Osteomyelitis

Woods CR, Bradley JS, Chatterjee A, et al. Clinical practice guideline by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America: 2021 guideline on diagnosis and management of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in pediatrics. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2021 Sep 23;10(8):801-44.Full text  Abstract

Berbari EF, Kanj SS, Kowalski TJ, et al. 2015 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of native vertebral osteomyelitis in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2015 Sep 15;61(6):e26-46.Full text  Abstract

Lipsky BA, Senneville É, Abbas ZG, et al; International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF). Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of foot infection in persons with diabetes (IWGDF 2019 update). Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020 Mar;36 Suppl 1:e3280.Full text  Abstract

American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: suspected osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, or soft tissue infection (excluding spine and diabetic foot)​. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

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2. Cierny G 3rd, Mader JT, Penninck JJ. A clinical staging system for adult osteomyelitis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2003 Sep;(414):7-24. Abstract

3. Waldvogel FA, Medoff G, Swartz MN. Osteomyelitis: a review of clinical features, therapeutic considerations and unusual aspects. N Engl J Med. 1970 Jan 22;282(4):198-206. Abstract

4. Woods CR, Bradley JS, Chatterjee A, et al. Clinical practice guideline by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America: 2021 guideline on diagnosis and management of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in pediatrics. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2021 Sep 23;10(8):801-44.Full text  Abstract

5. Conterno LO, Turchi MD. Antibiotics for treating chronic osteomyelitis in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Sep 6;(9):CD004439.Full text  Abstract

6. Jutte P, Lazzeri E, Sconfienza LM, et al. Diagnostic flowcharts in osteomyelitis, spondylodiscitis and prosthetic joint infection. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2014 Mar;58(1):2-19. Abstract

7. Kremers HM, Nwojo ME, Ransom JE, et al. Trends in the epidemiology of osteomyelitis: a population-based study, 1969 to 2009. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015 May 20;97(10):837-45.Full text  Abstract

8. Issa K, Diebo BG, Faloon M, et al. The epidemiology of vertebral osteomyelitis in the United States from 1998 to 2013. Clin Spine Surg. 2018 Mar;31(2):E102-8. Abstract

9. Beronius M, Bergman B, Andersson R. Vertebral osteomyelitis in Goteborg, Sweden: a retrospective study of patients during 1990-95. Scand J Infect Dis. 2001;33(7):527-32. Abstract

10. Broner FA, Garland DE, Zigler JE. Spinal infections in the immunocompromised host. Orthop Clin North Am. 1996 Jan;27(1):37-46. Abstract

11. Saavedra-Lozano J, Falup-Pecurariu O, Faust SN, et al. Bone and joint infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2017 Aug;36(8):788-99.Full text  Abstract

12. Berbari EF, Kanj SS, Kowalski TJ, et al. 2015 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of native vertebral osteomyelitis in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2015 Sep 15;61(6):e26-46.Full text  Abstract

13. Samara E, Spyropoulou V, Tabard-Fougère A, et al. Kingella kingae and osteoarticular infections. Pediatrics. 2019 Dec;144(6):e20191509.Full text  Abstract

14. Le Saux N. Diagnosis and management of acute osteoarticular infections in children. Paediatr Child Health. 2018 Aug;23(5):336-43.Full text  Abstract

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20. Trampuz A, Zimmerli W. Antimicrobial agents in orthopaedic surgery: prophylaxis and treatment. Drugs. 2006;66(8):1089-105. Abstract

21. Brady RA, Leid JG, Calhoun JH, et al. Osteomyelitis and the role of biofilms in chronic infection. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2008 Jan;52(1):13-22. Abstract

22. Tröbs R, Möritz R, Bühligen U, et al. Changing pattern of osteomyelitis in infants and children. Pediatr Surg Int. 1999 Jul;15(5-6):363-72. Abstract

23. Khatod M, Botte MJ, Hoyt DB, et al. Outcomes in open tibia fractures: relationship between delay in treatment and infection. J Trauma. 2003 Nov;55(5):949-54. Abstract

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26. Hull PD, Johnson SC, Stephen DJ, et al. Delayed debridement of severe open fractures is associated with a higher rate of deep infection. Bone Joint J. 2014 Mar;96-B(3):379-84.Full text  Abstract

27. Tsukayama DT. Pathophysiology of posttraumatic osteomyelitis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1999 Mar;(360):22-9.Full text  Abstract

28. Wallace WC, Cinat M, Gornick WB, et al. Nosocomial infections in the surgical intensive care unit: a difference between trauma and surgical patients. Am Surg. 1999 Oct;65(10):987-90. Abstract

