Giardiasis

References

Key articles

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Yellow Book 2024: health information for international travel. Section 5: travel-associated infections & diseases - ​giardiasis. May 2023 [internet publication].Full text

Committee on Infectious Diseases, American Academy of Pediatrics; Kimberlin DW​, Barnett ED, et al. Giardia duodenalis (formerly Giardia lamblia and Giardia intestinalis) Infections (Giardiasis), Red Book: 2021–2024 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 32nd ed. American Academy of Pediatrics. 2021.

Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, et al. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Nov 29;65(12):e45-80.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

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28. Barash NR, Maloney JG, Singer SM, et al. Giardia alters commensal microbial diversity throughout the Murine gut. Infect Immun. 2017 Jun;85(6):e00948-16.Full text  Abstract

29. Beatty JK, Akierman SV, Motta JP, et al. Giardia duodenalis induces pathogenic dysbiosis of human intestinal microbiota biofilms. Int J Parasitol. 2017 May;47(6):311-326.Full text  Abstract

30. Bartelt LA, Bolick DT, Mayneris-Perxachs J, et al. Cross-modulation of pathogen-specific pathways enhances malnutrition during enteric co-infection with Giardia lamblia and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. PLoS Pathog. 2017 Jul;13(7):e1006471.Full text  Abstract

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32. Scott KG, Meddings JB, Kirk DR, et al. Intestinal infection with Giardia spp. reduces epithelial barrier function in a myosin light chain kinase-dependent fashion. Gastroenterology. 2002 Oct;123(4):1179-90. Abstract

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41. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Giardia and pets. Feb 2021 [internet publication].Full text

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44. Langford TD, Housley MP, Boes M, et al. Central importance of immunoglobulin A in host defense against Giardia spp. Infect Immun. 2002 Jan;70(1):11-18.Full text  Abstract

45. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Parasites: Giardia: transmission. Feb 2021 [internet publication].Full text

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48. Mahmud MA, Chappell CL, Hossain MM, et al. Impact of breast-feeding on Giardia lamblia infections in Bilbeis, Egypt. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001 Sep;65(3):257-60. Abstract

49. Klotz C, Aebischer T. The immunological enigma of human giardiasis. Curr Trop Med Rep. 2015 Jul;2(3):119-27​.Full text

50. Clasen TF, Bostoen K, Schmidt WP, et al. Interventions to improve disposal of human excreta for preventing diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jun 16;(6):CD007180.Full text  Abstract

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52. Freedman SB, Williamson-Urquhart S, Farion KJ, et al. Multicenter trial of a combination probiotic for children with gastroenteritis. N Engl J Med. 2018 Nov 22;379(21):2015-2026.Full text  Abstract

53. National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV Medicine Association, and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Panel on Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Children with and Exposed to HIV. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in children with and exposed to HIV: giardiasis. 2019 [internet publication].Full text

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55. Díaz-Alberola I, Gutiérrez-Bautista JF, Espuch-Oliver A, et al. Incidence, management experience and characteristics of patients with giardiasis and common variable immunodeficiency. J Clin Med. 2022 Nov 27;11(23):7007.Full text  Abstract

56. Beer KD, Collier SA, Du F, et al. Giardiasis diagnosis and treatment practices among commercially insured persons in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 May 1;64(9):1244-1250.Full text  Abstract

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61. Ghosh S, Debnath A, Sil A, et al. PCR detection of Giardia lamblia in stool: targeting intergenic spacer region of multicopy rRNA gene. Mol Cell Probes. 2000 Jun;14(3):181-9. Abstract

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63. British Columbia. Infectious diarrhea - guideline for investigation​. Dec 2023 [internet publication].Full text

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65. Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, et al. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Nov 29;65(12):e45-80.Full text  Abstract

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72. Savarino E, Zingone F, Barberio B, et al. Functional bowel disorders with diarrhoea: clinical guidelines of the United European Gastroenterology and European Society for Neurogastroenterology and Motility. United European Gastroenterol J. 2022 Jul;10(6):556-84.Full text  Abstract

