References
Key articles
Henry JA, Dennis KC, Schechter MA. General review of tinnitus: prevalence, mechanisms, effects, and management. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2005 Oct;48(5):1204-35. Abstract
Tyler RS. Tinnitus hand book of medicine. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group; 2000.
Cima RF, Maes IH, Joore MA, et al. Specialised treatment based on cognitive behaviour therapy versus usual care for tinnitus: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2012 May 26;379(9830):1951-9. Abstract
Muehlmeier G, Biesinger E, Maier H. Safety of intratympanic injection of AM-101 in patients with acute inner ear tinnitus. Audiol Neurootol. 2011;16(6):388-97. Abstract
Reference articles
1. Dalrymple SN, Lewis SH, Philman S. Tinnitus: diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician. 2021 Jun 1;103(11):663-71.Full text Abstract
2. Henry JA, Dennis KC, Schechter MA. General review of tinnitus: prevalence, mechanisms, effects, and management. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2005 Oct;48(5):1204-35. Abstract
3. Noell CA, Meyerhoff WL. Tinnitus. Diagnosis and treatment of this elusive symptom. Geriatrics. 2003 Feb;58(2):28-34. Abstract
4. Soni A, Dubey A. Chronic primary tinnitus: a management dilemma. Audiol Res. 2020 Nov 25;10(2):55-66.Full text Abstract
5. Esmaili AA, Renton J. A review of tinnitus. Aust J Gen Pract. 2018 Apr;47(4):205-8.Full text Abstract
6. Murphy MP, Seidman MD, Baugh RF. Can a persistent stapedial artery be safely and effectively removed? A case report with therapeutic implications. Int Tinnitus J. 1995;1(2):147-52.Full text Abstract
7. Seidman MD, Jacobson GP. Update on tinnitus. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 1996 Jun;29(3):455-65. Abstract
8. Seidman MD, Babu S. Alternative medications and other treatments for tinnitus: facts from fiction. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2003 Apr;36(2):359-81. Abstract
9. Seidman MD, DeRidder DD, Elisevich K, et al. Direct electrical stimulation of Heschl's gyrus for tinnitus treatment. Laryngoscope. 2008 Mar;118(3):491-500. Abstract
10. Tyler RS. Tinnitus hand book of medicine. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group; 2000.
11. Sanchez L. The epidemiology of tinnitus. Audiological Medicine. 2004;2:8-17.
12. Seidman MD, Standring RT, Dornhoffer JL. Tinnitus: current understanding and contemporary management. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010 Oct;18(5):363-8. Abstract
13. Seidman MD, Arenberg AG, Shirwany NA. Palatal myoclonus as a cause of objective tinnitus: a report of six cases and a review of the literature. Ear Nose Throat J. 1999 Apr;78(4):292-7. Abstract
14. Tunkel DE, Bauer CA, Sun GH, et al. Clinical practice guideline: tinnitus. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014 Oct;151(2 suppl):S1-40.Full text Abstract
15. Jastreboff PJ. Phantom auditory perception (tinnitus): mechanisms of generation and perception. Neurosci Res. 1990 Aug;8(4):221-54. Abstract
16. Eggermont JJ. On the pathophysiology of tinnitus: a review and peripheral model. Hear Res. 1990 Sep;48(1-2):111-23. Abstract
17. Guitton MJ, Caston J, Ruel J, et al. Salicylate induces tinnitus through activation of cochlear NMDA receptors. J Neurosci. 2003 May 1;23(9):3944-52.Full text Abstract
18. LePage EL. A model for cochlear origin of subjective tinnitus: excitatory drift in the operating point of inner hair cells. In: Vernon JA, Moller AR, eds. Mechanisms of tinnitus. London: Allyn and Bacon; 1995:115-48.