29. Ottino G, De Paulis R, Pansini S, et al. Major sternal wound infection after open-heart surgery: a multivariate analysis of risk factors in 2579 consecutive operative procedures. Ann Thorac Surg. 1987 Aug;44(2):173-9. Abstract

30. Sharkawy AA. Cervicofacial actinomycosis and mandibular osteomyelitis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2007 Jun;21(2):543-56. Abstract

31. Gordon RJ, Lowy FD. Bacterial infections in drug users. N Engl J Med. 2005 Nov 3;353(18):1945-54. Abstract

32. Ross JJ, Hu LT. Septic arthritis of the pubic symphysis: review of 100 cases. Medicine (Baltimore). 2003 Sep;82(5):340-5.Full text  Abstract

33. Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Wunderlich RP, et al. Risk factors for foot infections in individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006 Jun;29(6):1288-93.Full text  Abstract

34. Walker EA, Beaman FD, Wessell DE, et al; Expert Panel on Musculoskeletal Imaging. ACR appropriateness criteria® suspected osteomyelitis of the foot in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Radiol. 2019 Nov;16(11s):S440-50.Full text  Abstract

35. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetic foot problems: prevention and management. Oct 2019 [internet publication].Full text

36. Lipsky BA, Senneville É, Abbas ZG, et al; International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF). Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of foot infection in persons with diabetes (IWGDF 2019 update). Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020 Mar;36 Suppl 1:e3280.Full text  Abstract

37. Aguilar C, Vichinsky E, Neumayr L. Bone and joint disease in sickle cell disease. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2005 Oct;19(5):929-41, viii. Abstract

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40. Al Farii H, Zhou S, Albers A. Management of osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease: review article. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev. 2020 Sep;4(9):e20.00002-10.Full text  Abstract

41. Lipsky BA, Berendt AR, Cornia PB, et al. 2012 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Jun;54(12):e132-73.Full text  Abstract

42. Calhoun JH, Cantrell J, Cobos J, et al. Treatment of diabetic foot infections: Wagner classification, therapy, and outcome. Foot Ankle. 1988 Dec;9(3):101-6. Abstract

43. Wong-Chung JK, Naseeb SA, Kaneker SG, et al. Anterior disc protrusion as a cause for abdominal symptoms in childhood discitis. A case report. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1999 May 1;24(9):918-20. Abstract

44. Lam K, van Asten SA, Nguyen T, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of probe to bone to detect osteomyelitis in the diabetic foot: a systematic review. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Oct 1;63(7):944-8.Full text  Abstract

45. Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Peters EJ, et al. Probe-to-bone test for diagnosing diabetic foot osteomyelitis: reliable or relic? Diabetes Care. 2007 Feb;30(2):270-4.Full text  Abstract

46. Mader JT, Calhoun JH, Lazzarini L. Adult long bone osteomyelitis. In: Mader JT, Calhoun JH, eds. Musculoskeletal infections. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 2003:149-82.

47. Dimaala J, Chaljub G, Oto A, et al. Odontoid osteomyelitis masquerading as a C2 fracture in an 18-month-old male with torticollis: CT and MRI features. Emerg Radiol. 2006 Jul;12(5):234-6. Abstract

48. McKnight P, Friedman J. Torticollis due to cervical epidural abscess and osteomyelitis. Neurology. 1992 Mar;42(3 Pt 1):696-7. Abstract

49. Ursprung WM, Kettner NW, Boesch R. Vertebral osteomyelitis: a case report of a patient presenting with acute low back pain. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2005 Nov-Dec;28(9):713-8. Abstract

50. Buoncristiani AM, McCullen G, Shin AY, et al. An unusual cause of low back pain. Osteomyelitis of the spinous process. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1998 Apr 1;23(7):839-41. Abstract

51. Schulak DJ, Rayhack JM, Lippert FG 3rd, et al. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate in orthopaedic patients. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1982 Jul;(167):197-202. Abstract

52. Carragee EJ, Kim D, van der Vlugt T, et al. The clinical use of erythrocyte sedimentation rate in pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1997 Sep 15;22(18):2089-93. Abstract

53. Perry M. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C reactive protein in the assessment of suspected bone infection - are they reliable indexes? J R Coll Surg Edinb. 1996 Apr;41(2):116-8. Abstract

54. Roine I, Faingezicht I, Arguedas A, et al. Serial serum C-reactive protein to monitor recovery from acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1995 Jan;14(1):40-4. Abstract

55. Unkila-Kallio L, Kallio MJ, Eskola J, et al. Serum C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and white blood cell count in acute hematogenous osteomyelitis of children. Pediatrics. 1994 Jan;93(1):59-62. Abstract