73. Saffar MJ, Qaffari J, Khalilian AR, et al. Rapid reinfection by Giardia lamblia after treatment in a hyperendemic area: the case against treatment. East Mediterr Health J. 2005 Jan-Mar;11(1-2):73-8.Full text  Abstract

74. Ozbilgin A, Ertan P, Yereli K, et al. Giardiasis treatment in Turkish children with a single dose of ornidazole. Scand J Infect Dis. 2002;34(12):918-20. Abstract

75. Rossignol JF, Ayoub A, Ayers MS. Treatment of diarrhea caused by Giardia intestinalis and Entamoeba histolytica or E. dispar: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of nitazoxanide. J Infect Dis. 2001 Aug 1;184(3):381-4.Full text  Abstract

76. Ortiz JJ, Ayoub A, Gargala G, et al. Randomized clinical study of nitazoxanide compared to metronidazole in the treatment of symptomatic giardiasis in children from Northern Peru. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2001 Sep;15(9):1409-15.Full text  Abstract

77. Gardner TB, Hill DR. Treatment of giardiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001 Jan;14(1):114-28. Abstract

78. Tian HF, Chen B, Wen JF. Giardiasis, drug resistance, and new target discovery. Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2010 Aug;10(4):295-302. Abstract

79. Lalle M. Giardiasis in the post genomic era: treatment, drug resistance and novel therapeutic perspectives. Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2010 Aug;10(4):283-94. Abstract

80. Mergenhagen KA, Wattengel BA, Skelly MK, et al. Fact versus fiction: A Review of the evidence behind alcohol and antibiotic interactions. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020 Feb 21;64(3):e02167-19.Full text  Abstract

81. Chan R, Chen J, York MK, et al. Evaluation of a combination rapid immunoassay for detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium antigens. J Clin Microbiol. 2000 Jan;38(1):393-4.Full text  Abstract

82. Solaymani-Mohammadi S, Genkinger JM, Loffredo CA, et al. A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of albendazole compared with metronidazole as treatments for infections with Giardia duodenalis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010 May 11;4(5):e682.Full text  Abstract

83. van den Bijllaardt W, Overdevest IT, Buiting AG, et al. Rapid clearance of Giardia lamblia DNA from the gut after successful treatment. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014 Nov;20(11):O972-4.Full text  Abstract

84. Mørch K, Hanevik K. Giardiasis treatment: an update with a focus on refractory disease. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2020 Oct;33(5):355-64.Full text  Abstract

85. Bourque DL, Neumayr A, Libman M, et al. Treatment strategies for nitroimidazole-refractory giardiasis: a systematic review. J Travel Med. 2022 Jan 17;29(1):taab120.Full text  Abstract

86. Ochoa TJ, Chea-Woo E, Campos M, et al. Impact of lactoferrin supplementation on growth and prevalence of Giardia colonization in children. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Jun 15;46(12):1881-3.Full text  Abstract

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89. LaBeaud AD, Nayakwadi Singer M, McKibben M, et al. Parasitism in children aged three years and under: Relationship between infection and growth in rural coastal Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015 May;9(5):e0003721.Full text  Abstract

90. Nakano I, Miyahara T, Ito T, et al. Giardiasis in pancreas. Lancet. 1995 Feb 25;345(8948):524-5.Full text  Abstract

91. Araki H, Shimizu S, Hayashi K, et al. Acute acalculous cholecystitis caused by Giardia lamblia. Intern Med. 2017;56(13):1657-1662.Full text  Abstract

92. Girard C, Dereure O, Blatiere V, et al. Vitamin a deficiency phrynoderma associated with chronic giardiasis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2006 Jul-Aug;23(4):346-9. Abstract

93. Desai AN. Giardiasis. JAMA. 2021 Apr 6;325(13):1356.Full text  Abstract

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