manual-stress radiographs in the assessment of supination-external rotation fractures of the ankle. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2007;89:1055-1059. Abstract

32. Koval KJ, Egol KA, Cheung Y, et al. Does a positive ankle stress test indicate the need for operative treatment after lateral malleolus fracture? A preliminary report. J Orthop Trauma. 2007;21:449-455. Abstract

33. Solan MC, Sakellariou A. Posterior malleolus fractures: worth fixing. Bone Joint J. 2017 Nov;99-B(11):1413-9. Abstract

34. Stringfellow TD, Walters ST, Nash W, et al. Management of posterior malleolus fractures: a multicentre cohort study in the United Kingdom. Foot Ankle Surg. 2021 Aug;27(6):629-35. Abstract

35. Lampridis V, Gougoulias N, Sakellariou A. Stability in ankle fractures: Diagnosis and treatment. EFORT Open Rev. 2018 May;3(5):294-303.Full text  Abstract

36. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: acute trauma to the ankle. 2020 [internet publication].Full text

37. DeAngelis NA, Eskander MS, French BG. Does medial tenderness predict deep deltoid ligament incompetence in supination-external rotation type ankle fractures? J Orthop Trauma. 2007;21:244-247. Abstract

38. Alonso A, Khoury L, Adams R. Clinical tests for ankle syndesmosis injury: reliability and predictors of return to function. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1998;27:276-284. Abstract

39. Mordecai S, Al-Hadithy N. Management of ankle fractures. BMJ. 2011 Oct 28;343:d5204.

40. Petrisor BA, Poolman R, Koval K, et al. Management of displaced ankle fractures. J Orthop Trauma. 2006;20:515-518. Abstract

41. Willett K, Keene DJ, Mistry D, et al. Close contact casting vs surgery for initial treatment of unstable ankle fractures in older adults: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016 Oct 11;316(14):1455-63. Abstract

42. Pakarinen H. Stability-based classification for ankle fracture management and the syndesmosis injury in ankle fractures due to a supination external rotation mechanism of injury. Acta Orthop Suppl. 2012;83:1-26. Abstract

43. Schepers T, de Vries MR, van Lieshout EM, et al. The timing of ankle fracture surgery and the effect on infectious complications; a case series and systematic review of the literature. Int Orthop. 2013;37:489-494.Full text  Abstract

44. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Fractures (non-complex): assessment and management. Feb 2016 [internet publication].Full text

45. Kurmis AP, Kurmis TP, O'Brien JX, et al. The effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug administration on acute phase fracture-healing: a review. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94:815-823. Abstract

46. British Orthopaedic Association and British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. Open fractures. Dec 2017 [internet publication].Full text

47. American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons. Prevention of surgical site infections after major extremity trauma: evidence-based clinical practice guideline. Mar 2022 [internet publication].Full text

48. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Appropriate Use Criteria: prevention of surgical site infection after high energy extremity trauma. March 2022 [internet publication].Full text

49. British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. Standards for the management of open fractures of the lower limb. 2009 [internet publication].

50. Smit L, Boyle M. Management of ankle injuries in the prehospital environment - a review of the literature. Australas J Paramed. 2013;10:6.

51. Gosselin RA, Roberts I, Gillespie WJ. Antibiotics for preventing infection in open limb fractures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(1):CD003764. Abstract

52. Rhee P, Nunley MK, Demetriades D, et al. Tetanus and trauma: a review and recommendations. J Trauma. 2005;58:1082-1088. Abstract

53. Kortekangas T, Haapasalo H, Flinkkilä T, et al. Three week versus six week immobilisation for stable Weber B type ankle fractures: randomised, multicentre, non-inferiority clinical trial. BMJ. 2019 Jan 23;364:k5432.Full text  Abstract

54. AO Surgery Reference. Infrasyndesmotic, medial fracture with lateral fracture/avulsion. 2024 [internet publication].Full text

55. Larsen P, Rathleff MS, Elsoe R. Surgical versus conservative treatment for ankle fractures in adults - a systematic review and meta-analysis of the benefits and harms. Foot Ankle Surg. 2019 Aug;25(4):409-17. Abstract

56. Jain S, Haughton BA, Brew C. Intramedullary fixation of distal fibular fractures: a systematic review of clinical and functional outcomes. J Orthop Traumatol. 2014 Dec;15(4):245-54.Full text  Abstract

57. Slobogean GP, Marra CA, Sadatsafavi M, et al; Canadian Orthopedic Trauma Society. Is surgical fixation for stress-positive unstable ankle fractures cost effective? Results of a multicenter randomized control trial. J Orthop Trauma. 2012;26:652-658. Abstract

58. Ebraheim NA, Ludwig T, Weston JT, et al. Comparison of surgical techniques of 111 medial malleolar fractures classified by fracture geometry. Foot Ankle Int. 2014 May;35(5):471-7. Abstract

59. Hoelsbrekken SE, Kaul-Jensen K, Mørch T, et al. Nonoperative treatment of the medial malleolus in bimalleolar and trimalleolar ankle fractures: a randomized controlled trial. J Orthop Trauma. 2013;27:633-637. Abstract

60. Tansey PJ, Chen J, Panchbhavi VK. Current concepts in ankle fractures. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2023 Oct 16;45:102260. Abstract

61. De Vries JS, Wijgman AJ, Sierevelt IN, et al. Long-term results of ankle fractures with a posterior malleolar fragment. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2005 May-Jun;44(3):211-7. Abstract