56. Trampuz A, Piper KE, Hanssen AD, et al. Sonication of explanted prosthetic components in bags for diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection is associated with risk of contamination. J Clin Microbiol. 2006 Feb;44(2):628-31.Full text  Abstract

57. Zuluaga AF, Galvis W, Saldarriaga JG, et al. Etiologic diagnosis of chronic osteomyelitis: a prospective study. Arch Intern Med. 2006 Jan 9;166(1):95-100.Full text  Abstract

58. Calhoun JH, Manring MM. Adult osteomyelitis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2005 Dec;19(4):765-86. Abstract

59. Ericsson HM, Sherris JC. Antibiotic sensitivity testing: report of an international collaborative study. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand B Microbiol Immunol. 1971;217:(suppl 217):1. Abstract

60. Petitjean G, Fluckiger U, Schären S, et al. Vertebral osteomyelitis caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2004 Nov;10(11):951-3.Full text  Abstract

61. Trampuz A, Piper KE, Jacobson MJ, et al. Sonication of removed hip and knee prostheses for diagnosis of infection. N Engl J Med. 2007 Aug 16;357(7):654-63.Full text  Abstract

62. Mackowiak PA, Jones SR, Smith JW. Diagnostic value of sinus tract cultures in chronic osteomyelitis. JAMA. 1978 Jun 30;239(26):2772-5. Abstract

63. Newman LG, Waller J, Palestro CJ, et al. Unsuspected osteomyelitis in diabetic foot ulcers. Diagnosis and monitoring by leukocyte scanning with indium in 111 oxyquinoline. JAMA. 1991 Sep 4;266(9):1246-51. Abstract

64. Morgenstern M, Athanasou NA, Ferguson JY, et al. The value of quantitative histology in the diagnosis of fracture-related infection. Bone Joint J. 2018 Jul;100-B(7):966-72. Abstract

65. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: suspected osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, or soft tissue infection (excluding spine and diabetic foot)​. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

66. Pineda C, Espinosa R, Pena A. Radiographic imaging in osteomyelitis: the role of plain radiography, computed tomography, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, and scintigraphy. Semin Plast Surg. 2009 May;23(2):80-9.Full text  Abstract

67. Pineda C, Vargas A, Rodriguez AV. Imaging of osteomyelitis: current concepts. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2006 Dec;20(4):789-825. Abstract

68. Harmer JL, Pickard J, Stinchcombe SJ. The role of diagnostic imaging in the evaluation of suspected osteomyelitis in the foot: a critical review. Foot (Edinb). 2011 Sep;21(3):149-53. Abstract

69. Jevtic V. Vertebral infection. Eur Radiol. 2004 Mar;14(suppl 3):E43-52. Abstract

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74. Govaert GA, IJpma FF, McNally M, et al. Accuracy of diagnostic imaging modalities for peripheral post-traumatic osteomyelitis - a systematic review of the recent literature. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2017 Aug;44(8):1393-407.Full text  Abstract

75. Lee YJ, Sadigh S, Mankad K, et al. The imaging of osteomyelitis. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2016 Apr;6(2):184-98.Full text  Abstract

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79. Love C, Palestro CJ. Nuclear medicine imaging of bone infections. Clin Radiol. 2016 Jul;71(7):632-46. Abstract

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82. Simpfendorfer CS. Radiologic approach to musculoskeletal infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2017 Jun;31(2):299-324. Abstract

83. Carragee EJ. Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997 Jun;79(6):874-80. Abstract

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89. Gross T, Kaim AH, Regazzoni P, et al. Current concepts in post-traumatic osteomyelitis: a diagnostic challenge with new imaging options. J Trauma. 2002 Jun;52(6):1210-9. Abstract

90. Lazzeri E, Bozzao A, Cataldo MA, et al. Joint EANM/ESNR and ESCMID-endorsed consensus document for the diagnosis of spine infection (spondylodiscitis) in adults. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2019 Nov;46(12):2464-87. Abstract

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127. McNally M, Nagarajah K. Osteomyelitis. Orthop Trauma. 2010;24(6):416-29.Full text

128. Sigmund IK, Ferguson J, Govaert GAM, et al. Comparison of ilizarov bifocal, acute shortening and relengthening with bone transport in the treatment of infected, segmental defects of the tibia. J Clin Med. 2020 Jan 28;9(2):279.Full text  Abstract

129. McNally MA, Small JO, Tofighi HG, et al. Two-stage management of chronic osteomyelitis of the long bones: the Belfast technique. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1993 May;75(3):375-80. Abstract

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