19. Sahley TL, Nodar RH. A biochemical model of peripheral tinnitus. Hear Res. 2001 Feb;152(1-2):43-54. Abstract
20. Khan MJ, Seidman MD, Quirk WS, et al. Effects of kynurenic acid as a glutamate receptor antagonist in the guinea pig. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2000;257(4):177-81. Abstract
21. Seidman MD, Van de Water T. Pharmacologic manipulation of the labyrinth with novel and traditional agents delivered to the inner ear. Ear Nose Throat J. 2003 Apr;82(4):276-88. Abstract
22. Moller AR. Pathophysiology of tinnitus. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1984 Jan-Feb;93(1 Pt 1):39-44. Abstract
23. Kiang NY, Moxon EC, Levine RA. Auditory-nerve activity in cats with normal and abnormal cochleas. In: Sensorineural hearing loss. Ciba Found Symp. 1970:241-73. Abstract
24. Eggermont JJ. Tinnitus: some thoughts about its origin. J Laryngol Otol. 1984;(Suppl 9):31-7.
25. Wiederhold ML, Kiang NY. Effects of electric stimulation of the crossed olivocochlear bundle on single auditory-nerve fibers in the cat. J Acoust Soc Am. 1970 Oct;48(4):950-65. Abstract
26. Hazell JW. A cochlear model for tinnitus. In Feldmann H, ed. Proceedings of the 3rd International Tinnitus Seminar, Münster. Karlsruhe, Germany: Harsch;1987:121-8.
27. Brozoski TJ, Bauer CA, Caspary DM. Elevated fusiform cell activity in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of chinchillas with psychophysical evidence of tinnitus. J Neurosci. 2002 Mar 15;22(6):2383-90.Full text Abstract
28. Cacace AT. Expanding the biological basis of tinnitus: crossmodal origins and the role of neuroplasticity. Hear Res. 2003 Jan;175(1-2):112-32. Abstract
29. Lockwood AH, Salvi RJ, Coad ML, et al. The functional neuroanatomy of tinnitus: evidence for limbic system links and neural plasticity. Neurology. 1998 Jan;50(1):114-20. Abstract
30. Zhang JS, Guan AL, Zhang XG, et al. Cortical electrical suppression of tinnitus and modulation of its related neural activity. In: Searchfield GD, Goodey R, eds. Proceedings of 'tinnitus discovery': Asia-pacific Tinnitus Symposium, 11-12 Sept 2009, Auckland, New Zealand. N Z Med J. 2010 Mar 19;123(1311):84.Full text Abstract
31. Sindhusake D, Golding M, Newall P, et al. Risk factors for tinnitus in a population of older adults: the blue mountains hearing study. Ear Hear. 2003 Dec;24(6):501-7. Abstract
32. American Academy of Audiology. Position statement and clinical practice guidelines on ototoxicity monitoring. Oct 2009 [internet publication].Full text
33. Atula S, Sinkkonen ST, Saat R, et al. Association of multiple sclerosis and sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin. 2016 Jan-Dec;2:2055217316652155.Full text Abstract
34. Murphy MP, Seidman MD, Baugh RF. Can a persistent stapedial artery be safely and effectively removed? A case report with therapeutic implications. Int Tinnitus J. 1995;1(2):147-52. Abstract
35. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria: tinnitus. 2023 [internet publication].Full text
36. Henry JA, Zaugg TL, Schechter MA. Clinical guide for audiologic tinnitus management I: assessment. Am J Audiol. 2005 Jun;14(1):21-48. Abstract
37. Song JJ, De Ridder D, Van de Heyning P, et al. Mapping tinnitus-related brain activation: an activation-likelihood estimation metaanalysis of PET studies. J Nucl Med. 2012 Oct;53(10):1550-7.Full text Abstract
38. Bowyer SM, Seidman MD, Moran JE, et al. Coherence analysis of brain activity associated with tinnitus. In: Yokosawa K, ed. Biomagnetism-transdisciplinary research and exploration: proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Biomagnetism, Sapporo, Japan, August 25-29, 2008; in press.
39. Crummer RW, Hassan GA. Diagnostic approach to tinnitus. Am Fam Physician. 2004 Jan 1;69(1):120-6.Full text Abstract
40. Seidman MD, Khan MJ. The current status and trends of endolymphatic sac surgery among members of the American Neurotologic Society, American Otological Society, and Prosper Meniere Society. In: Arenberg IK, ed. Treatment options for Meniere’s disease: endolymphatic sac surgery: do it or don't do it and why? London: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1998:25-32.