62. Tejwani NC, Pahk B, Egol KA. Effect of posterior malleolus fracture on outcome after unstable ankle fracture. J Trauma. 2010 Sep;69(3):666-9. Abstract

63. Odak S, Ahluwalia R, Unnikrishnan P, et al. Management of posterior malleolar fractures: s systematic review. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2016 Jan-Feb;55(1):140-5. Abstract

64. van den Bekerom MP, Haverkamp D, Kloen P. Biomechanical and clinical evaluation of posterior malleolar fractures. A systematic review of the literature. J Trauma. 2009;66:279-84. Abstract

65. Hancock MJ, Herbert RD, Stewart M. Prediction of outcome after ankle fracture. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2005;35:786-792. Abstract

66. Shah NH, Sundaram RO, Velusamy A, et al. Five-year functional outcome analysis of ankle fracture fixation. Injury. 2007;38:1308-1312. Abstract

67. McKeown R, Ellard DR, Rabiu AR, et al. A systematic review of the measurement properties of patient reported outcome measures used for adults with an ankle fracture. J Patient Rep Outcomes. 2019 Dec 17;3(1):70.Full text  Abstract

68. Tejwani NC, McLaurin TM, Walsh M, et al. Are outcomes of bimalleolar fractures poorer than those of lateral malleolar fractures with medial ligamentous injury? J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89:1438-1441. Abstract

69. Egol KA, Tejwani NC, Walsh MG, et al. Predictors of short-term functional outcome following ankle fracture surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88:974-979. Abstract

70. Dehghan N, McKee MD, Jenkinson RJ, et al. Early weightbearing and range of motion versus non-weightbearing and immobilization after open reduction and internal fixation of unstable ankle fractures: a randomized controlled trial. J Orthop Trauma. 2016 Jul;30(7):345-52. Abstract

71. Bhandari M, Sprague S, Hanson B, et al. Health-related quality of life following operative treatment of unstable ankle fractures: a prospective observational study. J Orthop Trauma. 2004;18:338-345. Abstract

72. Obremskey WT, Dirschl DR, Crowther JD, et al. Change over time of SF-36 functional outcomes for operatively treated unstable ankle fractures. J Orthop Trauma. 2002;16:30-33. Abstract

73. Nilsson G, Jonsson K, Ekdahl C, et al. Outcome and quality of life after surgically treated ankle fractures in patients 65 years or older. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007;8:127.Full text  Abstract

74. Ganesh SP, Pietrobon R, Cecilio WA, et al. The impact of diabetes on patient outcomes after ankle fracture. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87:1712-1718. Abstract

75. Pilskog K, Høvding P, Inderhaug E, et al. Fracture-related infection: prevalence and application of the new consensus definition in a cohort of 1004 surgically treated ankle fractures. Injury. 2023 Mar;54(3):841-7.Full text  Abstract

76. Brown OL, Dirschl DR, Obremskey WT. Incidence of hardware-related pain and its effect on functional outcomes after open reduction and internal fixation of ankle fractures. J Orthop Trauma. 2001;15:271-274. Abstract

77. Schepers T. To retain or remove the syndesmotic screw: a review of literature. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2011;131:879-883.Full text  Abstract

78. Walsh EF, DiGiovanni C. Fibular nonunion after closed rotational ankle fracture. Foot Ankle Int. 2004;25:488-495. Abstract

79. Lübbeke A, Salvo D, Stern R, et al. Risk factors for post-traumatic osteoarthritis of the ankle: an eighteen year follow-up study. Int Orthop. 2012 Jul;36(7):1403-10.Full text  Abstract

80. Moseley AM, Beckenkamp PR, Haas M, et al. Rehabilitation after immobilization for ankle fracture: the EXACT randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;314:1376-85.Full text  Abstract

81. Nilsson GM, Jonsson K, Ekdahl CS, et al. Effects of a training program after surgically treated ankle fracture: a prospective randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2009;10:118.Full text  Abstract

82. Smeeing DPJ, Houwert RM, Briet JP, et al. Weight-bearing or non-weight-bearing after surgical treatment of ankle fractures: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2020 Feb;46(1):121-30.Full text  Abstract

83. King CM, Doyle MD, Castellucci-Garza FM, et al. Early protected weightbearing after open reduction internal fixation of ankle fractures with trans-syndesmotic screws. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2020 Jul-Aug;59(4):726-8. Abstract

84. Lorente A, Palacios P, Lorente R, et al. Orthopedic treatment and early weight-bearing for bimalleolar ankle fractures in elderly patients: quality of life and complications. Injury. 2020 Feb;51(2):548-53. Abstract

85. Thomas G, Whalley H, Modi C. Early mobilization of operatively fixed ankle fractures: a systematic review. Foot Ankle Int. 2009;30:666-74. Abstract

86. Lin CW, Donkers NA, Refshauge KM, et al. Rehabilitation for ankle fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(11):CD005595.Full text  Abstract

87. Compston J, Cooper A, Cooper C, et al. UK clinical guideline for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Arch Osteoporos. 2017 Dec;12(1):43.Full text  Abstract

88. Hernigou J, Schuind F. Tobacco and bone fractures: a review of the facts and issues that every orthopaedic surgeon should know. Bone Joint Res. 2019 Jul 5;8(6):255-65.Full text  Abstract

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