41. Weissman JL, Hirsch BE. Imaging of tinnitus: a review. Radiology. 2000 Aug;216(2):342-9. Abstract
42. Brown RD Jr, Wiebers DO, Nichols DA. Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae: angiographic predictors of intracranial hemorrhage and clinical outcome in nonsurgical patients. J Neurosurg. 1994 Oct;81(4):531-8. Abstract
43. Wall M. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri). Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2008 Mar;8(2):87-93. Abstract
44. Farb RI, Vanek I, Scott JN, et al. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: the prevalence and morphology of sinovenous stenosis. Neurology. 2003 May 13;60(9):1418-24. Abstract
45. Daniels AB, Liu GT, Volpe NJ, et al. Profiles of obesity, weight gain, and quality of life in idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri). Am J Ophthalmol. 2007 Apr;143(4):635-41. Abstract
46. Bateman GA. Association between arterial inflow and venous outflow in idiopathic and secondary intracranial hypertension. J Clin Neurosci. 2006 Jun;13(5):550-7. Abstract
47. Henry JA, Loovis C, Montero M, et al. Randomized clinical trial: group counseling based on tinnitus retraining therapy. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2007;44(1):21-32. Abstract
48. Newman CW, Jacobson GP, Spitzer JB. Development of the tinnitus handicap inventory. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1996 Feb;122(2):143-8. Abstract
49. Kuk FK, Tyler RS, Russell D, et al. The psychometric properties of a tinnitus handicap questionnaire. Ear Hear. 1990 Dec;11(6):434-45. Abstract
50. Caffier PP, Haupt H, Scherer H, et al. Outcomes of long-term outpatient tinnitus-coping therapy: psychometric changes and value of tinnitus-control instruments. Ear Hear. 2006 Dec;27(6):619-27. Abstract
51. Langguth B, Elgoyhen AB. Current pharmacological treatments for tinnitus. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2012 Dec;13(17):2495-509. Abstract
52. Cima RF, Maes IH, Joore MA, et al. Specialised treatment based on cognitive behaviour therapy versus usual care for tinnitus: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2012 May 26;379(9830):1951-9. Abstract
53. Hobson J, Chisholm E, El Refaie A. Sound therapy (masking) in the management of tinnitus in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Nov 14;(11):CD006371.Full text Abstract
54. Seidman MD, Moneysmith M. Nutraceuticals and herbal supplements. In: Campbell KCM, Belmont M, eds. Pharmacology and ototoxicity for audiologists. New York, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning Publishers; 2005.
55. Robb M, Seidman M. Nutritional supplements for the hearing impaired patient. In: Dereberry MJ, Luxford W, eds. Hearing loss: the otolaryngologists guide to amplification. San Diego, CA: Plural Publishishing; 2009.
56. Kim JI, Choi JY, Lee DH, et al. Acupuncture for the treatment of tinnitus: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2012 Jul 17;12:97.Full text Abstract
57. Baldo P, Doree C, Molin P, et al. Antidepressants for patients with tinnitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Sep 12;(9):CD003853.Full text Abstract
58. Belli H, Belli S, Oktay MF, et al. Psychopathological dimensions of tinnitus and psychopharmacologic approaches in its treatment. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2012 May-Jun;34(3):282-9. Abstract
59. Tyler RS. Tinnitus treatment. New York, NY: Thieme Medical Publishers; 2006.
60. Henry JA, Zaugg TL, Schechter MA. Clinical guide for audiologic tinnitus management II: Treatment. Am J Audiol. 2005 Jun;14(1):49-70. Abstract
61. Martinez-Devesa P, Perera R, Theodoulou M, et al. Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Sep 8;(9):CD005233.Full text Abstract
62. Johnson RM, Brummett R, Schleuning A. Use of alprazolam for relief of tinnitus: a double-blind study. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1993 Aug;119(8):842-5. Abstract
63. Vernon JA, Meikle MB. Masking devices and alprazolam treatment for tinnitus. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2003 Apr;36(2):307-20. Abstract
64. Sierpina VS, Wollschlaeger B, Blumenthal M. Ginkgo biloba. Am Fam Physician. 2003 Sep 1;68(5):923-6.Full text Abstract
65. Ernst E, Stevinson C. Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus: a review. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 1999 Jun;24(3):164-7. Abstract
66. Holstein N. Ginkgo special extract EGb 761 in tinnitus therapy: an overview of results of completed clinical trials [in German]. Fortschr Med Orig. 2001 Jan 11;118(4):157-64. Abstract
67. von Boetticher A. Ginkgo biloba extract in the treatment of tinnitus: a systematic review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2011;7:441-7.Full text Abstract
68. Drew S, Davies E. Effectiveness of Ginkgo biloba in treating tinnitus: double blind, placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 2001 Jan 13;322(7278):73.Full text Abstract
69. Sereda M, Xia J, Scutt P, et al. Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Nov 16;11(11):CD013514.Full text Abstract
70. Shemesh Z, Attias J, Ornan M, et al. Vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with chronic-tinnitus and noise-induced hearing loss. Am J Otolaryngol. 1993 Mar-Apr;14(2):94-9. Abstract
71. Shulman A. Subjective idiopathic tinnitus: a unified plan of management. Am J Otolaryngol. 1992 Mar-Apr;13(2):63-74. Abstract
72. Shambaugh GE Jr. Zinc for tinnitus, imbalance, and hearing loss in the elderly. Am J Otol. 1986 Nov;7(6):476-7. Abstract
73. Gersdorff M, Robillard T, Stein F, et al. A clinical correlation between hypozincemia and tinnitus. Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1987;244(3):190-3. Abstract
74. Ochi K, Ohashi T, Kinoshita H, et al. The serum zinc level in patients with tinnitus and the effect of zinc treatment [in Japanese]. Nihon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho. 1997 Sep;100(9):915-9. Abstract
75. Paaske PB, Pedersen CB, Kjems G, et al. Zinc in the management of tinnitus: placebo-controlled trial. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1991 Aug;100(8):647-9. Abstract
76. Person OC, Puga ME, da Silva EM, et al. Zinc supplementation for tinnitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Nov 23;(11):CD009832.Full text Abstract
77. Pandi-Perumal SR, Srinivasan V, Maestroni GJ, et al. Melatonin: nature's most versatile biological signal? FEBS J. 2006 Jul;273(13):2813-38.Full text Abstract
78. Lasisi AO, Fehintola FA, Lasisi TJ. The role of plasma melatonin and vitamins C and B12 in the development of idiopathic tinnitus in the elderly. Ghana Med J. 2012 Sep;46(3):152-7.Full text Abstract
79. Rosenberg SI, Silverstein H, Rowan PT, et al. Effect of melatonin on tinnitus. Laryngoscope. 1998 Mar;108(3):305-10. Abstract
80. Pirodda A, Raimondi MC, Ferri GG. Exploring the reasons why melatonin can improve tinnitus. Med Hypotheses. 2010 Aug;75(2):190-1. Abstract
81. DeRidder D, DeMulder G, Seidman M, et al. Auditory cortex stimulation for intratractable tinnitus. In: Sakas D, Kramer E, eds. Neuromodulation. Oxford, UK: Blackwell; 2006.
82. Steenerson RL, Cronin GW. Treatment of tinnitus with electrical stimulation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1999 Nov;121(5):511-3. Abstract
83. Rubinstein JT, Tyler RS, Johnson A, et al. Electrical suppression of tinnitus with high-rate pulse trains. Otol Neurotol. 2003 May;24(3):478-85. Abstract
84. Song JJ, Vanneste S, Van de Heyning P, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation in tinnitus patients: a systemic review and meta-analysis. ScientificWorldJournal. 2012;2012:427941.Full text Abstract
85. Miyamoto RT, Bichey BG. Cochlear implantation for tinnitus suppression. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2003 Apr;36(2):345-52. Abstract
86. Greimel KV, Meco C, Mair A, et al. How is tinnitus influenced by cochlear implantation [in German]? HNO. 2003 Mar;51(3):226-31. Abstract
87. Meeus OM, De Ridder D, Van de Heyning PH. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in tinnitus patients. B-ENT. 2009;5(2):89-100. Abstract
88. Meng Z, Liu S, Zheng Y, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for tinnitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Oct 5;(10):CD007946.Full text Abstract
89. Muller PA, Pascual-Leone A, Rotenberg A. Safety and tolerability of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with pathologic positive sensory phenomena: a review of literature. Brain Stimul. 2012 Jul;5(3):320-9.Full text Abstract
90. Bennett MH, Kertesz T, Perleth M, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Oct 17;(10):CD004739.Full text Abstract
91. Muehlmeier G, Biesinger E, Maier H. Safety of intratympanic injection of AM-101 in patients with acute inner ear tinnitus. Audiol Neurootol. 2011;16(6):388-97. Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer